332 lines
45 KiB
XML
332 lines
45 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4167E6F9A76DF8C13E9655E456304B5A">A revision of the Nearctic species of Liancalus Loew (Diptera, Dolichopodidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C7674D95727A18DF6A9B2B7B593DB473">Runyon, Justin B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="37F4F396478923D442A8448F4C9C579C">Hurley, Richard L.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="FC0414259F2254D72F2A3C3970138D56" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152058347" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FC0414259F2254D72F2A3C3970138D56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC0414259F2254D72F2A3C3970138D56" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
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<subSubSection id="27BC400056C10BBC5DD903FB8175A692" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="03359E91056AD659D74B6DF88C5442F0" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Taxon classification Animalia Diptera Dolichopodidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BD6AFE8F9A3FFCB08C5CC7735625AAAD" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FEBDE479E2EFECD6C23DFDDCA1C58DF9" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="940F33796236DB017E3ED921612DBB30" ID-CoL="62X28" ID-ENA="192438" authority="Loew, 1857" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liancalus Loew, 1857</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6D872A23C7393488B8BB888F7ED6D00A" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="F3B981EED18AD49EBEB574322656429F" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
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<taxonomicName id="077AAF3EED19DA92DD966B922EE2B2AE" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Anoplomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplomerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anoplomerus</taxonomicName>
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Rondani, 1856:
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<bibRefCitation id="F8B99C3D234088392BF021530A4A356E" author="Rondani, C" journalOrPublisher="A Stocchi, Parma" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" title="Dipterologiae italicae prodromus. Vol: I. Genera italica ordinis dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata." year="1856">Rondani 1856</bibRefCitation>
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: 141. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="AF09C311EC02387A6D3383EC3BC50B8D" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Dolichopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dolichopus regius" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regius">Dolichopus regius</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1805 treated as type species, awaiting ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Preoccupied by
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<taxonomicName id="CBD2FD7B8CA4E825B5F6FAAABDA85C61" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Anoplomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplomerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anoplomerus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="32538DE9775C69C02A9A47862393504D" originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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, 1844.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5E4069B0FF7A4B0751A73402D49D1E2B" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
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<taxonomicName id="620316F705F5DBAFA7195F4641F9FE9A" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Anoplopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplopus" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anoplopus</taxonomicName>
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Rondani, 1857:
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<bibRefCitation id="4A324DBAE9396FBD458EDB4A7DC5E3B5" author="Rondani, C" journalOrPublisher="A. Stocchi, Parmae (Parma)" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" title="Vol: II. Species italicae ordinis dipterorum in genera characteribus definita, ordinatim collectae, methodo analitica distinctae, et novis vel minus cognitis descriptis. Pars prima. Oestridae: Syrpfhidae: Conopidae" year="1857">Rondani 1857</bibRefCitation>
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: 14. Replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="B20B35637673271767714C2F43852053" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Anoplomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplomerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anoplomerus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="36F835AE65401CB9426A301612552108" author="Rondani, C" journalOrPublisher="A Stocchi, Parma" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" title="Dipterologiae italicae prodromus. Vol: I. Genera italica ordinis dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata." year="1856">Rondani 1856</bibRefCitation>
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[Not
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<bibRefCitation id="9CE630337789278C99C91CAAD0C5FB43" author="Guerin-Meneville, FE" journalOrPublisher="JB Baillere, Paris" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" title="Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier, ou representation d'apres nature de l'une des especes les plus remarquables et souvent non encore figurees, de chaque genre d'animaux Insectes." year="1844">
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<normalizedToken id="E3FE873A6CCAC80906D91BB924DB3C87" originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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||
1844
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</bibRefCitation>
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]. Type species taken as that of replaced name under ICZN Art. 67.8:
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<taxonomicName id="9279EC0CCE16F0B6588B2B1A679D39A6" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Dolichopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dolichopus regius" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regius">Dolichopus regius</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius (pending ICZN ruling). Preoccupied by
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<taxonomicName id="92C799810A361CBACF956C43C72FF902" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Anoplopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplopus" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anoplopus</taxonomicName>
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Wagler, 1830.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="06CBA183D3BAA0F37E46E68EA5C9FB60" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
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<taxonomicName id="A9809BD0549CA621AE9A067572DBB9FC" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liancalus</taxonomicName>
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Loew, 1857:
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<bibRefCitation id="5387D00B622BB571D6428EC00C2EA0B4" author="Loew, H" journalOrPublisher="Programme der Koeniglichen Realschule zu Meseritz" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 56" title="Neue Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Dipteren. Fuenfter Beitrag." volume="1857" year="1857">Loew 1857</bibRefCitation>
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: 22. Replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="12C9CD66DA74269E258793061739CC7E" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Anoplomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplomerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anoplomerus</taxonomicName>
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Rondani, 1856 [Not
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DA2883476E694764853225549571D996" author="Guerin-Meneville, FE" journalOrPublisher="JB Baillere, Paris" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" title="Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier, ou representation d'apres nature de l'une des especes les plus remarquables et souvent non encore figurees, de chaque genre d'animaux Insectes." year="1844">
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||
<normalizedToken id="001790E84ACE4167DFD3E0B1830244B8" originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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||
1844
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
]. Type species taken as that of replaced name under ICZN Art. 67.8:
|
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<taxonomicName id="867E0F145239659774FA91DB83A72D8A" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Dolichopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dolichopus regius" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regius">Dolichopus regius</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius.
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<bibRefCitation id="E23CA7FC70D69731705CF311AA530DEA" author="Bigot, JMF" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (ser. 3)" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="201 - 231" title="Essai d'une classification generale et synoptique de l'ordre des Insectes Dipteres. VII memoire. Tribus des Rhaphidi et Dolichopodi (Mihi). VIIe." volume="7" year="1859">Bigot 1859</bibRefCitation>
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: 230;
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<bibRefCitation id="9D4492FAE4A98BE095BDDEF0C8D0BE3E" author="Loew, H" journalOrPublisher="Programme der Koeniglichen Realschule zu Meseritz" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 100" title="Neue Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Dipteren. Achter Beitrag." volume="1861" year="1861">Loew 1861</bibRefCitation>
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: 69-70;
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<bibRefCitation id="8F8CE77234F799CDDB4B42F99958E1E5" author="Loew, H" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 360" title="Monographs of the Diptera of North America, Part II." volume="6" year="1864">Loew 1864</bibRefCitation>
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: 198-200;
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<bibRefCitation id="CC0E6229CC9AEF56F716BFD674A1B74F" author="Osten Sacken, CR" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Department of the Interior" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="189 - 354" title="Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California." volumeTitle="Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories" year="1877">Osten Sacken 1877</bibRefCitation>
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: 318;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="8D28B28013F557817645FE10E73119EA" author="Gobert, E" journalOrPublisher="Revue D'Entomologie" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 88" title="Catalog des Dipteres de France." volume="6" year="1887">Gobert 1887</bibRefCitation>
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: 33;
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<bibRefCitation id="67D78607011DF8116490A9637F6222A2" author="Bigot, JMF" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="261 - 296" title="Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus, 36 e partie XLV: Dolichopodidae, Essai d'une classification generale." volume="10" year="1890">Bigot 1890</bibRefCitation>
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: 277;
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<bibRefCitation id="F49BE2E444FBF7AAEBD5417C62D91EEC" author="Aldrich, JM" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="569 - 571" title="The dolichopodid genus Liancalus Loew." url="10.1155/1893/26053" volume="6" year="1893">Aldrich 1893</bibRefCitation>
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: 569;
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<bibRefCitation id="C3182E153A58390960F8BCF77073AB6E" author="Becker, T" journalOrPublisher="Budapest" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" title="Katalog der palaearktischen Dipteren. Band II. OrthorrhaphaBrachycera" url="10.5962/bhl.title.9240" year="1903">Becker et al. 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 343-344;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD5F7A78FBE5985472E93BBEF39FFF35" author="Aldrich, JM" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="269 - 286" title="A contribution to the study of American Dolichopodidae." volume="30" year="1904">Aldrich 1904</bibRefCitation>
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: 271;
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<bibRefCitation id="DFFBFDBB4634577E70E545B82E38B47E" author="Aldrich, JM" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 680" title="A catalogue of North American Diptera." volume="46" year="1905">Aldrich 1905</bibRefCitation>
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: 298;
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<bibRefCitation id="2BA1C80A0AA5A6B7DCE552C93DC99C1D" author="Coquillett, DW" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="499 - 647" title="The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera." url="10.5479/si.00963801.37-1719.499" volume="37" year="1910">Coquillett 1910</bibRefCitation>
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: 561;
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<bibRefCitation id="75A41BA3D84975FABF45992B21476869" author="Lundbeck, W" journalOrPublisher="S. Gad, Copenhagen" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" title="Diptera Danica, Part IV: Dolichopodidae" year="1912">Lundbeck 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 22, 352-356;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5C0E01357FB3FCAB70A15F1BE4443CCA" author="Wahlgren, E" journalOrPublisher="Entomologisk Tidskrift" pageId="42" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 56" title="Svensk Insektfauna 11. Diptera. 1. Orthorapha. 2. Brachycera, Fam. 25 - 26 (Dolichopodidae, Lonchopteridae)." volume="33" year="1912">Wahlgren 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 5, 48;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="627CF61296C6A447CEE14CD234906ECF" author="Frey, R" journalOrPublisher="Acta Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 80" title="Zur Kenntnis der Dipterenfauna Finnlands. III. Dolichopodidae." volume="40" year="1915">Frey 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 74;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="3C9ED13EC1704329127D7BDDE74F05E3" author="Van Duzee, MC" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="42" pageNumber="139" pagination="123 - 128" title="New North American species of Dolichopodidae (Dip.)." volume="28" year="1917">Van Duzee 1917</bibRefCitation>
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: 126;
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<bibRefCitation id="0B793C44E45BD469B8EF40C13287C68F" author="Becker, T" journalOrPublisher="Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopodinisch-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="113 - 361" title="Dipterologische Studien. Dolichopodidae. A. Palaearktischen Region" volume="102" year="1917 - 1918">Becker 1917-1918</bibRefCitation>
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: 160, 193;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A2595CEDA69519C13964EBF7A01DD650" author="Becker, T" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 394" title="Dipterologische Studien, Dolichopodidae. B. Nearktische und Neotropische Region." volume="13" year="1922 a">Becker 1922a</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 117-119;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="286C8CC2E726D4997896FF39FF4D4506" author="Becker, T" journalOrPublisher="Capita Zoologica" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 247" title="Dipterologische Studien. Dolichopodidae der Indo-Australische Region." volume="1" year="1922 b">Becker 1922b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 41;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="AC273B660B9E831530DD942AD98908F0" author="Curran, CH" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="377 - 416" title="The Dolichopodidae of the South African Museum." volume="23" year="1926">Curran 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 406-407;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7D4758C14C98CE41C379F1462FDD3A44" author="Parent, O" journalOrPublisher="Encyclopedie Entomologique (B II) Diptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="103 - 123" title="Dolichopodides de l'expedition du Dr. Rensch aux petites iles de la Sonde." volume="6" year="1932">Parent 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 121-122;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="6298E403652F1651280C8A3185B89B54" author="Curran, CH" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History, New York" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" title="The families and genera of North American Diptera." url="10.5962/bhl.title.6825" year="1934">Curran 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 217;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00677C774A64C9F0EF44E8547E33BA4A" author="Parent, O" journalOrPublisher="Faune de France" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 720" title="Dipteres Dolichopodides." volume="35" year="1938">Parent 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 19, 268, 306;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="04AB112FCF8175A98DC438D290C7397A" author="Parent, O" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="256 - 282" title="Dipteres Dolichopodides de la region ethiopienne." volume="32" year="1939">Parent 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 276;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EDE20C7B5C66B85C64347CCC9A780B42" author="Harmston, FC" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="55 - 56" title="On the status of Liancaluslimbatus Van Duzee (Diptera-Dolichopodidae)." volume="40" year="1945">Harmston and Knowlton 1945</bibRefCitation>
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: 55-56;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="819E98401ACE89D1398E98FE5075AE86" author="Robinson, H" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="103 - 192" title="A synopsis of the Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of the southeastern United States and adjacent regions." volume="4" year="1964">Robinson 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 118, 182;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47CDD8193F8B80551C9EC1ACD92BB8B8" author="Dyte, CE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B)" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="123 - 127" title="The genus Liancalus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) in the Ethiopian Region." volume="36" year="1967">Dyte 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 123;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9FB0365154B40274E1B1FFE710CC3A7C" author="Cole, FR" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" title="The Flies of Western North America" year="1969">Cole 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 272, 282;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="438820AFA9C391C2B17FCD233E4BCBD8" author="Robinson, H" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia (Sao Paulo)" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="53 - 62" title="The subfamilies of the family Dolichopodidae in North and South America (Diptera)." volume="23" year="1970 a">Robinson 1970a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 59, 62;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4FF3D21A4EAA9BB55E41021F3DCA4CFC" author="Robinson, H" editor="Papavero, N" journalOrPublisher="Universidade de Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" title="A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States" year="1970 b">Robinson 1970b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 57;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="240706083EE07D9B7402962A6581A8A2" author="Dyte, CE" editor="Delfinado, MD" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="212 - 258" title="Family Dolichopodidae." volumeTitle="A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region (Volume II). Suborder Brachycera through Division Aschiza, Suborder Cyclorrhapha" year="1975">Dyte 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 241-242;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AF12B2CCA15EA8A13923EBAEAA0F24F9" author="D'Assis Fonseca, ECM" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 90" title="Diptera. Orthorrhapha. Brachycera. Dolichopodidae." volume="9" year="1978">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B6AE9ACDA0CB7665FD1104CA0A434175" originalValue="D’Assis">D'Assis</normalizedToken>
|
||
Fonseca 1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 41;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="011C27B2428B12E5140BA71DC74A102A" author="Negrobov, OP" journalOrPublisher="Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region Supplement" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="387 - 418" volume="29" year="1978">Negrobov 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 416-417;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33182BEDAD2862AE0B1A4D2B7280D573" author="Negrobov, OP" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskii Zhurnal" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="928 - 931" title="Species of the genus Liancalus (Dolichopodidae, Diptera) in South Korea and Taiwan." volume="58" year="1979">Negrobov 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 928;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FBC4FB5D872580A753C12559DB23C7CE" author="Robinson, H" editor="McAlpine, JF" journalOrPublisher="Manual of Nearctic Diptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="625 - 639" volume="Volume 1" year="1981">Robinson and Vockeroth 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 633, 635, 637;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="86433E2B17707E3625D51DDCFEF82F35" author="Hurley, RL" editor="Griffiths, GCD" journalOrPublisher="E Schweizerbart, Stuttgart" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 112" title="Dolichopodidae: Hydrophorinae." volumeTitle="Flies of the Nearctic Region (Volume VI) - Orthogenya (Part 6, Number 1)" year="1985">Hurley 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F6C583219B5FCE84817ADD096AF6572" author="Negrobov, OP" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Entomologie" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="157 - 159" title="Description d'une espece nouvelle du genre Liancalus Loew, 1857 (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) du Zaire." volume="57" year="1987">Negrobov et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 157-158;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8EC5AD3F451783ED0AEFF2C89FF00F8B" author="Negrobov, OP" editor="Soos, A" journalOrPublisher="Elsevier, Amsterdam" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="11 - 139" title="Family Dolichopodidae." volumeTitle="Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera (Vol. 7. Dolichopodidae - Platypezidae)" year="1991">Negrobov 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 41;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="303DB72C2AD570A8A65886A7C9E4C0B9" author="Wei, LM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Guizhou Agricultural College" pageId="42" pageNumber="139" pagination="35 - 38" title="Studies on the family Dolichopodidae in southwest China, a new species of Liancalus from Guizhou Province (Diptera)." volume="14" year="1995">Wei and Liu 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 35;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="23910AC151E76F5B3004CAD7492693FD" author="Yang, D" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Entomologie" pageId="42" pageNumber="139" pagination="151 - 164" title="New and little known species of Dolichopodidae from China (I)." volume="68" year="1998">Yang 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 153;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A668A875B493A8DA9EB1A5CFD834893F" author="Masunaga, K" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="109 - 119" title="Redescription of Liancaluszhenzhuristi Negrobov (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Japan, with descriptions of immature stages and biological notes." volume="4" year="2001">Masunaga 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 109, 117-118;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE26360104F3125B8FB3EFECE94AB30A" author="Pollet, MA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 114" title="Catalog of the Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico." url="10.1206/0003-0090(2004)283<0001:COTDDO>2.0.CO;2" volume="283" year="2004">Pollet et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 52;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="166FFDC05D678C5CC3B60CA04EB881D4" author="Yang, D" journalOrPublisher="China Agricultural University Press, Beijing" pageId="42" pageNumber="139" title="World Catalog of Dolichopodidae (Insecta: Diptera)." year="2006">Yang et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 19, 246;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F95BD0E9420BBD9187AC6CF9DEA8B9E1" author="Bickel, DJ" editor="Brown, BV" journalOrPublisher="NRC Press, Ottawa" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="671 - 694" title="Manual of Central American Diptera" year="2009">Bickel 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 683;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C66C299E1812D6F57EF5F871D759E0B5" author="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="3 - 13" title="A new species of the endemic Hawaiian genus Paraliancalus Parent, with notes on the genus Liancalus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)." volume="109" year="2011">Evenhuis and Bickel 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 4-5;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6D2429CC7820ADE483BA992008D02F1B" author="O'Hara, JE" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 268" title="Nomenclatural studies toward a world list of Diptera genus-group names. Part II: Camillo Rondani." volume="3141" year="2011">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C3C116EFC3F6EF76F180AE5D93EC3CAD" originalValue="O’Hara">O'Hara</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 30;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="305F53DE008FD94C9278683408F954C5" author="Yang, D" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing" pageId="42" pageNumber="139" title="Fauna Sinica, Insecta" year="2011">Yang et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 363;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F75D1A498CB0BEF8F5C937CAF7429A77" author="Kahanpaeae, J" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="183 - 207" title="Checklist of the Empidoidea of Finland (Insecta, Diptera)." url="10.3897/zookeys.441.7154" volume="441" year="2014">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6F7EA09419957E37A9E7B0EB730724AF" originalValue="Kahanpää">Kahanpaeae</normalizedToken>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 203.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3178A2E5F5FABDE32752770E94A02FCC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="4" pageNumber="101" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="61995B21C431E2AC1AF5ADBFB516B190" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A65C3A06717BD311E92A0BF34FA335A9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="4" pageNumber="101">
|
||
The type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3E7CD102776DD8D0D93CB44B1AA699A" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="449C36ACE620C857A437AB3346466E1D" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" start="start">Liancalus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is involved in a convoluted nomenclatural issue resulting from an unpaginated correction page at the end of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0039A7AE96145A902F87CF4EA6946A50" author="Rondani, C" journalOrPublisher="A Stocchi, Parma" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" title="Dipterologiae italicae prodromus. Vol: I. Genera italica ordinis dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata." year="1856">Rondani (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and interpretation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9520F7373605D66B9DC4271458CA7CAB" author="Loew, H" journalOrPublisher="Programme der Koeniglichen Realschule zu Meseritz" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 56" title="Neue Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Dipteren. Fuenfter Beitrag." volume="1857" year="1857">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FE92A49D11EC18173707CE54945B7C57" originalValue="Loew’s">Loew's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1857)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
creation of the name. If a straightforward use of the ICZN rules were to be followed, the genus here and previously considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="10748CB517F0FC804612991D142EAA6F" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liancalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Loew would lack a valid generic name. However, the purpose of the ICZN is to "Promote stability and universality" (ICZN Preamble), and when strict application of the Code would act contrary to this purpose, the International Commission on Zoological Commission is empowered to set aside the rules using their Plenary Powers (ICZN Art. 78.1). Therefore, a petition has been prepared for the ICZN (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E91C6892A3EE53A3FBAD1D973CF5982" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Runyon et al. submitted</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) asking that they use their Plenary Powers to preserve prevailing usage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A48D9BF2753390861D5DDD6E90071CF" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liancalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
by setting aside the type species under the Rules, and replace it with a type species that retains established and universal usage. In the meantime, under ICZN Art. 82.1, prevailing use is to be maintained until such time as the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A76A85134919EC6FC9F6EC66A980D5CF" originalValue="Commission’s">Commission's</normalizedToken>
|
||
ruling is published. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A22D6560042839DBF5F3C01D3F61ED53" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liancalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
will be treated herein as if its type species is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64F633F112E1267BF33E8858D55C9732" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Dolichopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dolichopus regius" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regius">Dolichopus regius</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fabricius, 1805.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7E86DD354E409C1E69FC8EEB735D72E6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="6256CEA355FB50B4FAB678DB0CE29243" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="259D7C67CF85F168308F2C9EF136A89F" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Large flies of rather uniform general color and appearance (Figs 8-9) whose males and females can be recognized by the finger-like projection ventrally from proepimeron near base of coxa I (Fig. 1).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E4A51FE65FC08D4D86BB8129C6513D6" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<paragraph id="807D38C8BB09C33EDFCC6E7FBBA520B0" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
|
||
Figure 8. Habitus photograph of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F46F477170F739C3A173AE4F3FC846F8" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus hydrophilus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hydrophilus">Liancalus hydrophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aldrich taken at a waterfall in Utah County, Utah,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="945DFD8334807DF843D3D3A83493C1CB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="39.95963">N39.95963°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="451F8E4CD24EAFADDDBFD1B35015E308" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-111.2678">W111.2678°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, on 13 September 2013. Note long cerci with nearly uniform row of long yellow setae. Photo taken by C. Riley Nelson.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7B5C1C012478B315426B079564BAFF0C" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<paragraph id="28DA046835ECE01B80A31C048E353D5B" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
|
||
Figure 9. Habitus photograph of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14DC0B2E6614C37DA91324576ECA7711" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus similis" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Liancalus similis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aldrich taken at Palisade Falls in Gallatin County, Montana on 12 October 2012. Note very short cerci. Photo taken by Justin Runyon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C73FBF20429169203AAEDBDC8CE48505" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="5" pageNumber="102" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="209300FD7A6DFCE267365F81F99253E8" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A1D3B2A6C0C8395476A2AB6580215917" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Male. Body length 6.5-12.0 mm, wing length 6.0-8.5 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="161832B10889E485BF1EF4599F254895" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">Head: Face and frons broadly separated with distinct frontoclypeal suture near mid-face (Fig. 1). Eyes with short hairs between facets. Vertical setae on small elevation; ocellar tubercle prominent with 2 large setae, without hairs; with 2 postocellar setae. Gena absent. Proboscis somewhat sclerotized, slightly enlarged, covered with sparse gray-brown pollen; each labellar lobe with 6 geminately sclerotized pseudotracheae. Antenna of rather uniform shape, size, and color (Figs 1, 8-9); black, scape without dorsal setae; pedicel with apical ring of setae/setulae, longest setae dorsally and ventrally; first flagellomere about as long as wide, broadly pointed apically, arista inserted near midpoint of dorsal edge.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="435D45AF5673FC5E15D0043B121C2FD0" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="5" pageNumber="102">
|
||
Thorax: Scutum metallic green to green-blue with silver-gray pollen and bronze-red stripes; 0-14 acrostichal setae in a single row; usually 6 dorsocentral setae (6-10
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="AD3E7A2CCD9D67E4EB52AF46D93BC2C3" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C86BCE8403DAB389BB6171AD13B682BA" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus pterodactyl" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pterodactyl">Liancalus pterodactyl</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 2 notopleural setae; 1-3 strong, black postpronotal setae (often with some smaller white hairs), usually 2 presutural intra-alar setae (1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1232918F3A641D07E5321ED6059F2A8" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus genualis" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genualis">Liancalus genualis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 1 presutural seta, 2 postsutural supra-alar setae, and 1 postalar seta per side; scutellum usually with 6 large marginal setae (8-9 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E95794085EF3566A85822AE0DC73C996" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus pterodactyl" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pterodactyl">Liancalus pterodactyl</taxonomicName>
|
||
), no additional hairs; proepisternum with 1 dorsal and 1 ventral tuft of white hairs. Pleura metallic bronze-green, covered with dense silver-gray pollen, without setae or hairs (Fig. 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22231CFD6608FC6CD8164DAE5E5A83F2" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Legs: Legs very long, slender, dark metallic green (Figs 8-9). Coxa I uniformly covered with white hairs on anterior surface; coxa II with white hairs on anterior surface and black ad seta near middle; coxa III with a black dorsal seta near middle (Fig. 1). Femur II and III with a slender preapical ad seta near 3/4. Tarsus I either with tarsomere 1 long and tarsomere 2 short (Figs 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2F1B2F96E7B2002A09050E07B61204EB" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
), or with tarsomere 1 short and tarsomere 2 long (Figs 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="87176B9FB1307E77DD18DC1B763BACE5" originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="513C1A8B32D4425B230977F1D9E259AD" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Wing: Modified with dark brown markings and spots, sometimes enclosing a white apical spot and sometimes with lobes and setae (Figs 4-7). Calypter yellow with a fan of long, pale yellow setae. Halter pale yellow.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F861231F1252AC0AACA750F42F020DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Abdomen: Cylindrical, elongate, and slightly broadened at apex (Fig. 2). T5 prolonged ventrally into two lateral flap-like projections that form a hood or pocket for the apex of the hypopygium. Hypopygium (Figs 10-12) nearly round, capping apex of abdomen. Phallus arched to rather sharply bent dorsally just before apex, with apical margin minutely serrate. Hypandrium rather broad, thin, arched anteriorly near apex with lateral lobe bearing setulae and a larger seta at or near apex. Epandrium with large, apical, thin, nearly transparent lobe that is hinged and can be raised or lowered dorsoventrally; at rest, this lobe sits against and covers the surstylus and base of cerci. Surstylus somewhat pointed, strongly sclerotized, directed medially, with large spatulate seta near apex. Cerci broad basally, with either very short (Figs 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D06CA8FEADFDED958003D44F5CD93774" originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 12) or very long filaments that project anteriorly below abdomen (Figs 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3FE92604A2263380913515BDF5C06298" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F514C15167AC957B1EC87FC5D300B70C" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<paragraph id="EAF0F248EFEC031BEBEBFCB66A38F135" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Figure 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="056E60D766FAE14CB61991A138F93D9D" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liancalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
male terminalia, right lateral view of A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6A3462A15ED018875C4478B1CA8648E" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus genualis" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genualis">Liancalus genualis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Loew B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EBA6EF94FD66452BDE5C8F4CE02B918" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus sonorus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorus">Liancalus sonorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., and C
|
||
<taxonomicName id="20BAA31117C95AE106E95E42079D9023" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus limbatus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbatus">Liancalus limbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Van Duzee. ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bar = 1 mm. Only base of cercus shown, see Fig. 2 for photographs of entire cerci.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="44E3331C8A323DB19156890516666FE2" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F177A8226903A14941C8C09A3944280" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Figure 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="992FB8B1275CB6FA3AE112BB8B73D83F" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liancalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
male terminalia, right lateral view of A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3E50FB5082C73D2D17A4229E31FB608" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus pterodactyl" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pterodactyl">Liancalus pterodactyl</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., and B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3107F646D1E8509271AEC00EA79BCF8D" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus hydrophilus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hydrophilus">Liancalus hydrophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aldrich. ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bar = 1 mm. Only base of cercus shown, see Figures 2D and 8 for photographs of entire cerci.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="98CD9730720EEF007EEE34990A57C58B" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<paragraph id="B1C079C7DE6359E6359F1A711815137F" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Figure 12.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="753735DDD2F67DC5F5F58FD4D1D6D50B" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liancalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
male terminalia, right lateral view of A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="959424025927D002E62A87ACF7CFA26C" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus querulus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="querulus">Liancalus querulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Osten Sacken, and B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E53A3B572D738DE8082BDEE1C322E424" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Liancalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liancalus similis" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Liancalus similis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aldrich. ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B3B968898945B447F6D662AF21D8632" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Female. Body length 5.0-9.0 mm, wing length 5.5-7.5 mm. Lacking typical male secondary sexual characters and similar to male except: face broader, nearly parallel-sided; palpi larger; fore tarsi unmodified; wings unmodified, but with diagnostic dark brown spots in most specimens (Fig. 16); abdomen shorter and somewhat flattened dorsoventrally.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="59A72B900D08B509D24E463556BA3530" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Immatures. Larvae twelve segmented, cylindrical, truncate posteriorly and tapered anteriorly, opalescent with transparent cuticle; antenna with basal ring bearing sensilla; mouthparts dark brown to black, labrum large with pointed tip (sometimes hooked and/or with tooth-like projections), mandibular hook well developed; metacephalic rods enlarged at caudal tips, longer than tentorial arm. Pupa with prothoracic respiratory horns about 2 mm long, sharply pointed at tips; frontofacial sutures distinct, brown; abdominal segments 2-7 with rows of posteriorly-directed spines. Coccon elliptical, externally composed of sand grains and sometimes moss and mud, inner surface smooth; respiratory horn tips exposed. See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F4BAF83395556C6D96C370593DFB8A04" author="Vaillant, F" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="42" pageNumber="139" pagination="118 - 130" title="Les premier stades de Liancalusvirens Scop. (Dolichopodidae)." volume="73" year="1948">Vaillant (1948)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4B8AEA053B3113EC11B0C69E8EF0258" author="Corpus, LD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="40" pageNumber="137" pagination="635 - 640" title="Immature stages of Liancalussimilis (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)." volume="59" year="1986">Corpus (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6934308F0D14C1141FBC48DC89A7D49" author="Masunaga, K" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pageId="41" pageNumber="138" pagination="109 - 119" title="Redescription of Liancaluszhenzhuristi Negrobov (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Japan, with descriptions of immature stages and biological notes." volume="4" year="2001">Masunaga (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for illustrations and photographs of immature stages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="29821BD6C4ED637EED31D24719DC600A" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="7C5A0AC4A7D0C36F02C39ACC92D46B1E" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF8BEBBE0CCF337F4F2657B866B28D24" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Cerci of male specimens sometimes shrivel upon drying. In teneral specimens, the spots on the wings can be very faint which can render them, particularly females, difficult to identify.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |