162 lines
21 KiB
XML
162 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.447.7766" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4ae017d2-735f-4bb0-924c-0707e5e50cdf" ID-PMC="PMC4205749" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-447-47" ID-PubMed="25349516" ID-ZBK="72DC52A014594FA3ABB7A82B4D2BB8C4" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-447-47" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 447" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomy of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region with a revision of the P.arnoldi clade and description of four new species" checkinTime="1451245226247" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hita Garcia, Francisco, Hawkes, Peter G. & Alpert, Gary D." docDate="2014" docId="261E055E476D4840B946DA76797141B8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 447: 47-86" docOrigin="ZooKeys 447" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.447.7766" docTitle="Proceratium nilo Garcia, Hawkes & Alpert, 2014, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="6D9A7B7F-46EC-40D1-A34E-27362E42D23D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="5576FFADC507FFFCFFA7FFB8FFCAA72F" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region with a revision of the P. arnoldi clade and description of four new species" masterLastPageNumber="86" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1668159489475" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomy of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region with a revision of the P. arnoldi clade and description of four new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hita Garcia, Francisco</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hawkes, Peter G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Alpert, Gary D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>447</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>47</mods:start>
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<mods:end>86</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.447.7766</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.447.7766</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-447-47</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">72DC52A014594FA3ABB7A82B4D2BB8C4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">72DC52A014594FA3ABB7A82B4D2BB8C4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152055923" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6D9A7B7F-46EC-40D1-A34E-27362E42D23D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/261E055E476D4840B946DA76797141B8" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="60" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/6D9A7B7F-46EC-40D1-A34E-27362E42D23D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="13" pageNumber="60">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 4A, 15A, 15B, 15C, 18
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="61" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
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material.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
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Holotype, pinned worker, TANZANIA, Tanga, Korogwe, Nilo Forest Reserve,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-4.91456">4.91456S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="38.67712">38.67712E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1006 m, primary forest, collection code CEPF-TZ-4.1, 1.-4.IX.2005 (P. Hawkes, J. Makwati & R. Mtana) (SAMC: CASENT0235688).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from the other Afrotropical members of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium arnoldi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">Proceratium arnoldi</taxonomicName>
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clade by the following combination of characters: eyes absent; head slightly longer than broad (CI 91); maculae on vertexal angles of head well developed and conspicuous; mesopleurae extremely inflated posteriorly; petiolar node in profile relatively low, bluntly rounded nodiform, anterior face of petiole strongly produced anteriorly on lower third and not straight; petiole in dorsal view between 1.1 and 1.2 times wider than long (DPeI 115); ventral process of petiole well developed, lamelliform and rectangular, lamella not pointed anteriorly nor posteriorly; abdominal segment IV around as long as abdominal segment III (ASI 102); head, mesosoma and petiole with numerous long, fine, suberect to erect hairs on top of dense mat of much shorter decumbent to subdecumbent pubescence.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="worker measurements">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Worker measurements</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">(N=1). TL 3.31; EL n.a. (eyes absent); SL 0.56; HL 0.82; HLM 0.99; HW 0.75; WL 0.97; HFeL 0.60; HTiL 0.51; HBaL 0.40; PeL 0.34; PeW 0.39; DPeI 115; LT3 0.50; LS4 0.20; LT4 0.51; OI 0; CI 91; SI 68; IGR 0.39; ASI 102.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="worker description">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Worker description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">In full-face view head slightly longer than broad (CI 91), sides weakly convex, head not gently diverging posteriorly, vertex weakly convex. Clypeus medially reduced, its anterior margin convex to slightly triangular, only slightly protruding anteriorly, not surrounding the antennal sockets and not medially impressed, antennal socket with broad torulus. Frontal carinae relatively short and widely separated, not converging medially and strongly diverging posteriorly, partially covering antennal insertions; frontal carinae conspicuously raised on their anterior half, much less posteriorly. Eyes absent (OI 0). Mandibles elongate-triangular; masticatory margin of mandibles with four relatively small teeth/denticles, decreasing in size from larger apical tooth to basal denticle. Mesosoma weakly to moderately convex in profile and approximately as long as the maximum head length including mandibles. Lower mesopleurae with well impressed sutures, no other sutures developed on lateral or dorsal mesosoma; mesopleurae extremely inflated posteriorly; propodeum in profile armed with small, pointed teeth, propodeal lobes well developed, lamellate, rounded and blunt; declivitous face of propodeum between teeth and lobes noticeably concave; in posterodorsal view sides of propodeum separated from declivitous face by margin connecting propodeal lobes and propodeal teeth. Legs slender and elongate; pro- and mesotibiae with pectinate spurs; calcar of strigil without basal spine. Petiolar node in profile relatively low, bluntly rounded nodiform, anterior face of petiole strongly produced anteriorly on lower third and not straight, posterior face approximately straight, anterior and posterior faces not parallel, dorsum of node weakly rounded; petiole in dorsal view between 1.1 and 1.2 times wider than long (DPeI 115), petiolar node in dorsal view clearly much broader than long; ventral process of petiole well developed, lamelliform and rectangular, lamella not pointed anteriorly nor posteriorly. In dorsal view abdominal segment III anteriorly broader than petiole; its sides diverging posteriorly; dorsum of abdominal tergum III with posteromedial, very conspicuous, semitransparent, flat bulla below the integument; abdominal sternite III anteromedially with a marked subtriangular projection. Constriction between abdominal segment III and IV conspicuously impressed. Abdominal segment IV strongly recurved (IGR 0.39), conspicuously rounded on its curvature, especially posteriorly, abdominal tergum IV approximately as long as abdominal segment III (ASI 102); large, semitransparent and semicircular bulla situated posteromedially on abdominal tergum IV; remaining abdominal tergites and sternites relatively inconspicuous and curved ventrally. Whole body covered with dense mat of relatively short, decumbent to subdecumbent pubescence, and most of body with moderately abundant, much longer (several times longer than pubescence), suberect to erect, fine, standing hairs. Mandibles longitudinally rugose; most of body irregularly foveolate and/or granulate, sculpture best developed on cephalic dorsum, moderately so on mesosoma and petiole, especially weak, almost smooth, on most on anterior third of abdominal tergum IV, posterior third of abdominal tergum IV with conspicuous, longitudinal, irregular rugosity; inflated, posterior part of mesopleura and declivitous face of propodeum unsculptured, smooth and shining. Head, mesosoma (excluding posteriorly inflated part of mesopleurae), postpetiole and remaining abdominal segments of brown colour, mandibles, inflated part of mesopleurae and legs yellowish to light brown.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
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Figure 15.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. holotype worker (CASENT0235688) (Will Ericson 2011). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C head in full-face view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">The name of the new species is derived from the type locality, the Nilo Forest Reserve in Tanzania. The species epithet is a noun in apposition and thus invariant.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="distribution and ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
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Like several other species of the clade,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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is only known from a singleton holotype collected in the Nilo Forest Reserve in the Tanga region of northeast Tanzania (Fig. 18). Nilo covers an area of 5366 ha and, although the 9048 ha Amani Nature Reserve is significantly larger, Nilo is the largest of the 14 forest reserves in the East Usambara mountain range. The forest is largely undisturbed with a dense canopy cover (estimated at 90-95%) and little evidence of logging. Altitude within the reserve ranges from approximately 340 to 1500 m; the area surveyed was near the middle of this range at approximately 1000 m. The soil along the 230 m transect sampled varied from moist loamy sand to sandy clay loam (hand soil texture classification) and roughly 80% covered by an approximately 1 cm thick layer of leaf litter, with deeper accumulations in places. The single
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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specimen was collected in pitfall trap 18 of 24 placed along the transect, and no further details of its microhabitat preferences can be determined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="taxonomic notes">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Taxonomic notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="62" start="start">Proceratium</pageBreakToken>
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nilo
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</taxonomicName>
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is a fairly conspicuous member of the clade, and possesses a unique character combination allowing an easy identification. The most noticeable difference is the total lack of eyes, which are present in all the other species of the clade. Not considering the eyes, the shape of the petiolar node groups
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium sokoke" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sokoke">Proceratium sokoke</taxonomicName>
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while it separates it from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium arnoldi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">Proceratium arnoldi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium burundense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burundense">Proceratium burundense</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium carri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carri">Proceratium carri</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium lunatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunatum">Proceratium lunatum</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium sali" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sali">Proceratium sali</taxonomicName>
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. In the latter five the node is high nodiform, anteroposteriorly compressed and with the anterior face relatively straight, whereas the node shape of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium sokoke" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sokoke">Proceratium sokoke</taxonomicName>
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is relatively low, bluntly rounded nodiform with the anterior face strongly produced anteriorly on lower third. Despite the clear separation based on the presence/absence of the eyes,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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is morphologically very close to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium sokoke" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sokoke">Proceratium sokoke</taxonomicName>
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. Indeed, the only significant difference is eye development, and for a short while we considered to lump them both under the same species name. However, the examination of many more species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Proceratium</taxonomicName>
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led us to refrain from doing so. As it seems, the presence or absence of eyes, as well as their specific development, is species-specific in the genus, which supports the separation into two species. Also, there are a few more differences.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium sokoke" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sokoke">Proceratium sokoke</taxonomicName>
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has a longer abdominal tergum IV in relation to abdominal segment III (ASI 125) compared to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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(ASI 102). In addition, the head of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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does not significantly broaden posteriorly while the head of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium sokoke" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sokoke">Proceratium sokoke</taxonomicName>
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does so. However, based on the very limited material this could just be within a normal species-specific range. The two-species hypothesis is also supported by different habitat preferences (littoral, mixed dry forest at a very low elevation vs. submontane, primary rainforest at a medium elevation). Future sampling in East Africa might provide additional evidence for their heterospecificity or not (if eye development turns out to be variable within species), but for the moment we prefer to describe
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nilo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilo">Proceratium nilo</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium sokoke" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sokoke">Proceratium sokoke</taxonomicName>
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as easily identifiable species and make them both available to the taxonomic community.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="62" type="variation">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Since this species is known only from the holotype there is no available information about intraspecific variation.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |