231 lines
30 KiB
XML
231 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="E0771A457493CF8A0CCE00A6ABB868B9" ID-CLB-Dataset="54397" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e5f97a6d-45c3-459a-91d7-1a9756fd2252" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030504" ID-ZooBank="9451FCC7-EA59-4ACE-B45F-8B012B19D8AA" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1686605053899" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sinclair, Bradley J." docDate="2023" docId="E6066E10FFB17733FF0CFD1DFA97FEA9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5301.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5301 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Roederiodes Coquillett 1901" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="338" masterDocId="1A3F1668FFB37730FF9BFFAFFF99FFB4" masterDocTitle="Revision of New World species of Roederiodes Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae)" masterLastPageNumber="364" masterPageNumber="336" pageNumber="338" updateTime="1699523344250" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="6E7E12E57A5FDA65A5A1155C746C5E4C">Revision of New World species of Roederiodes Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="DE2C79503B2EFB30D5ED9C7B5C1C95DD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="9E369731FDCFE9D93B93D3FBB82826FC">Sinclair, Bradley J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8086E8244016E42F558282246CB5F150">Canadian Food Inspection Agency, K. W. Neatby Bldg., C. E. F., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6 & Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Bldg., C. E. F., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="44EBB51F1956F06FA64DE7CF134BA98C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="26C9E0FFD9035C2149AE4FB6105FC3E9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DBEFEEC288AE49863CF36C5B781B3F71">
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<mods:date id="630B533D1D6861BFDB28879EEC040C5F">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E9827BEEE25160EAA6D419B7B67AD30D">2023-06-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="85668C34CCD8B67A382858D443E9826A">5301</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D543E7E308A47298A5F2139E172C6267" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E6066E10FFB17733FF0CFD1DFA97FEA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8042900" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209690172" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8042900" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E6066E10FFB17733FF0CFD1DFA97FEA9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E6066E10FFB17733FF0CFD1DFA97FEA9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<subSubSection id="26B58C8DFFB17732FF0CFD1DFE29FD78" box="[151,432,690,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17732FF0CFD1DFE29FD78" blockId="2.[151,432,690,717]" box="[151,432,690,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<heading id="3558686AFFB17732FF0CFD1DFE29FD78" bold="true" box="[151,432,690,717]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FF0CFD1DFE29FD78" ID-CoL="63RT8" ID-ENA="192615" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,432,690,717]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF0CFD1DFE29FD78" bold="true" box="[151,432,690,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF0CFD1DFEB2FD79" bold="true" box="[151,299,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederiodes</emphasis>
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Coquillett
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="26B58C8DFFB17732FF0CFD58FEF5FC9A" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17732FF0CFD58FBD1FCBB" blockId="2.[151,1096,759,814]" box="[151,1096,759,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="4EBFF828FFB17732FF0CFD58FBD1FCBB" box="[151,1096,759,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<treatmentCitation id="EF0EF917FFB17732FF0CFD58FE6EFCBB" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[151,503,759,783]" page="585" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" year="1901">
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FF0CFD58FE6EFCBB" ID-CoL="63RT8" authority="Coquillett, 1901: 585" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityPageNumber="585" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,503,759,783]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF0CFD58FE8FFCBB" box="[151,278,759,783]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederiodes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FE87FD58FE6EFCBB" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[284,503,759,783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="585 - 586" refId="ref20615" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1901) Original descriptions of new Diptera. In: Needham, J. G. & Betten, C. (Eds.), Aquatic Insects in the Adirondacks. New York State Museum Bulletin, 47, pp. 585 - 586." type="journal article" year="1901">Coquillett, 1901: 585</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="B11461A4FFB17732FD9BFD57FDABFCA4" box="[512,562,760,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Type</typeStatus>
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species,
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FD14FD57FCC6FCBB" ID-CoL="4T92D" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1901" box="[655,863,759,783]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="junctus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FD14FD57FD6DFCBB" box="[655,756,760,783]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">R. junctus</emphasis>
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Coquillett
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</taxonomicName>
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(original designation).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17732FF0CFCB9FEF5FC9A" blockId="2.[151,1096,759,814]" box="[151,364,790,814]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FF0CFCB9FE84FC9A" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,285,790,814]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederioides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF0CFCB9FE84FC9A" box="[151,285,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederioides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(error).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="26B58C8DFFB17732FF0CFCF3FDC2FBB3" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17732FF0CFCF3FE2FFC56" blockId="2.[151,1437,860,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF0CFCF3FEB4FCC2" bold="true" box="[151,301,860,886]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Recognition.</emphasis>
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Adult
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FEE0FCF3FD9EFCC2" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1901" box="[379,519,860,886]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FEE0FCF3FD9EFCC2" box="[379,519,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederiodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are distinguished from other clinocerine genera by the broad gena and long, slender labrum, small labium and geniculate female cercus. Pupae are readily identified by the long and elevated face and labral sheath and U-shaped labellar sheath. Larvae are characterized by four elongate caudal processes. The genus name is masculine.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17732FF5CFC43FDC2FBB3" blockId="2.[151,1437,860,2039]" box="[199,603,1004,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF5CFC43FEECFBB2" bold="true" box="[199,373,1004,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Redescription.</emphasis>
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See
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<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FE30FC43FDC1FBB3" author="Sinclair, B. J." box="[427,600,1004,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="665 - 752" refId="ref21860" refString="Sinclair, B. J. (1995) Generic revision of the Clinocerinae (Empididae), and description and phylogenetic relationships of the Trichopezinae, new status (Diptera: Empidoidea). The Canadian Entomologist, 127 (5), 665 - 752. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 127665 - 5" type="journal article" year="1995">Sinclair (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="26B58C8DFFB17732FF5CFBBFFC76FB6A" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17732FF5CFBBFFC76FB6A" blockId="2.[151,1437,860,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF5CFBBFFEA2FB9E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1040,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Remarks.</emphasis>
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This genus occurs in all geographical regions except Australasia and now includes 25 described species (Appendix).
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<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FEC0FB9BFD0EFBFA" author="Sinclair, B. J. & Harkrider, J. R." box="[347,663,1076,1102]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="51 - 61" refId="ref22126" refString="Sinclair, B. J. & Harkrider, J. R. (2004) The immature stages and rearing observations of the aquatic dance fly, Roederiodes wirthi Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae), with taxonomic notes on the genus. Studia dipterologica, 11 (1), 51 - 61." type="journal article" year="2004">Sinclair & Harkrider (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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removed and transferred five species to
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FBFEFB9BFAA5FBFA" authority="Engel" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="1918" box="[1125,1340,1076,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Clinocerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FBFEFB9BFB69FBFA" box="[1125,1264,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Clinocerella</emphasis>
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Engel
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</taxonomicName>
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, but this decision was subsequently revised and now only the following three former species of
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FBE7FBF7FA91FBC6" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1901" box="[1148,1288,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FBE7FBF7FA91FBC6" box="[1148,1288,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederiodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are assigned to
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FF2EFBD3FED9FB22" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="1918" box="[181,320,1148,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Clinocerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF2EFBD3FED9FB22" box="[181,320,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Clinocerella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FECBFBD3FE37FB22" box="[336,430,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">gereckei</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FE26FBD3FD4AFB22" author="Wagner, R. & Horvat, B." box="[445,723,1148,1175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref22516" refString="Wagner, R. & Horvat, B. (1993) The genus Roederiodes Coquillett, 1901 (Diptera, Empididae: Clinocerinae) in Europe, with descriptions of four new species. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 44, 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1993">Wagner & Horvat, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FD73FBD2FCB1FB22" box="[744,808,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">siveci</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FCACFBD3FBD4FB22" author="Wagner, R. & Horvat, B." box="[823,1101,1148,1175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref22516" refString="Wagner, R. & Horvat, B. (1993) The genus Roederiodes Coquillett, 1901 (Diptera, Empididae: Clinocerinae) in Europe, with descriptions of four new species. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 44, 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1993">Wagner & Horvat, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FBF9FBD2FB27FB22" box="[1122,1214,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">wagneri</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FB56FBD3FAC4FB22" author="Pusch, M. H. E." box="[1229,1373,1148,1174]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="171 - 184" refId="ref21490" refString="Pusch, M. H. E. (1996) Clinocerinae (Diptera: Empididae) from Corsica with the description of six new species. Annales de Limnologie, 32 (3), 171 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1996016" type="journal article" year="1996">Pusch, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). The other two species,
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FEEAFB0FFC20FB0E" authority="Wagner & Horvat, 1993" authorityName="Wagner & Horvat" authorityYear="1993" box="[369,953,1184,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FEEAFB0FFD01FB0E" box="[369,664,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederiodes macedonicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FD39FB0EFC20FB0E" author="Wagner, R. & Horvat, B." box="[674,953,1184,1211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref22516" refString="Wagner, R. & Horvat, B. (1993) The genus Roederiodes Coquillett, 1901 (Diptera, Empididae: Clinocerinae) in Europe, with descriptions of four new species. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 44, 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1993">Wagner & Horvat, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FC6EFB0EFF56FB6A" authority="Wagner & Horvat, 1993" authorityName="Wagner & Horvat" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montenegrinus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FC6EFB0EFB24FB0E" box="[1013,1213,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">R. montenegrinus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FB5CFB0EFF56FB6A" author="Wagner, R. & Horvat, B." pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref22516" refString="Wagner, R. & Horvat, B. (1993) The genus Roederiodes Coquillett, 1901 (Diptera, Empididae: Clinocerinae) in Europe, with descriptions of four new species. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 44, 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1993">Wagner & Horvat, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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remain in
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<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FED3FB6BFE4DFB6A" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1901" box="[328,468,1220,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FED3FB6BFE4DFB6A" box="[328,468,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederiodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the basis of mouthparts and male terminalia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="26B58C8DFFB17732FF5CFB47FD3AFADB" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17732FF5CFB47FD3AFADB" blockId="2.[151,1437,860,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF5CFB47FEF8FAB6" bold="true" box="[199,353,1256,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Distribution.</emphasis>
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|
In the New World, the genus is rather widespread from the
|
|
<collectingRegion id="AC6B11E4FFB17732FC75FB47FB45FAB6" box="[1006,1244,1256,1282]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
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|
of
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|
<collectingCountry id="16B89F96FFB17732FB64FB47FACFFAB6" box="[1279,1366,1256,1282]" name="Canada" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Canada</collectingCountry>
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|
, south to
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|
<collectingCountry id="16B89F96FFB17732FF2DFAA3FEACFA92" box="[182,309,1292,1318]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|
. In North America, the genus is surprisingly absent from the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Idaho, Oregon, Washington), Alberta and Montana, despite focussed collections of aquatic associated empidids by a number of Dipterists over the past 100 years.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection id="26B58C8DFFB17733FF5CFAD7FA97FEA9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" type="biology_ecology">
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|
<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17732FF5CFAD7FAFAF94E" blockId="2.[151,1437,860,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
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|
<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FF5CFAD7FEBEFA26" bold="true" box="[199,295,1400,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Biology.</emphasis>
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|
The immature stages of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FDA3FAD7FD5DFA26" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1901" box="[568,708,1400,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FDA3FAD7FD5DFA26" box="[568,708,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederiodes</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
were first illustrated, described and reared by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FB5DFAD7FF7BFA02" author="Needham, J. G. & Betten, C." pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="383 - 612" refId="ref21401" refString="Needham, J. G. & Betten, C. (1901) Aquatic insects in the Adirondacks. New York State Museum Bulletin, 47, 383 - 612." type="journal article" year="1901">Needham & Betten (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
from larvae collected among black fly (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FD3AFA33FC87FA02" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[673,798,1436,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) pupal cases in rapids in
|
|
<collectingRegion id="AC6B11E4FFB17732FBA2FA32FB75FA02" box="[1081,1260,1436,1463]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">New York State</collectingRegion>
|
|
, whereas pupae were collected from within empty black fly pupal cases. The larvae and pupae were later described in detail by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FAF6FA6FFE32FA4A" author="Sinclair, B. J. & Harkrider, J. R." pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="51 - 61" refId="ref22126" refString="Sinclair, B. J. & Harkrider, J. R. (2004) The immature stages and rearing observations of the aquatic dance fly, Roederiodes wirthi Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae), with taxonomic notes on the genus. Studia dipterologica, 11 (1), 51 - 61." type="journal article" year="2004">Sinclair & Harkrider (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. Adults are usually observed in small clusters on branches and boards positioned above fast flowing water, often in spray zones (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FDAAF9A7FCD7F996" author="Needham, J. G. & Betten, C." box="[561,846,1544,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="383 - 612" refId="ref21401" refString="Needham, J. G. & Betten, C. (1901) Aquatic insects in the Adirondacks. New York State Museum Bulletin, 47, 383 - 612." type="journal article" year="1901">Needham & Betten 1901</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FCC1F9A7FB1FF996" author="Sinclair, B. J. & Harkrider, J. R." box="[858,1158,1544,1570]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="51 - 61" refId="ref22126" refString="Sinclair, B. J. & Harkrider, J. R. (2004) The immature stages and rearing observations of the aquatic dance fly, Roederiodes wirthi Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae), with taxonomic notes on the genus. Studia dipterologica, 11 (1), 51 - 61." type="journal article" year="2004">Sinclair & Harkrider 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; pers. obs.).
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|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FA8FF9A7FEABF9F2" author="Needham, J. G. & Betten, C." pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="383 - 612" refId="ref21401" refString="Needham, J. G. & Betten, C. (1901) Aquatic insects in the Adirondacks. New York State Museum Bulletin, 47, 383 - 612." type="journal article" year="1901">Needham & Betten (1901)</bibRefCitation>
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|
reported that these clusters of male and female flies remained, even if the wood was lifted and were readily collected for closer study. The substrate below these clusters was wet with a thin gelatinous mass of minute eggs.
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|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FF41F9DBFD8EF93A" author="Sinclair, B. J. & Harkrider, J. R." box="[218,535,1652,1678]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="51 - 61" refId="ref22126" refString="Sinclair, B. J. & Harkrider, J. R. (2004) The immature stages and rearing observations of the aquatic dance fly, Roederiodes wirthi Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae), with taxonomic notes on the genus. Studia dipterologica, 11 (1), 51 - 61." type="journal article" year="2004">Sinclair & Harkrider (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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|
found
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FDF2F9DAFCAEF93A" authority="Chillcott" authorityName="Chillcott" box="[617,823,1652,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wirthi">
|
|
<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FDF2F9DAFD54F93A" box="[617,717,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">R. wirthi</emphasis>
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|
Chillcott
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
eggs among simuliid eggs scraped from rocks, which were observed when brought into the lab. Upon hatching, the empidid larvae readily feed on newly emerging black fly larvae. In the lab,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FE17F912FE76F962" box="[396,495,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wirthi">
|
|
<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FE17F912FE76F962" box="[396,495,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">R. wirthi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
larvae were mostly fed with chironomid larvae. Adults have been collected among swarming black flies, and it is assumed that both larvae and adults are predators of simuliids (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB17732FB2BF94FFACEF94E" author="Chillcott, J. G." box="[1200,1367,1760,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" pagination="419 - 428" refId="ref20425" refString="Chillcott, J. G. (1961) A revision of the genus Roederioides Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae). The Canadian Entomologist, 93 (6), 419 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 93419 - 6" type="journal article" year="1961">Chillcott 1961</bibRefCitation>
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|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6E10DF06FFB17733FF5CF8ABFA97FEA9" blockId="2.[151,1437,860,2039]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">
|
|
Adults of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FEA3F8ABFE5DF8AA" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1901" box="[312,452,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FEA3F8ABFE5DF8AA" box="[312,452,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Roederiodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are believed to overwinter. This is based on the observation of males and females of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17732FA1FF8AAFEF5F8F6" authority="Chillcott" authorityName="Chillcott" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinctus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17732FA1FF8AAFE9BF8F6" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">R. distinctus</emphasis>
|
|
Chillcott
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in
|
|
<collectingRegion id="AC6B11E4FFB17732FE0BF887FE61F8F6" box="[400,504,1832,1858]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
|
(S.J. Fitzgerald 2020, pers. comm.). Adults were collected from November to February from depressions which formed air pockets on the bottom of medium-sized emergent rocks above the water surface in a small shallow creek. Adults were found clustered in the air pockets in groups of about three to fifteen. In October, May and July, when
|
|
<collectingRegion id="AC6B11E4FFB17732FD90F83BFDEAF81A" box="[523,627,1940,1966]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
|
temperatures are still mild, these clusters were not observed and adults were collected in the splash zone of mid-creek rocks (S.J. Fitzgerald 2020, pers. comm.). These winter clusters are believed to be a behaviour in response to low air temperatures. The author has collected adult specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9AFA485FFB17733FA1FF872FEEEFF05" authority="Chillcott" authorityName="Chillcott" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Roederiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="339" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="recurvatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5CDB0314FFB17733FA1FF872FE97FF04" italics="true" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="2" pageNumber="338">R. recurvatus</emphasis>
|
|
Chillcott
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in streams in
|
|
<collectingRegion id="AC6B11E4FFB07733FD8FFF38FDF3FF05" box="[532,618,151,177]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="3" pageNumber="339">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
|
in mid-April. These adults were only collected by dip-net in early spring conditions and no adults were observed in flight. Based on the observations from populations in
|
|
<collectingRegion id="AC6B11E4FFB07733FB63FF14FAFAFF61" box="[1272,1379,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="3" pageNumber="339">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
|
, it is hypothesized these early spring collections in
|
|
<collectingRegion id="AC6B11E4FFB07733FD06FF70FD6AFF4D" box="[669,755,223,249]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="3" pageNumber="339">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
|
represent overwintering adults. Elsewhere in
|
|
<collectingRegion id="AC6B11E4FFB07733FB6DFF70FAD7FF4D" box="[1270,1358,223,249]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="3" pageNumber="339">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
|
, adults have been trapped in emergence traps from June to September (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB07733FCC5FEACFC69FEA9" author="Harper, P. P." box="[862,1008,259,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="339" pagination="110 - 117" refId="ref20805" refString="Harper, P. P. (1980) Phenology and distribution of aquatic dance flies (Diptera: Empididae) in a Laurentian watershed. American Midland Naturalist, 104, 110 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2424964" type="journal article" year="1980">Harper 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0A3EA2F7FFB07733FC67FEACFA98FEA9" author="Landry, B. & Harper, P. P." box="[1020,1281,258,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="339" pagination="1379 - 1386" refId="ref21123" refString="Landry, B. & Harper, P. P. (1985) The aquatic dance fly fauna of a subarctic river system in Quebec, with the description of a new species of Hemerodromia (Diptera: Empididae). The Canadian Entomologist, 117, 1379 - 1386. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1171379 - 11" type="journal article" year="1985">Landry & Harper 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |