148 lines
17 KiB
XML
148 lines
17 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="200CDE9C0EDCB2395DCA19CFAE95E08F">A review of the montane lacewing genus Rapisma McLachlan (Neuroptera, Ithonidae) from China, with description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="637A1527C62F1A2F9F7CE58AAC049D54">Liu, Xingyue</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="258F136D06C2E2B83E4BD5CF9AA6F5EA" ID-GBIF-Taxon="139582954" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:258F136D06C2E2B83E4BD5CF9AA6F5EA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/258F136D06C2E2B83E4BD5CF9AA6F5EA" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="3FE7DF4B865727408889DB77376FB577" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="ECAFA61DDDF67452677460FD725BFDFA" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName id="8E186E0843BC0BE65778E48FF1D1F21A" ID-CoL="4RKWG" authority="Yang, 1993" authorityName="Yang" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Ithonidae" genus="Rapisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rapisma xizangense" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xizangense">Rapisma xizangense Yang, 1993</taxonomicName>
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Figs 2, 3, 4, 6, 10
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A909A46B8B26279C24712375CCA78255" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="CC96EEF891CBB3E7159B09EE72B42EBD" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName id="9C235FA49CA29028C4512AE9792AF19F" class="Insecta" family="Ithonidae" genus="Rapisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rapisma xizangense" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xizangense">
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<pageBreakToken id="A693D10D85171AD0314BA5ADFDC38F45" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" start="start">Rapisma</pageBreakToken>
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xizangense
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</taxonomicName>
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Yang, 1993: 148. Type locality: China (Xizang: Jigong).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2268C1F1872480C7A0C9A4A816BC929A" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName id="6E51C2498EC72238B0386893CBE5423C" class="Insecta" family="Ithonidae" genus="Rapisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rapisma zayuanum" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zayuanum">Rapisma zayuanum</taxonomicName>
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Yang, 1993: 149. Type locality: China (Xizang: Jigong).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C866F830E680D2C294432D95D336C4C2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="714142A217227904044333EFBC2AAB83" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="20B18153F90937B0E84710143945EE4E" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
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Body and wing coloration greatly differed between males and females, generally brownish in males but greenish in females. Male head medially with dark markings on vertex, frons and clypeus, while female head immaculate. Antenna extremely short, less than 1/5
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<normalizedToken id="9BF5307B103476233DEE8D72E0F5A7CE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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forewing length. Male gonocoxites 9 paired, glabrous; each with an ovoid lobe, which dorsally bears a subtriangular accessory lobe, and with a slender, arcuately curved lateral arm; fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly shallowly concaved, posteromedially truncate, posterolaterally distinctly produced in dorsal view; gonostyli 11 having subtriangular dorsal lobe with a few short setae, and flat ventral lobe distally with a pair of tufts of long setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="80CE09CDF579FA26FD56B9A4081214D8" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7FBB42AFC5F2FA37A671CB99E5A61DF2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="11F464EC2B0CA4832C5B808FE0A00594" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Male. Body length 13.0-14.0 mm; forewing length 19.0-20.0 mm, hindwing length 16.6-17.0 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="64D24A5E62D28B69C01A92E4651717F2" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Head nearly semiglobular, largely retracted under prothorax, barely visible in dorsal view. Head yellowish brown; a narrow blackish stripe present around compound eye; vertex with a large brown marking, which is sometimes expanded, making vertex almost entirely brown; frons and clypeus medially with a brown marking that is much narrower than vertexal marking. Compound eyes dark brown; EI ratio 0.80. Antennae nearly moniliform, short, 4.4-4.5 mm long, with 27-28 flagellomeres; pale yellowish brown. Mandibles with tips black.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F64046AD2390358D55269DA667847EAE" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Thorax pale brown, meso- and metathorax slightly paler than prothorax, without any distinct markings. Legs yellowish; pretarsal claws reddish brown, proximally slightly produced.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="46A44789200AD4EAA849DB565394B517" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Forewing brownish, with many small brown spots on crossveins. Trichosors absent. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, blackish. RP with 8-9 pectinate branches. Hindwing much paler than forewing, immaculate. A proximal nygma present between RP+MA and MP, blackish. RP with 6-8 pectinate branches.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1A01B93B5A3A3384083C5F88A3FFD080" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Abdomen brown. Tergum 9 subtrapezoidal, with sparse short setae, posterior margin slightly concaved. Sternum 9 nearly as long as tergum 9, about 1.5 times as wide as long, subtrapezoidal. Ectoprocts nearly as long as tergum 9, ventrally divided into a pair of ovoid lobes; callus cerci present, slightly prominent. Gonocoxites 9 paired, glabrous; each with an ovoid lobe, which dorsally bears a subtriangular accessory lobe, and with a slender, arcuately curved lateral arm. Fused gonocoxites 11 generally arched, anteriorly shallowly concaved, posteromedially truncate, posterolaterally distinctly produced in dorsal view. Gonostyli 11 with a pair of dorsal lobes and a single ventral lobe; dorsal lobe subtriangular, with a few short setae; ventral lobe flat, distally with a pair of tufts of long setae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7D46EC85C96E62A4B4F32848483EC9A8" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Female. Body length 19.1-22.0 mm; forewing length 30.0-31.3 mm, hindwing length 26.0-26.2 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="04D5FADB18E8F9ADEA99A45F3D4C343D" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
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<pageBreakToken id="F93F65ED83EDF184ED4B8B67FE461168" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" start="start">Body</pageBreakToken>
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and forewings in general greenish. Head without dark marking. Forewing sometimes with very indistinct trace of dark spots on a few crossveins.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="672FEF841447698CAA7A24B3B20CAA73" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Sternum 7 large, posteromedially with a narrow groove. Gonocoxites+gonapophyses 8 fused, broadly subtriangular, but divided by an arched transverse suture, notched distally, with a pair of digitiform projections and a weak median projection. Gonocoxites 9 nearly semicircular in lateral view, distally with tiny gonostyli 9; a pair of small setose ovoid gonapophyses 9 present posteriad gonocoxites 8 and beneath gonocoxites 9. Ectoprocts subtrapezoidal in lateral view, slightly broadened posteriad.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="479166B8C840E334C50B5A0E3AD5A088" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="34E467766505C11E212733488CAE9E7A" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Materials examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="62C74959FA8F16D344BE979FEFFA59A9" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
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Holotype male, China, Xizang, Chayu, Jigong [
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<geoCoordinate id="8CB5BC7D9D5928D7CF9111B5E83AD495" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="28.652834">28°39.17'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="5C48E7CC5DFC93504DBB5F8E6FF6F632" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="97.4535">97°27.21'E</geoCoordinate>
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], 2300 m, 2.VII.1978, Guangwu Li (IZCAS). 1 female [holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="D0F8C5D61F20A6B21F0694DF1C90E8D4" lsidName="R. zayuanum" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="zayuanum">R. zayuanum</taxonomicName>
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], China, Xizang, Chayu, Jigong [
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<geoCoordinate id="FB0F7CB328AF189BB51D43478FE19B66" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="28.652834">28°39.17'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="DABDD74549ED88C499F34C90DF6D5681" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="97.4535">97°27.21'E</geoCoordinate>
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], 2300 m, VIII.1982, Baohai Wang (IZ
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<pageBreakToken id="47BC97F0779B21BBFB2DC37D8200AD3E" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" start="start">CAS</pageBreakToken>
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); 1 male, China, Xizang, Chayu [ca.
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<geoCoordinate id="AB3EBE9144CF798FF3A7182C8D20A32A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="28.652834">28°39.17'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="4146ADC62E74CCFD45576C9EE194AF0C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="97.4535">97°27.21'E</geoCoordinate>
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], 3.VII.2011, Ye Liu (CAU); 1 female, China, Xizang, Chayu, Shaqiong [ca.
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<geoCoordinate id="861BEBA9F1DB175D421A1BACC56DE091" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="28.652834">28°39.17'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="258CAD5E8131F1F541F085AEEF3EC8B6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="97.4535">97°27.21'E</geoCoordinate>
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], 10.VII.2011, Ye Liu (CAU); 1 male, China, Xizang, Chayu [ca.
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<geoCoordinate id="EF22C18B3997873E1C70DBBF9E6E6CEF" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="28.652834">28°39.17'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="1F8480C7FE57E5B33E1F7DB208041623" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="97.4535">97°27.21'E</geoCoordinate>
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], 19.VII.1997, Chaodong Zhu (IZCAS).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2C609F896A2F4B34B4AF2A0321D00624" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="EBB0BDC401138A74184F3A394E51291C" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="465BD1D21A3BE1798564DE1892987751" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">China (Xizang).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AB296D486350D9045FF75BFC8B06F814" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="C2E5C6D5C38E838422E681258207A8D2" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="20F5070B9D6C1D730EFA1287DDD5381D" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
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This species appears to be closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="8620947511C2CE51FEA95370CA31DFD5" class="Insecta" family="Ithonidae" genus="Rapisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rapisma nepalense" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nepalense">Rapisma nepalense</taxonomicName>
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Barnard, 1981 from Nepal and
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<taxonomicName id="3D48AEA11B8F337203CEFE472A08B466" class="Insecta" family="Ithonidae" genus="Rapisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rapisma almoranum" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="almoranum">Rapisma almoranum</taxonomicName>
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Barnard, 1981 from northern India in having similar yellowish brown body and medially punctuate head in males as well as male gonocoxite 9 posteriorly with glabrous, ovoid lobe. However, it can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="4E96574A41F4DD67BF128E90780ECCD6" lsidName="R. nepalense" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="nepalense">R. nepalense</taxonomicName>
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by the absence of large median dark spot on forewing and the relative broad lobe of male gonocoxite 9, and it differs from
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<taxonomicName id="6872A3413B8981FD4A92D0E740EC0546" lsidName="R. almoranum" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="almoranum">R. almoranum</taxonomicName>
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by the male gonocoxite 9 with a broad lobe and a subtriangular accessory lobe.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4043AC40DFBC6F710B366986B49701ED" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="613909CA15421C427DC3E14D7DEB3C0A" class="Insecta" family="Ithonidae" genus="Rapisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rapisma xizangense" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xizangense">Rapisma xizangense</taxonomicName>
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is known for the remarkable sexual dimorphism of body and wing coloration (
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<bibRefCitation id="48CA6C74CE9379586DF854221992D02B" author="Wang, YY" journalOrPublisher="Neuroptera International" pageId="12" pageNumber="69" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083986" year="2013">Wang et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). It may be interesting to figure out whether its related species also have such feature.
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<bibRefCitation id="A5A914BC1377BD4F4492483AD8C1E0D2" author="Barnard, PC" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="12" pageNumber="69" pagination="121 - 136" title="The Rapismatidae (Neuroptera): montane lacewings of the oriental region." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1981.tb00430.x" volume="6" year="1981">Barnard (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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mentioned that
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<taxonomicName id="1E2F7FD36022D5ECB1BC5A10748ADCA3" lsidName="R. almoranum" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="almoranum">R. almoranum</taxonomicName>
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might be conspecific to
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<taxonomicName id="8223C5999563367D2ABAA025106255AE" class="Insecta" family="Ithonidae" genus="Rapisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rapisma viridipenne" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridipenne">Rapisma viridipenne</taxonomicName>
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(Walker, 1853) from Nepal and northeastern India by having similar forewing marking patterns. So far,
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<taxonomicName id="7964D36BA7A20667F1DB51EF454E908D" lsidName="R. viridipenne" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="viridipenne">R. viridipenne</taxonomicName>
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is only known from female specimens and its forewing is greenish yellow (Barnard, 1981). If
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<taxonomicName id="475C4692C750C3311BA122A20E4F78F7" lsidName="R. almoranum" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="almoranum">R. almoranum</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="BB6BF7127E86010D17A2405AAF1991A1" lsidName="R. viridipenne" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="viridipenne">R. viridipenne</taxonomicName>
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are confirmed to be same species, the sexual dimorphism of body and wing coloration should be also present in this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |