553 lines
111 KiB
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553 lines
111 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1406E50B487E44FA29FF1EC5504C5709">A Hotspot of Amoebae Diversity: 8 New Naked Amoebae Associated with the Planktonic Bloom-forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0228D806FFA7FF80FC9BFCACFEC36184" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538873" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233769595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12538873" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0228D806FFA7FF80FC9BFCACFEC36184" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0228D806FFA7FF80FC9BFCACFEC36184" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
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<subSubSection id="C29B3A9BFFA7FF8BFC9BFCACFB766382" box="[847,1166,872,899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFA7FF8BFC9BFCACFB766382" blockId="7.[847,1166,872,899]" box="[847,1166,872,899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
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<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFC9BFCACFB766382" bold="true" box="[847,1166,872,899]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
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<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFC9BFCACFC026382" ID-CoL="4TXJ" ID-ENA="5777" authorityName="Alexeieff" authorityYear="1912" box="[847,1018,872,899]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Hartmannella</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFBD2FCACFB766382" authority="Zopf, 1884" box="[1030,1166,872,899]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Copromyxa</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFA7FF8BFC9BFC5EFC5E64CA" blockId="7.[809,1456,922,1609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
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The 18S rDNA sequences of the two strains most closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFC21FC79FB6363D6" authorityName="Alexeieff" authorityYear="1912" box="[1013,1179,957,983]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFC21FC79FB6363D6" box="[1013,1179,957,983]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Hartmannella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFB77FC79FAD463D6" authority="Zopf, 1884" box="[1187,1324,957,983]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFB77FC79FAD463D6" box="[1187,1324,957,983]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Copromyxa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were highly divergent (
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<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFC13FC25FC2E63FB" box="[967,982,993,1018]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">p</emphasis>
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-distance 9.4%, 113 differing positions). In the
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phylogeny (
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<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFBE7FBC6FB68641C" box="[1075,1168,1026,1053]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
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) they were most closely related to and had a basal position in the lineage including
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<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFC5EFB8CFB9F6463" box="[906,1127,1096,1122]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="protea">
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<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFC5EFB8CFB9F6463" box="[906,1127,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Copromyxa protea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFBACFB8CFAF96463" authority="Zopf, 1884" box="[1144,1281,1096,1122]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFBACFB8CFAF96463" box="[1144,1281,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Copromyxa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFADDFB8CFC186484" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="cantabrigiensis">
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<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFADDFB8CFC186484" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Hartmannella cantabrigiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and an unidentified strain (‘Tubulinida sp.’) (
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<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFC67FB4AFC3A64A6" box="[947,962,1166,1191]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">p</emphasis>
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-distances 9.7–15.2%, 117–197 differing positions).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFA7FF87FC9BFB17FE1B6322" blockId="7.[809,1456,922,1609]" lastBlockId="11.[125,772,223,1942]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
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The locomotive amoebae (mainly seen in starved cultures, see
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<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFC10FB32FBD96511" box="[964,1057,1270,1296]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFBFEFB32FBC16511" box="[1066,1081,1270,1296]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[132,167,1694,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[180,1401,222,1933]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1.A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Vannella, including Microcystis–associated strains (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of V. planctonica (strainsA2FBB: 2, 4, 5, 9–13 andA4P4ZHB:1, 3, 6–8) showing locomotive trophozoites (1–8), a grazing amoeba with a Microcystis cell inside a food vacuole (9), floating forms (10–11) and a cyst stage (12–13). C – LM pictures of V. simplex (strain A17WVB) showing the floating form (14), locomotive amoebae (15–18) with the presence of food vacuoles containing partly digested Microcystis cells (17), posteriorly adhered fecal pellets (15–16), a long flagellum-like pseudopodium encircling a Microcystis cell (17–18) and grazing amoebae on a colony of Microcystis aeruginosa with expanded (arrow) or contracted (arrowhead) flagellum-like pseudopodia visible in some of the trophozoites (19). The presence of a contracticle vacuole, a nucleus or a cyst opening is indicated by a black arrow, a black arrowhead or a white arrow respectively. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538716/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">1</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFB9DFB32FBA16511" box="[1097,1113,1270,1296]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[127,162,1135,1157]" captionTargetBox="[127,1452,221,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[127,1452,221,1108]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. TEM pictures of the scales on the cell surface of Korotnevella jeppesenii (a, c) and K. pelagolacustris (b, d) trophozoites viewed from top (a, b) and side (c, d). Scale bars: 500 nm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538720/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFBB3FB32FB8E6511" box="[1127,1142,1270,1296]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[124,159,1777,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-9@16.[190,1408,222,1933]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 7. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Cochliopodium, including the Microcystis-associated strain (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of locomotive amoebae clearly showing the surrounding hyaline sheet (black arrows) punctuated with microscales (best visible in 8), a few small subpseudopodia (black arrowheads) and trailing adhesive uroidal filaments (white arrows) (1–5), a tropho- zoite during and just after grazing on Microcystis cells showing a prominent fringe of folded hyaloplasm (white arrowheads) (6–9), the bell-shaped form on colonies of Microcystis aeruginosa (10–11) and floating amoebae (12–13). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538729/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">7</figureCitation>
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) of strain A2
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<collectionCode id="EC90F1D5FFA7FF8BFAC0FB32FA966511" box="[1300,1390,1270,1296]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">JEPDK</collectionCode>
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were monotactic with anteriorly a short-lived but well pronounced hyaline cap (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFBF2FAFFFB7B6554" box="[1062,1155,1339,1365]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFB5DFAF8FB626557" box="[1161,1178,1340,1366]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[124,159,1777,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-9@16.[190,1408,222,1933]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 7. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Cochliopodium, including the Microcystis-associated strain (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of locomotive amoebae clearly showing the surrounding hyaline sheet (black arrows) punctuated with microscales (best visible in 8), a few small subpseudopodia (black arrowheads) and trailing adhesive uroidal filaments (white arrows) (1–5), a tropho- zoite during and just after grazing on Microcystis cells showing a prominent fringe of folded hyaloplasm (white arrowheads) (6–9), the bell-shaped form on colonies of Microcystis aeruginosa (10–11) and floating amoebae (12–13). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538729/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">7</figureCitation>
|
||
, 10) of about 3 µm long and 6 µm wide that became rapidly filled with granuloplasm prior to the formation of a new lateral lob-like pseudopodium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFC33FA60FBBE65BF" box="[999,1094,1444,1470]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFB9BFA60FB9865BF" box="[1103,1120,1444,1470]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[125,160,1721,1743]" captionTargetId="figure-9@8.[142,1454,223,1930]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Korotnevella, including Microcystis-associated strains (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of K. jeppesenii (strain A1JEPDK) showing trophozoites in non-oriented movement (1–5), during locomotion (6, 8) and during grazing on Microcystis aeruginosa cells (7) with the arrow indicating a lacuna-containing nucleolus. C – LM pictures of K. pelagolacustris (strains A8WVB (7, 12), A16WVB (6, 8, 11), A21WVB (1, 13), A54WVB (3–5) and A1LMS (2, 9, 10)) showing trophozoites in different stages of non-oriented movement (1–4, 6), the locomotive form (8–12), grazing amoebae with Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (5, 10), the cyst stage (7) and the floating form (13).Arrows indicate the nucleus with clearly visible nucleolus (in 8, 10, 12). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538718/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFBBAFA67FB8665BF" box="[1134,1150,1443,1470]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[132,167,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[132,1457,1336,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-482@12.[132,1457,1336,1835]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. LM pictures of Schoutedamoeba minuta showing trophozoites in non-oriented movement (a–f) and the limax-shaped locomotive form (g–i). The presence of a pronounced hyaline cap, small adhesive uroidal filaments and tiny granules in the cytoplasm are indicated with white arrowheads, black arrows and a white arrow respectively. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538725/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFB5AFA60FB6765BF" box="[1166,1183,1444,1470]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[125,160,1833,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-9@14.[135,1460,257,1939]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 6. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Vexillifera, including the Microcystis-associated strain (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of locomotive (1–7, 12–13) and floating (8–11) amoebae. Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles are visible in (1–2) and (13). The arrow in (5) points to a temporal, uroid-like structure sometimes visible during locomotion. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538727/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">6</figureCitation>
|
||
, 11). These alternating lateral sprouting lobes gave the locomotion a sort of eruptive-like appearance and with any change of direction transformed monopodial movement swiftly in a bipodial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA7FF8BFC55F9EBFC176648" box="[897,1007,1583,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Fig. 4B 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) or multipodial (several irregularly located pseudopodia,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FEB2FAC2FE476520" box="[358,447,1286,1313]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FE13FAC2FE2E6520" box="[455,470,1286,1313]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[125,160,1833,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-9@14.[135,1460,257,1939]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 6. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Vexillifera, including the Microcystis-associated strain (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of locomotive (1–7, 12–13) and floating (8–11) amoebae. Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles are visible in (1–2) and (13). The arrow in (5) points to a temporal, uroid-like structure sometimes visible during locomotion. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538727/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">6</figureCitation>
|
||
) state. Pseudopodia were up to 13 µm long and 5 µm wide at the base.At times an eruptive lobe could be seen rippling down on one side of the amoeba (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FEE9FAAAFE666589" box="[317,414,1390,1416]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FE7DFAAAFE416589" box="[425,441,1390,1416]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[125,160,1778,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-10@18.[148,1448,222,1933]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 8. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Angulamoeba. Sequences new for this study are indicated in bold. ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of Angulamoeba microcystivorans (strains A1WVB (1, 2, 4) and A4WVB (3)) showing the characteristic rusty-colored plasmodium-like mucilage matrix with embedded trophozoites devouring a culture of Microcystis aeruginosa colonies (1–2), multi-vacuolated trophozoites that are seemingly connected by their filopodia (3) and amoeba-flagellates in different stages of transition (4). Scale bars: 200 µm (1), 100 µm (2), 20 µm (3, 4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538733/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">8</figureCitation>
|
||
, 9). No differentiated uroidal structures were observed. Length of limax-shaped amoebae was 20–59 µm (mean 33 µm), width 7–17 µm (11) and length/width ratio 2–4.9 (3.1). The locomotion rate was estimated at 0.35–0.88 µm s
|
||
<superScript id="7DF4C458FFA9FF85FDEDFA3CFDB26607" attach="left" box="[569,586,1528,1542]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">–1</superScript>
|
||
. Length during non-oriented movement was 10–43 µm (24), width 6–25 µm (13) and length/width ratio 1.0–4.3 (1.9). One vesicular oval nucleus of 5–10 µm long and 3–8 µm wide was present with one central to slightly eccentrically placed globular nucleolus of about 2–3 µm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FC77FA55FBFA65AA" box="[931,1026,1425,1451]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FBD8FA55FBE365AA" box="[1036,1051,1425,1451]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[132,167,1694,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[180,1401,222,1933]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1.A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Vannella, including Microcystis–associated strains (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of V. planctonica (strainsA2FBB: 2, 4, 5, 9–13 andA4P4ZHB:1, 3, 6–8) showing locomotive trophozoites (1–8), a grazing amoeba with a Microcystis cell inside a food vacuole (9), floating forms (10–11) and a cyst stage (12–13). C – LM pictures of V. simplex (strain A17WVB) showing the floating form (14), locomotive amoebae (15–18) with the presence of food vacuoles containing partly digested Microcystis cells (17), posteriorly adhered fecal pellets (15–16), a long flagellum-like pseudopodium encircling a Microcystis cell (17–18) and grazing amoebae on a colony of Microcystis aeruginosa with expanded (arrow) or contracted (arrowhead) flagellum-like pseudopodia visible in some of the trophozoites (19). The presence of a contracticle vacuole, a nucleus or a cyst opening is indicated by a black arrow, a black arrowhead or a white arrow respectively. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538716/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FBFFFA54FBC465AA" box="[1067,1084,1424,1451]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[132,167,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[132,1457,1336,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-482@12.[132,1457,1336,1835]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. LM pictures of Schoutedamoeba minuta showing trophozoites in non-oriented movement (a–f) and the limax-shaped locomotive form (g–i). The presence of a pronounced hyaline cap, small adhesive uroidal filaments and tiny granules in the cytoplasm are indicated with white arrowheads, black arrows and a white arrow respectively. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538725/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Usually one small contractile vacuole posteriorly, rarely up to 3 vacuoles in very large individuals. The cytoplasm always contained 8–22 opaque crystals (e.g. arrow in
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FB47FA3CFB146613" box="[1171,1260,1528,1554]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFA9FF85FB21FA3CFAFA6613" box="[1269,1282,1528,1554]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[132,167,1694,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[180,1401,222,1933]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1.A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Vannella, including Microcystis–associated strains (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of V. planctonica (strainsA2FBB: 2, 4, 5, 9–13 andA4P4ZHB:1, 3, 6–8) showing locomotive trophozoites (1–8), a grazing amoeba with a Microcystis cell inside a food vacuole (9), floating forms (10–11) and a cyst stage (12–13). C – LM pictures of V. simplex (strain A17WVB) showing the floating form (14), locomotive amoebae (15–18) with the presence of food vacuoles containing partly digested Microcystis cells (17), posteriorly adhered fecal pellets (15–16), a long flagellum-like pseudopodium encircling a Microcystis cell (17–18) and grazing amoebae on a colony of Microcystis aeruginosa with expanded (arrow) or contracted (arrowhead) flagellum-like pseudopodia visible in some of the trophozoites (19). The presence of a contracticle vacuole, a nucleus or a cyst opening is indicated by a black arrow, a black arrowhead or a white arrow respectively. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538716/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">1</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a length and width of respectively 1.1–7.2 µm (average 2.4) and 0.7–3.4 µm (1.7), and several smaller, refractive spheres. The crystals could be single or paired and of irregular, truncated bi-pyramidal, cylindrical, centrally inclined cube-like or plate-like (sometimes divided in 4 equal squares) shape. Spherical floating forms showed a high resemblance with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FDBBFE48FE5161C8" authority="(Page 1988, p. 65)" baseAuthorityName="Page" baseAuthorityPageNumber="65" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Saccamoeba" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="limax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FDBBFE48FF4661C9" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Saccamoeba limax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FF04FE6BFEA961C8" author="Page F. C." box="[208,337,431,457]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" refId="ref18909" refString="Page F. C. (1988) A New Key to Freshwater and Soil Gymnamoebae. Freshwater Biol. Ass., Ambleside" type="book" year="1988">Page 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 65)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They were occasionally observed after re-inoculation and had a diameter of 15–20 µm and radially displayed 5–10 small hyaline lobes of about 3 µm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FE4DFDD2FE096231" box="[409,497,534,560]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
15). Cysts were spherical with a diameter of 9–20 µm, a cell wall of about 1 µm thickness and sometimes displayed an inner wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FF51FDB9FF186299" box="[133,224,637,664]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
16). These double-walled cysts are similar to so-called sphaerocysts observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FDF2FD64FCFC62BB" box="[550,772,672,698]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="protea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FDF2FD64FCFC62BB" box="[550,772,672,698]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxa protea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which may be part of a (para) sexual cycle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FDA6FD07FF4362FE" author="Brown M. W. & Silberman J. D. & Spiegel F. W." pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="277 - 287" refId="ref16693" refString="Brown M. W., Silberman J. D., Spiegel F. W. (2011) ' Slime molds' among the Tubulinea (Amoebozoa): molecular systematics and taxonomy of Copromyxa. Protist 162: 277 - 287" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FD1EFD07FD0462DD" box="[714,764,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Empty cysts contained a round pore of about 5 µm in diameter (not shown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DEFE3998FFA7FF8BFFA9F97DFF0F6792" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538718" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12538718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538718/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" startId="7.[125,160,1721,1743]" targetBox="[142,1454,231,1930]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFA7FF8BFFA9F97DFF0F6792" blockId="7.[125,1456,1721,1939]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFFA9F97DFF2C66CF" bold="true" box="[125,212,1721,1743]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Fig. 2. A</emphasis>
|
||
– 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFD63F97DFCCB66CF" authorityName="Goodkov" authorityYear="1988" box="[695,819,1721,1742]" class="Lobosa" family="Paramoebidae" genus="Korotnevella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFD63F97DFCCB66CF" box="[695,819,1721,1742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Korotnevella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFC77F97EFBEA66CE" authority="Lemmermann, 1907 " box="[931,1042,1722,1743]" class="Cyanobacteriia" family="Microcystaceae" genus="Microcystis" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cyanobacteriales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFC77F97EFBEA66CE" box="[931,1042,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Microcystis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-associated strains (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names.
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFFA9F935FF756707" bold="true" box="[125,141,1777,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">B</emphasis>
|
||
– LM pictures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFEEBF936FE446706" authorityName="Van Wichelen & Vanormelingen" authorityYear="2016" box="[319,444,1778,1799]" class="Lobosa" family="Paramoebidae" genus="Korotnevella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="jeppesenii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFEEBF936FE446706" box="[319,444,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">K. jeppesenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(strain A1JEPDK) showing trophozoites in non-oriented movement (1–5), during locomotion (6, 8) and during grazing on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFEF9F8CAFDF66722" box="[301,526,1806,1827]" class="Cyanobacteriia" family="Microcystaceae" genus="Microcystis" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cyanobacteriales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="species" species="aeruginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFEF9F8CAFDF66722" box="[301,526,1806,1827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Microcystis aeruginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cells (7) with the arrow indicating a lacuna-containing nucleolus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFB5FF8C9FB646722" bold="true" box="[1163,1180,1805,1827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">C</emphasis>
|
||
– LM pictures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFA9EF8CAFF28673F" authorityName="Van Wichelen & Vanormelingen" authorityYear="2016" class="Lobosa" family="Paramoebidae" genus="Korotnevella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="pelagolacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFA9EF8CAFF28673F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">K. pelagolacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(strains A8WVB (7, 12), A16WVB (6, 8, 11), A21WVB (1, 13), A54WVB (3–5) and A1LMS (2, 9, 10)) showing trophozoites in different stages of non-oriented movement (1–4, 6), the locomotive form (8–12), grazing amoebae with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA7FF8BFB43F882FAFE675A" authority="Lemmermann, 1907 " box="[1175,1286,1862,1883]" class="Cyanobacteriia" family="Microcystaceae" genus="Microcystis" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cyanobacteriales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA7FF8BFB43F882FAFE675A" box="[1175,1286,1862,1883]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Microcystis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cells inside food vacuoles (5, 10), the cyst stage (7) and the floating form (13). Arrows indicate the nucleus with clearly visible nucleolus (in 8, 10, 12). Scale bars: 20 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DEFE3998FFA9FF85FFABFBABFDD664A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538720" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12538720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538720/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" startId="9.[127,162,1135,1157]" targetBox="[127,1452,221,1108]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFA9FF85FFABFBABFDD664A1" blockId="9.[127,1457,1135,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FFABFBABFF456485" bold="true" box="[127,189,1135,1157]" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
TEM pictures of the scales on the cell surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FD59FBABFC976485" authorityName="Van Wichelen & Vanormelingen" authorityYear="2016" box="[653,879,1135,1156]" class="Lobosa" family="Paramoebidae" genus="Korotnevella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="jeppesenii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FD59FBABFC976485" box="[653,879,1135,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Korotnevella jeppesenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a, c) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FC05FBABFB786485" authorityName="Van Wichelen & Vanormelingen" authorityYear="2016" box="[977,1152,1135,1156]" class="Lobosa" family="Paramoebidae" genus="Korotnevella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="pelagolacustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FC05FBABFB786485" box="[977,1152,1135,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">K. pelagolacustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(b, d) trophozoites viewed from top (a, b) and side (c, d). Scale bars: 500 nm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DEFE3998FFA9FF85FFA9F95BFB476794" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" startId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" targetBox="[177,1411,230,1939]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFA9FF85FFA9F95BFB476794" blockId="9.[125,1456,1695,1942]" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FFA9F95BFF2B66B5" bold="true" box="[125,211,1695,1717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Fig. 4. A</emphasis>
|
||
– 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FCC8F964FC4766B7" box="[796,959,1696,1718]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="family">Hartmannellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FBFEF964FB6166B4" authority="Lemmermann, 1907 " box="[1066,1177,1696,1717]" class="Cyanobacteriia" family="Microcystaceae" genus="Microcystis" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cyanobacteriales" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FBFEF964FB6166B4" box="[1066,1177,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Microcystis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-associated strains of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FABFF964FF4866D0" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FABFF964FF4866D0" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Copromyxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names.
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FE6FF91CFE2666EC" bold="true" box="[443,478,1752,1773]" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">B –</emphasis>
|
||
LM pictures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FDAFF91CFCEE66EC" authorityName="Van Wichelen & Vanormelingen" authorityYear="2016" box="[635,790,1752,1773]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="microcystidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FDAFF91CFCEE66EC" box="[635,790,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">C. microcystidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FA94F930FA576708" authority="Lemmermann, 1907 " box="[1344,1455,1780,1801]" class="Cyanobacteriia" family="Microcystaceae" genus="Microcystis" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cyanobacteriales" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FA94F930FA576708" box="[1344,1455,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Microcystis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FAC3F8D4FA7E6724" authority="Lemmermann, 1907 " box="[1303,1414,1808,1829]" class="Cyanobacteriia" family="Microcystaceae" genus="Microcystis" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cyanobacteriales" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FAC3F8D4FA7E6724" box="[1303,1414,1808,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Microcystis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16).
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FCC7F8EFFCDC6740" bold="true" box="[787,804,1835,1857]" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">C</emphasis>
|
||
– LM pictures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FC02F8E8FB9F6740" authorityName="Van Wichelen & Vanormelingen" authorityYear="2016" box="[982,1127,1836,1857]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="vandevyveri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FC02F8E8FB9F6740" box="[982,1127,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">C. vandevyveri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFA9FF85FDB1F844FD2C6794" authority="Lemmermann, 1907 " box="[613,724,1920,1941]" class="Cyanobacteriia" family="Microcystaceae" genus="Microcystis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFA9FF85FDB1F844FD2C6794" box="[613,724,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="70">Microcystis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFABFF87FF77FCEEFAC661EB" blockId="11.[125,772,223,1942]" lastBlockId="11.[809,1456,223,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Locomotive amoebae (mainly seen in starved cultures,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FF10FC89FED86366" box="[196,288,845,871]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FEF3FC89FECE6366" box="[295,310,845,871]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[132,167,1694,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[180,1401,222,1933]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1.A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Vannella, including Microcystis–associated strains (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of V. planctonica (strainsA2FBB: 2, 4, 5, 9–13 andA4P4ZHB:1, 3, 6–8) showing locomotive trophozoites (1–8), a grazing amoeba with a Microcystis cell inside a food vacuole (9), floating forms (10–11) and a cyst stage (12–13). C – LM pictures of V. simplex (strain A17WVB) showing the floating form (14), locomotive amoebae (15–18) with the presence of food vacuoles containing partly digested Microcystis cells (17), posteriorly adhered fecal pellets (15–16), a long flagellum-like pseudopodium encircling a Microcystis cell (17–18) and grazing amoebae on a colony of Microcystis aeruginosa with expanded (arrow) or contracted (arrowhead) flagellum-like pseudopodia visible in some of the trophozoites (19). The presence of a contracticle vacuole, a nucleus or a cyst opening is indicated by a black arrow, a black arrowhead or a white arrow respectively. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538716/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FE91FC89FEAB6369" box="[325,339,845,872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[125,160,1833,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-9@14.[135,1460,257,1939]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 6. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Vexillifera, including the Microcystis-associated strain (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of locomotive (1–7, 12–13) and floating (8–11) amoebae. Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles are visible in (1–2) and (13). The arrow in (5) points to a temporal, uroid-like structure sometimes visible during locomotion. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538727/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">6</figureCitation>
|
||
–9) of strain A5
|
||
<collectionCode id="EC90F1D5FFABFF87FDDEFC88FD976366" box="[522,623,844,871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">DVDPB</collectionCode>
|
||
were monotactic, displaying anteriorly a short-lived but well pronounced hyaline cap (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FE57FC56FE2663AD" box="[387,478,914,940]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
9) about 5 µm long and 5 µm wide that was rapidly filled with granuloplasm just before a new lateral pseudopodium was formed. With any change of direction, monopodial movement was however easily transformed into a bipodial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FD1BFBD8FF676459" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FF7DFBFAFF426459" box="[169,186,1086,1112]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[125,160,1833,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-9@14.[135,1460,257,1939]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 6. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Vexillifera, including the Microcystis-associated strain (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of locomotive (1–7, 12–13) and floating (8–11) amoebae. Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles are visible in (1–2) and (13). The arrow in (5) points to a temporal, uroid-like structure sometimes visible during locomotion. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538727/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">6</figureCitation>
|
||
, 9) and eventually a multipodial (several irregularly located pseudopodia) state due to these alternating sprouting (eruptive) lobes. Pseudopodia were up to 25 µm long and about 5 µm wide at their base, laterally harboring a few small, sprouting, short-living subpseudopodia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FF3AFB2FFEB76504" box="[238,335,1259,1285]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FE8FFB2FFE936504" box="[347,363,1259,1285]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[127,162,1135,1157]" captionTargetBox="[127,1452,221,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[127,1452,221,1108]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. TEM pictures of the scales on the cell surface of Korotnevella jeppesenii (a, c) and K. pelagolacustris (b, d) trophozoites viewed from top (a, b) and side (c, d). Scale bars: 500 nm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538720/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, 11) of which one eventually became the new leading pseudopodium. Limax-shaped amoebae were 20–55 µm long (mean 38) and 8–25 µm wide (13) with a length/width ratio of 1.4–6.7 (3.1). Amoebae during non-oriented movement (e.g. when feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FEC4FA5CFE6065B0" authority="Lemmermann, 1907 " box="[272,408,1432,1457]" class="Cyanobacteriia" family="Microcystaceae" genus="Microcystis" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cyanobacteriales" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FEC4FA5CFE6065B0" box="[272,408,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Microcystis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cells) were more irregularly shaped, 15–25 µm in diameter, with radially 5–12 small blunted, round-tipped pseudopodia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FDE1FA19FD6F65F6" box="[565,663,1501,1527]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FD70FA18FD4865F6" box="[676,688,1500,1527]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[127,162,1135,1157]" captionTargetBox="[127,1452,221,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-7@9.[127,1452,221,1108]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. TEM pictures of the scales on the cell surface of Korotnevella jeppesenii (a, c) and K. pelagolacustris (b, d) trophozoites viewed from top (a, b) and side (c, d). Scale bars: 500 nm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538720/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">3</figureCitation>
|
||
–5,10– 12). No differentiated uroidal structures were observed apart of a few adhesive uroidal filaments occasionally (slightly visible in
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FEB6F980FE44665F" box="[354,444,1604,1630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
9). One vesicular oval nucleus of 4–8 µm long and 4–7 µm wide with one centrally to slightly eccentrically located globular nucleolus of about 3 µm in diameter (arrow in
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FD82F968FD5566C7" box="[598,685,1708,1734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FD61F968FD3C66C6" box="[693,708,1708,1735]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[132,167,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[132,1457,1336,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-482@12.[132,1457,1336,1835]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. LM pictures of Schoutedamoeba minuta showing trophozoites in non-oriented movement (a–f) and the limax-shaped locomotive form (g–i). The presence of a pronounced hyaline cap, small adhesive uroidal filaments and tiny granules in the cytoplasm are indicated with white arrowheads, black arrows and a white arrow respectively. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538725/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">5</figureCitation>
|
||
) was present. The nucleolus may contain a highly refractive central pore-like area (lacuna). Usually one contractile vacuole of about 6 µm in diameter present posteriorly (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FF68F8F2FEE46751" box="[188,284,1846,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
9–12). The cytoplasm contained 10–20 small, spherical to irregular shaped, dark-colored, refractive, single or paired crystals of about 0.5–1.6 µm (1.0) in diameter (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FBFBFF1BFB7360F8" box="[1071,1163,223,249]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FB47FF1BFB5B60FB" box="[1171,1187,223,250]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[132,167,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[132,1457,1336,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-482@12.[132,1457,1336,1835]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. LM pictures of Schoutedamoeba minuta showing trophozoites in non-oriented movement (a–f) and the limax-shaped locomotive form (g–i). The presence of a pronounced hyaline cap, small adhesive uroidal filaments and tiny granules in the cytoplasm are indicated with white arrowheads, black arrows and a white arrow respectively. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538725/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FB64FF1BFB3960F8" box="[1200,1217,223,249]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[124,159,1777,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-9@16.[190,1408,222,1933]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 7. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of Cochliopodium, including the Microcystis-associated strain (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of locomotive amoebae clearly showing the surrounding hyaline sheet (black arrows) punctuated with microscales (best visible in 8), a few small subpseudopodia (black arrowheads) and trailing adhesive uroidal filaments (white arrows) (1–5), a tropho- zoite during and just after grazing on Microcystis cells showing a prominent fringe of folded hyaloplasm (white arrowheads) (6–9), the bell-shaped form on colonies of Microcystis aeruginosa (10–11) and floating amoebae (12–13). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538729/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">7</figureCitation>
|
||
, 11). Floating forms were occasionally observed after re-inoculation. They were spherical to slightly elongated, with a diameter of 15–20 µm, radially displaying 5–12 small hyaline lobes with a maximal length of 15 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FB60FEADFAE96182" box="[1204,1297,361,387]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
13–15), generally resembling those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FBBCFE4FFA9B61A4" authorityName="Page" authorityYear="1983" baseAuthorityName="Page" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[1128,1379,395,421]" class="Tubulinea" family="Nolandellidae" genus="Nolandella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="hibernica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FBBCFE4FFA9B61A4" box="[1128,1379,395,421]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Nolandella hibernica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FAA0FE48FC9E61C9" author="Page F. C." pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="57 - 78" refId="ref18835" refString="Page F. C. (1980) A light- and electron-microscopical comparison of limax and flabellate marine amoebae belonging to four gen- era. Protistologica 16: 57 - 78" type="journal article" year="1980">Page 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12BA7595FFABFF87FCA7FE6AFC4361C9" box="[883,955,430,456]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[125,160,1695,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-10@10.[177,1411,223,1939]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. A – 18S rDNA maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Hartmannellidae, including Microcystis-associated strains of Copromyxa (in bold). ML bootstrap values respectively posterior probabilities are shown at the nodes. GenBank accession numbers are given together with the species names. B – LM pictures of C. microcystidis showing locomotive trophozoites (1–7, 10) containing a pronounced hyaline cap (white arrowheads), a vesicular nucleus with globular nucleolus (white arrows), big crystals (black arrows) and Microcystis cells inside food vacuoles (black arrowheads), non-oriented moving trophozoites (8–9, 11), a grazing amoeba capturing a Microcystis cell (12–14), the floating form (15) and a double-walled cyst stage (16). C – LM pictures of C. vandevyveri showing locomotive trophozoites (1, 6–9), trophozoites during non-oriented movement (2–5, 10–12) and floating forms (13–15). Black arrows indicate the presence of small, refractive crystals in the cytoplasm, the white arrow shows the vesicular nucleus with a globular lacuna-containing nucleolus, white arrowheads indicate a pronounced hyaline cap. Ingested Microcystis cells are visible in (9) and (11). Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12538723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12538723/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spherical cysts about 20 µm in diameter were occasionally present in starved cultures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFABFF87FC9BFE37FAC96681" blockId="11.[809,1456,223,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC2AFE37FB6A620C" baseAuthorityName="Page" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[1022,1170,499,525]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Saccamoeba" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC2AFE37FB6A620C" box="[1022,1170,499,525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Saccamoeba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FB77FE37FAEF620C" authorityName="Volkonsky" authorityYear="1931" box="[1187,1303,499,525]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Glaeseria" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB77FE37FAEF620C" box="[1187,1303,499,525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Glaeseria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FAFCFE37FA83620C" box="[1320,1403,499,525]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Cashia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FAFCFE37FA83620C" box="[1320,1403,499,525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Cashia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FCFDFDD1FC36622E" authorityName="Raper, Worley & Kurzynski" authorityYear="1978" box="[809,974,533,559]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FCFDFDD1FC36622E" box="[809,974,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for the last two, 18S rDNA sequences are not available),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC03FDFCFB846253" authorityName="Alexeieff" authorityYear="1912" box="[983,1148,568,594]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC03FDFCFB846253" box="[983,1148,568,594]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Hartmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FB67FDFDFAC36252" box="[1203,1339,569,595]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB67FDFDFAC36252" box="[1203,1339,569,595]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belong to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC73FD9FFA886274" authority="(Smirnov et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Smirnov" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[935,1392,603,629]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="family">
|
||
Hartmannellidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FBADFD9FFA9E6274" author="Smirnov A. V. & Chao E. & Nassonova E. S. & Cavalier-Smith T." box="[1145,1382,603,629]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="545 - 570" refId="ref20142" refString="Smirnov A. V., Chao E., Nassonova E. S., Cavalier-Smith T. (2011) A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa). Protist 162: 545 - 570" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Smirnov
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB33FD9FFAE26274" box="[1255,1306,603,629]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FCADFDB9FBE66296" authorityName="Alexeieff" authorityYear="1912" box="[889,1054,637,663]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FCADFDB9FBE66296" box="[889,1054,637,663]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Hartmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains only three species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FABFFDB9FC2662BB" author="Smirnov A. V. & Chao E. & Nassonova E. S. & Cavalier-Smith T." pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="545 - 570" refId="ref20142" refString="Smirnov A. V., Chao E., Nassonova E. S., Cavalier-Smith T. (2011) A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa). Protist 162: 545 - 570" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Smirnov
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC89FD64FC6962BB" box="[861,913,672,698]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two of these are marine –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FAFAFD64FA5762BB" authorityName="Smirnov" authorityYear="1997" box="[1326,1455,672,698]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="lobifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FAFAFD64FA5762BB" box="[1326,1455,672,698]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">H. lobifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC89FD07FC0F62DD" authorityName="Anderson, Rogerson & Hannah" authorityYear="1997" box="[861,1015,706,732]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="vacuolata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC89FD07FC0F62DD" box="[861,1015,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">H. vacuolata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– and one is from freshwater,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FABAFD07FBAA62FE" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="cantabrigiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FABAFD07FBAA62FE" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Hartmannella cantabrigiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FBB5FD21FAF462FE" author="Smirnov A. V." box="[1121,1292,741,767]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="283 - 292" refId="ref19805" refString="Smirnov A. V. (1996 / 97) Two new species of marine amoebae: Hartmannella lobifera n. sp. and Korotnevella nivo n. sp. (Lobosea, Gymnamoebida). Arch. Protistenkd. 147: 283 - 292" type="journal article" year="1996">Smirnov 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
/97,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FAE9FD21FC4F6320" author="Anderson O. R. & Rogerson J. A. & Hannah F." pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="33 - 42" refId="ref16309" refString="Anderson O. R., Rogerson J. A., Hannah F. (1997) Three new limax amoebae isolated from marine surface sediments: Vahlkampfia caledonica n. sp., Saccamoeba marina n. sp., and Hartmannella vacuolata n. sp. J. Euk. Microbiol. 44: 33 - 42" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Anderson
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FCFDFCCCFC9B6320" box="[809,867,775,801]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC06FCCCFBA26323" box="[978,1114,776,802]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC06FCCCFBA26323" box="[978,1114,776,802]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains only one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FCFDFCEEFC636345" box="[809,923,810,836]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="protea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FCFDFCEEFC636345" box="[809,923,810,836]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">C. protea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however there is ongoing discussion as to whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC45FC89FB946367" box="[913,1132,844,870]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="cantabrigiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC45FC89FB946367" box="[913,1132,844,870]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">H. cantabrigiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FA57FC89FC776388" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FA57FC89FC776388" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FC4AFCABFB8D6388" author="Brown M. W. & Silberman J. D. & Spiegel F. W." box="[926,1141,879,905]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="277 - 287" refId="ref16693" refString="Brown M. W., Silberman J. D., Spiegel F. W. (2011) ' Slime molds' among the Tubulinea (Amoebozoa): molecular systematics and taxonomy of Copromyxa. Protist 162: 277 - 287" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC23FCB4FBD26388" box="[1015,1066,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FB55FCABFA966388" author="Smirnov A. V. & Chao E. & Nassonova E. S. & Cavalier-Smith T." box="[1153,1390,879,905]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="545 - 570" refId="ref20142" refString="Smirnov A. V., Chao E., Nassonova E. S., Cavalier-Smith T. (2011) A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa). Protist 162: 545 - 570" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Smirnov
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB3AFCB4FAD96388" box="[1262,1313,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The trophozoites of our strains were characterized by their aquatic lifestyle and absence of fruiting-body formation in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC13FC12FB9463F1" authorityName="Raper, Worley & Kurzynski" authorityYear="1978" box="[967,1132,982,1008]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC13FC12FB9463F1" box="[967,1132,982,1008]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FB77FC13FA8563F1" box="[1187,1405,983,1009]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="protea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB77FC13FA8563F1" box="[1187,1405,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxa protea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that are terrestrial, dung-inhabiting, aggregative, fruiting amoebae (slime molds) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FB93FBD8FAEB6437" author="Raper K. B. & Worley A. C. & Kurzynski T. A." box="[1095,1299,1051,1078]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="1011 - 1026" refId="ref19115" refString="Raper K. B., Worley A. C., Kurzynski T. A. (1978) Copromyxella: a new genus of Acrasidae. Amer. J. Bot. 65: 1011 - 1026" type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Raper
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB42FBD8FB316434" box="[1174,1225,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FACBFBD8FC9F6459" author="Brown M. W. & Silberman J. D. & Spiegel F. W." pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="277 - 287" refId="ref16693" refString="Brown M. W., Silberman J. D., Spiegel F. W. (2011) ' Slime molds' among the Tubulinea (Amoebozoa): molecular systematics and taxonomy of Copromyxa. Protist 162: 277 - 287" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FAA1FBD8FA506434" box="[1397,1448,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); their clearly visible and rather extended hyaline cap in contrast to
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FBD0FBA4FB24647B" box="[1028,1244,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FBD0FBA4FB82647B" authorityName="Volkonsky" authorityYear="1931" box="[1028,1146,1120,1146]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Glaeseria" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Glaeseria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FB5DFBA4FB24647B" box="[1161,1244,1120,1146]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Cashia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Cashia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FACFFBA4FC47649C" authority="(Page 1988)" baseAuthorityName="Page" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Saccamoeba" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FACFFBA4FA57647B" box="[1307,1455,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Saccamoeba</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FCE5FB47FC4E649C" author="Page F. C." box="[817,950,1155,1181]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" refId="ref18909" refString="Page F. C. (1988) A New Key to Freshwater and Soil Gymnamoebae. Freshwater Biol. Ass., Ambleside" type="book" year="1988">Page 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; their absence of a differentiated uroidal structure in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FBE7FB61FB3F64BE" baseAuthorityName="Page" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[1075,1223,1189,1215]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Saccamoeba" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FBE7FB61FB3F64BE" box="[1075,1223,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Saccamoeba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FB01FB62FAAB64C1" author="Page F. C." box="[1237,1363,1190,1216]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" refId="ref18909" refString="Page F. C. (1988) A New Key to Freshwater and Soil Gymnamoebae. Freshwater Biol. Ass., Ambleside" type="book" year="1988">Page 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FA89FB61FC2D64E3" author="Anderson O. R. & Rogerson J. A. & Hannah F." pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="33 - 42" refId="ref16309" refString="Anderson O. R., Rogerson J. A., Hannah F. (1997) Three new limax amoebae isolated from marine surface sediments: Vahlkampfia caledonica n. sp., Saccamoeba marina n. sp., and Hartmannella vacuolata n. sp. J. Euk. Microbiol. 44: 33 - 42" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Anderson
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC8CFB0DFC7264E3" box="[856,906,1224,1250]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FC34FB0CFB3B64E3" author="Corsaro D. & Michel R. & Walochnik J. & Muller K. D. & Greub G." box="[992,1219,1224,1251]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="86 - 95" refId="ref17010" refString="Corsaro D., Michel R., Walochnik J., Muller K. D., Greub G. (2010) Saccamoeba lacustris, sp. nov. (Amoebozoa: Lobosea: Hartmannellidae), a new lobose amoeba, parasitized by the novel chlamydia ' Candidatus Metachlamydia lacustris ' (Chlamydiae: Parachlamydiaceae). Eur. J. Protistol. 46: 86 - 95" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Corsaro
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB97FB0DFB8D64E3" box="[1091,1141,1224,1250]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and their generally eruptive-like movement which is usually non-eruptive in all other members of the family, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FAEFFACAFC9C654B" authorityName="Alexeieff" authorityYear="1912" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FAEFFACAFC9C654B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Hartmannella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FCACFAF4FC04654B" author="Page F. C." box="[888,1020,1328,1354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" refId="ref18909" refString="Page F. C. (1988) A New Key to Freshwater and Soil Gymnamoebae. Freshwater Biol. Ass., Ambleside" type="book" year="1988">Page 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FBD9FAF4FB43654B" author="Smirnov A. V." box="[1037,1211,1328,1354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="283 - 292" refId="ref19805" refString="Smirnov A. V. (1996 / 97) Two new species of marine amoebae: Hartmannella lobifera n. sp. and Korotnevella nivo n. sp. (Lobosea, Gymnamoebida). Arch. Protistenkd. 147: 283 - 292" type="journal article" year="1996">Smirnov 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
/97,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FB25FAF4FC90656D" author="Anderson O. R. & Rogerson J. A. & Hannah F." pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="33 - 42" refId="ref16309" refString="Anderson O. R., Rogerson J. A., Hannah F. (1997) Three new limax amoebae isolated from marine surface sediments: Vahlkampfia caledonica n. sp., Saccamoeba marina n. sp., and Hartmannella vacuolata n. sp. J. Euk. Microbiol. 44: 33 - 42" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Anderson
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FABBFAF4FA50654B" box="[1391,1448,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The last character is however not very reliable since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FCBBFAB1FBAD658E" author="Raper K. B. & Worley A. C. & Kurzynski T. A." box="[879,1109,1397,1423]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="1011 - 1026" refId="ref19115" refString="Raper K. B., Worley A. C., Kurzynski T. A. (1978) Copromyxella: a new genus of Acrasidae. Amer. J. Bot. 65: 1011 - 1026" type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Raper
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC6BFAB1FC0E658E" box="[959,1014,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1978)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed potentially ‘explosive’ pseudopodia in trophozoites of all described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FA57FA5CFBF565D5" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FA57FA5CFC5465D5" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxella</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FBCFFA7EFB5465D5" author="Page F. C." box="[1051,1196,1466,1492]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="57 - 78" refId="ref18835" refString="Page F. C. (1980) A light- and electron-microscopical comparison of limax and flabellate marine amoebae belonging to four gen- era. Protistologica 16: 57 - 78" type="journal article" year="1980">Page (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned uncharacteristic eruptive activity in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FB10FA18FA5365F7" box="[1220,1451,1500,1526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB10FA18FABE65F7" box="[1220,1350,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Nolandella</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FCFDFA3BFBCD6618" author="Smirnov A. V. & Chao E. & Nassonova E. S. & Cavalier-Smith T." box="[809,1077,1535,1561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="545 - 570" refId="ref20142" refString="Smirnov A. V., Chao E., Nassonova E. S., Cavalier-Smith T. (2011) A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa). Protist 162: 545 - 570" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Smirnov
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC4FF9C4FC2C6618" box="[923,980,1535,1561]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed occasional eruptions in a
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC89F9E5FB69663A" box="[861,1169,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC89F9E5FC07663A" authorityName="Alexeieff" authorityYear="1912" box="[861,1023,1569,1595]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Hartmannella</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FBD8F9E5FB69663A" box="[1036,1169,1569,1595]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Copromyxa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
strain and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FAC0F9E6FC8F665F" author="Watson P. & Sorrell S. C. & Brown M. W." pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="611 - 619" refId="ref20818" refString="Watson P., Sorrell S. C., Brown M. W. (2014) Ptolemeba n. gen., a novel genus of hartmannellid amoebae (Tubulinea, Amoebozoa); with emphasis on the taxonomy of Saccamoeba. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 61: 611 - 619" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Watson
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FAA0F9E6FA50663A" box="[1396,1448,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned semi-eruptive movement in the recently established hartmannellid
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB78F9A2FAC96681" box="[1196,1329,1638,1664]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FB78F9A2FAD56681" authorityName="Brown, Watson & Sorrell" authorityYear="2014" box="[1196,1325,1638,1664]" genus="Ptolemeba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" rank="genus">Ptolemeba</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3E6910FFABFF80FC9BF94DFEC36184" blockId="11.[809,1456,223,1941]" lastBlockId="12.[132,779,223,389]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE1014E1FFABFF87FC9BF94DFBC166A2" author="Brown M. W. & Silberman J. D. & Spiegel F. W." box="[847,1081,1673,1699]" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" pagination="277 - 287" refId="ref16693" refString="Brown M. W., Silberman J. D., Spiegel F. W. (2011) ' Slime molds' among the Tubulinea (Amoebozoa): molecular systematics and taxonomy of Copromyxa. Protist 162: 277 - 287" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC73F94EFC2466A2" box="[935,988,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
emended the generic diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC9BF968FC2F66C7" box="[847,983,1708,1734]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FC9BF968FC2F66C7" box="[847,983,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by also including aquatic, potentially non-fruiting limax-shaped amoebae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FB3CF90BFC04670B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FB3CF90BFCB2670B" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="cantabrigiensis">H. cantabrigiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FC83F934FC04670B" authorityName="Alexeieff" authorityYear="1912" box="[855,1020,1776,1802]" class="Lobosa" family="Hartmannellidae" genus="Hartmannella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Amoebida" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">Hartmannella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
strain 4/3Da/10) similar in morphology to our strains. For this reason and because we also observed a double-walled cyst stage very similar to the sphaerocysts described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF87FBBEF89CFB216773" box="[1130,1241,1880,1906]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="protea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF87FBBEF89CFB216773" box="[1130,1241,1880,1906]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">C. protea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in one of our cultures, we placed our strains within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFABFF80FA8FF8BFFF3A60F8" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="11" pageNumber="72" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFABFF80FA8FF8BFFF3A60F8" italics="true" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="11" pageNumber="72">Copromyxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The phylogenetic distance between our strains and the other taxa within this clade warranted the description of two new species (based on the large divergence in 18S rDNA sequence),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFACFF80FDC5FE8CFD2B6160" authorityName="Van Wichelen & Vanormelingen" authorityYear="2016" box="[529,723,327,354]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="73" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="microcystidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFACFF80FDC5FE8CFD2B6160" box="[529,723,327,354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="73">C. microcystidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D811293FFACFF80FF50FEAFFECD6185" authorityName="Van Wichelen & Vanormelingen" authorityYear="2016" box="[132,309,362,389]" class="Tubulinea" genus="Copromyxa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="73" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="species" species="vandevyveri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8F5B502FFACFF80FF50FEAFFECD6185" box="[132,309,362,389]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="73">C. vandevyveri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |