treatments-xml/data/F0/0B/87/F00B87E2FFF6FFD9FF14FE067421F879.xml

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<mods:title id="8E3EC68B1F5585771C93443272C1EED0">Ancistrocerus waldenii waldenii (Viereck 1906) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Eumeninae), a new addition to the fauna of Greenland</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFF14FE067404FE35" bold="true" box="[151,538,401,427]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Ancistrocerus waldenii waldenii</emphasis>
(Viereck 1906)
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<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFF14FE4F7746FE70" box="[151,344,472,494]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Odynerus waldonii</emphasis>
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: 304
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, ♀.
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<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFF14FE617749FD92" box="[151,343,502,524]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Odynerus waldenii</emphasis>
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: 350
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(emendation).
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<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFF14FD8177C3FDB5" box="[151,477,533,555]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Ancistrocerus waldenii waldenii</emphasis>
: 
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: 1505
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="F90310E5FFF6FFDDFD5BFD8275AAFDB5" author="Buck" box="[728,948,533,555]" page="113" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF6FFDDFD5BFD82759CFDB5" author="Buck" box="[728,898,533,555]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article" year="2008">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFC97FD817559FDB5" box="[788,839,533,555]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2008
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: 113
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.
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: 
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: Kangerlussuaq/Sdr Strømfjord (
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<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFBA3FDC0728EFDEE" box="[1056,1168,599,624]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="925" value="-50.683334">50°41′ W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="0C1C1034FFF6FFDDFB26FDCF732DFDEE" box="[1189,1331,600,624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" value="1992-08-02">2 Aug. 1992</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFAC1FDCF7389FDEE" box="[1346,1431,600,624]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
, Leg. J, Böcher)—4 ♀, 
<specimenCount id="6EA4FD7DFFF6FFDDFE27FDEB77CDFD0A" box="[420,467,636,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="generic">4 ♂</specimenCount>
; Itilleq, eastern end (
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFCC6FDEB75A9FD0A" box="[837,951,636,661]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="925" value="-52.433334">52°26′ W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="0C1C1034FFF6FFDDFC4DFDEB7296FD0A" box="[974,1160,636,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" value="2003-07-22" valueMax="2003-07-23" valueMin="2003-07-22">22–23 Jul. 2003</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFB1AFDEB72F0FD0A" box="[1177,1262,636,660]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
, Leg. Kissavik Expedition 
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFE9BFD377775FD26" box="[280,363,672,696]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
)—7 ♀, 
<specimenCount id="6EA4FD7DFFF6FFDDFE45FD3777EDFD29" box="[454,499,672,696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="generic">2 ♂</specimenCount>
; Søndre Isortoq, Nuk (
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFCE7FD0875CCFD26" box="[868,978,671,696]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="925" value="-52.2">52°12′ W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="0C1C1034FFF6FFDDFC65FD377287FD26" box="[998,1177,671,696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" value="2003-07-13" valueMax="2003-07-14" valueMin="2003-07-13">13–14 Jul. 2003</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFB24FD3772E4FD26" box="[1191,1274,672,696]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
Leg. Kissavik Expedition 
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFE98FD53776FFD42" box="[283,369,708,732]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
)—1 ♀; Kangerlussuatsiaq/Evighedsfjord, Taterat (
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFC2CFD537207FD42" box="[943,1049,708,733]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="925" value="66.0">66°00′ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFBA5FD537288FD42" box="[1062,1174,708,733]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="925" value="-52.55">52°33′ W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="0C1C1034FFF6FFDDFB2FFD537327FD42" box="[1196,1337,708,733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" value="2003-07-19">19 Jul. 2003</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFACAFD537382FD42" box="[1353,1436,708,732]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
Leg. Kissavik Expedition 
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFE43FD7F7408FC9E" box="[448,534,744,768]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
)—1 ♀; Ikamiut Kangerdluarssuaq, Tasersuaq (
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFBAFFD70728BFD61" box="[1068,1173,743,768]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="925" value="65.78333">65°47' N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFB21FD70730EFC9E" box="[1186,1296,743,768]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="925" value="-52.65">52°39' W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="0C1C1034FFF6FFDDFAA5FD7F76D1FCBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" value="2003-07-17" valueMax="2003-07-18" valueMin="2003-07-17">17–18 Jul. 2003</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFF64FC9B7724FCBA" box="[231,314,780,804]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
Leg. Kissavik Expedition 
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFD09FC9B74C3FCBA" box="[650,733,780,804]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
)—2 ♀, 
<specimenCount id="6EA4FD7DFFF6FFDDFCC9FC9B759EFCBA" box="[842,896,780,804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="generic">2 ♂</specimenCount>
; Kangerlussuaq/Sdr Strømfjord (
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFA8DFC9B7388FCBA" box="[1294,1430,780,805]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="15" value="67.02195">67° 1'19&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFF14FCB8773AFCD6" box="[151,292,815,840]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="15" value="-50.671112">50°40'16&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="0C1C1034FFF6FFDDFEC2FCA777C3FCD6" box="[321,477,815,840]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" value="2013-07-20">20 Jul. 2013</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFE76FCA77454FCD6" box="[501,586,816,840]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
, Leg. T. Pape)—4 ♀, 
<specimenCount id="6EA4FD7DFFF6FFDDFCEFFCA775BCFCD9" box="[876,930,816,840]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="generic">3 ♂</specimenCount>
; Qeqertarsuaq/Godhavn, Lyngmarksbugten (
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFF1CFCC37738FCF3" box="[159,294,852,877]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="15" value="69.25972">69°15'35&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF6FFDDFEB1FCC377A1FCF3" box="[306,447,852,877]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" precision="15" value="-53.543056">53°32'35&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="0C1C1034FFF6FFDDFE57FCC37443FCF2" box="[468,605,852,877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" value="2013-07-24">24 Jul. 2013</date>
(
<collectionCode id="1EB3AE31FFF6FFDDFDEFFCC374DFFCF2" box="[620,705,852,876]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">ZMUC</collectionCode>
, Leg. T. Pape)—2 ♀.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="30B8657FFFF6FFDFFF44FCE072B0FF4A" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF6FFDDFF44FCE075DFFC46" blockId="1.[151,1437,599,984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFF44FCE07747FC0E" bold="true" box="[199,345,887,912]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Distribution</emphasis>
. Nearctic. In 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF6FFDDFE76FCE07457FC0E" box="[501,585,887,912]" name="Canada" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Canada</collectingCountry>
except in NU (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF6FFDDFD74FCE075A7FC0E" author="Buck" box="[759,953,887,912]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article" year="2008">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFCBFFCEE756BFC0E" box="[828,885,888,912]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). In the 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF6FFDDFB96FCEF7253FC0E" box="[1045,1101,888,912]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">USA</collectingCountry>
in AZ, CA, CO, 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF6FFDDFA91FCEF7331FC11" box="[1298,1327,888,911]" name="Iceland" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">IL</collectingCountry>
, MI, MT, NM, SD, VA and WY. 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF6FFDDFE25FC0B7405FC2B" box="[422,539,924,949]" name="Greenland" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Greenland</collectingCountry>
(new record). Subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF6FFDDFCCEFC0B72B0FC2A" authority="Bequaert 1944" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityYear="1944" box="[845,1198,924,948]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="waldenii" subSpecies="excavatus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFCCEFC0B75E0FC2A" box="[845,1022,924,948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">A. w. excavatus</emphasis>
Bequaert 1944
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF6FFDDFB69FC0B7725FC46" authority="Bequaert 1944" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityYear="1944" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="waldenii" subSpecies="flavidulus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFB69FC0B7385FC2A" box="[1258,1435,924,948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">A. w. flavidulus</emphasis>
Bequaert 1944
</taxonomicName>
from BC and CA to MT, WY, CO, AZ (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF6FFDDFD7EFC2875AAFC46" author="Krombein" box="[765,948,959,984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" refString="Krombein, K. V. (1979) Superfamily Vespoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. &amp; Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. pp. 1469 - 1522." type="book" year="1979">Krombein 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="2CDD667CFFF6FFDDFF14F808732EF82B" box="[151,1328,1951,1973]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224411/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" targetBox="[160,1417,1044,1918]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF6FFDDFF14F808732EF82B" blockId="1.[151,1328,1951,1973]" box="[151,1328,1951,1973]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFF14F808770DF82A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1951,1973]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF6FFDDFE9AF837741CF82B" box="[281,514,1951,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF6FFDDFE9AF837741CF82B" box="[281,514,1951,1973]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Ancistrocerus waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female specimen collected near Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland. Photo: E. Wahlberg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2CDD667CFFF5FFDEFF14FA4B7434F9B1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224412/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF5FFDEFF14FA4B7434F9B1" blockId="2.[151,1436,1500,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFF14FA4B770AFA6F" bold="true" box="[151,276,1500,1522]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A. Low mountain meadow near Qeqertarsuaq, Disko Island, Greenland, where a population of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF5FFDEFB74FA4B7372FA6C" box="[1271,1388,1500,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFB74FA4B7372FA6C" box="[1271,1388,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">A. waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was discovered. B. Clay nests found on vertical rock surfaces. C. 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF5FFDEFC8CFA6D7597F98E" box="[783,905,1530,1552]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
larvae excavated from nest #2; note newly hatched wasp larva below. Photos: E. Wahlberg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF5FFDEFF44F9C17490F8D9" blockId="2.[151,1437,1622,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
All specimens were identified as 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF5FFDEFDC2F9C075E8F9F1" authority="Viereck 1906" authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1906" box="[577,1014,1622,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFDC2F9C0755AF9F0" box="[577,836,1622,1646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Ancistrocerus waldenii</emphasis>
(Viereck 1906)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF5FFDEFB85F9C17257F9F1" box="[1030,1097,1622,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[160,1417,1044,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,1039,1927]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ancistrocerus waldenii. Female specimen collected near Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland. Photo: E. Wahlberg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224411/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). This species is most similar to 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF5FFDEFF37F9EC7792F90C" box="[180,396,1658,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albophalerathus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFF37F9EC7792F90C" box="[180,396,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">A. albophalerathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(de Saussure 1855) and an undescribed 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF5FFDEFCD6F9EC75F1F90C" box="[853,1007,1659,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFCD6F9EC75F1F90C" box="[853,1007,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Ancistrocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. A (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF5FFDEFBC0F9ED731BF90D" author="Buck" box="[1091,1285,1658,1683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article" year="2008">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFB0BF9EC72DFF90C" box="[1160,1217,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). Males of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF5FFDEFA07F9EC76E6F928" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFA07F9EC76E6F928" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">A. waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are separated from similar species in North 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF5FFDEFD6DF9097550F929" box="[750,846,1694,1719]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">America</collectingCountry>
by the deeply emarginated clypeal margin. Females can be distinguished from similar species by the completely black scape and by the presence of a pale apical spot on tergum 6 (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF5FFDEFEB2F97177EAF961" author="Buck" box="[305,500,1766,1791]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article" year="2008">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFEF5F97077B1F960" box="[374,431,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). Overall, colour patterns are rather variable (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF5FFDEFC78F97172A2F961" author="Buck" box="[1019,1212,1766,1791]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article" year="2008">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFBC3F9707264F960" box="[1088,1146,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
) and the 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF5FFDEFAA4F9717382F961" box="[1319,1436,1766,1791]" name="Greenland" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Greenland</collectingCountry>
specimens tend to have reduced pale markings compared to North American specimens. A detailed description of the species is available in 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF5FFDEFE39F8B97497F8D9" box="[442,649,1838,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFE7FF8B8742BF8D8" box="[508,565,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF5FFDFFF44F8C472B0FF4A" blockId="2.[151,1437,1622,2007]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF5FFDEFF44F8C477D1F8F4" box="[199,463,1874,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF5FFDEFF44F8C477D1F8F4" box="[199,463,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Ancistrocerus waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was seen to be abundant in the area around Kangerlussuaq, and specimens were repeatedly seen flying over low vegetation or on open paths and dirt roads where females were seen collecting clay for nest building. On Disko Island, several specimens were observed flying along an open path near a stream in a low mountain meadow (
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF5FFDEFE24F829742DF849" box="[423,563,1982,2007]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" precision="15" value="69.259445">69° 15'34''N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF5FFDEFDBCF82974CEF849" box="[575,720,1982,2007]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" precision="15" value="-53.542778">53° 32'34''W</geoCoordinate>
) (
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF5FFDEFD64F8297529F849" box="[743,823,1982,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Low mountain meadow near Qeqertarsuaq, Disko Island, Greenland, where a population of A. waldenii was discovered. B. Clay nests found on vertical rock surfaces. C. Lepidoptera larvae excavated from nest # 2; note newly hatched wasp larva below. Photos: E. Wahlberg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224412/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
) close to Qeqertarsuaq. The vegetation in the area was composed mostly of glaucous willow (
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFDCDFF0F74C7FF2E" box="[590,729,152,176]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF4FFDFFDCDFF0F74C7FF2E" box="[590,729,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Salix glauca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) and dwarf shrubs, with mosses, sedges, and lush stands of dwarf fireweed (
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFED2FF2B745DFF4A" box="[337,579,188,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Chamerion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolium">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF4FFDFFED2FF2B745DFF4A" box="[337,579,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Chamerion latifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Holub) along the stream flowing through the area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="2CDD667CFFF4FFDFFF14FBE0738BFB13" box="[151,1429,1143,1165]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224413/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" targetBox="[151,1436,265,1121]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF4FFDFFF14FBE0738BFB13" blockId="3.[151,1429,1143,1165]" box="[151,1429,1143,1165]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF4FFDFFF14FBE0770CFB12" bold="true" box="[151,274,1143,1165]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Female of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFE06FBEF7470FB13" box="[389,622,1143,1165]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF4FFDFFE06FBEF7470FB13" box="[389,622,1143,1165]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Ancistrocerus waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resting in its nest during unfavourable weather conditions. Photo: E. Wahlberg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="30B8657FFFF4FFD9FF44FB227421F879" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF4FFDFFF44FB22729AF85F" blockId="3.[151,1437,1204,1985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFF44FB2277D7FB52" ID-CoL="DMN6" box="[199,457,1204,1228]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF4FFDFFF44FB2277D7FB52" box="[199,457,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Ancistrocerus waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a solitary wasp constructing mud nests on vertical rock surfaces (
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF4FFDFFB4CFB23730DFB53" box="[1231,1299,1204,1229]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Low mountain meadow near Qeqertarsuaq, Disko Island, Greenland, where a population of A. waldenii was discovered. B. Clay nests found on vertical rock surfaces. C. Lepidoptera larvae excavated from nest # 2; note newly hatched wasp larva below. Photos: E. Wahlberg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224412/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
b), and each nest is provisioned with several 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFD85FB4F7493FB6F" ID-CoL="LP" box="[518,653,1240,1265]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
larvae (
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF4FFDFFD69FB4F752EFB6E" box="[746,816,1240,1265]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Low mountain meadow near Qeqertarsuaq, Disko Island, Greenland, where a population of A. waldenii was discovered. B. Clay nests found on vertical rock surfaces. C. Lepidoptera larvae excavated from nest # 2; note newly hatched wasp larva below. Photos: E. Wahlberg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224412/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
c). The female attends to several mud cells, laying one egg per cell and then providing it with several caterpillars before the cell is sealed. The number of caterpillars provided for the nests is similar to records from other species of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFCE0FAB77274FAA7" ID-CoL="VJJ" authority="Wesmael" authorityName="Wesmael" box="[867,1130,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF4FFDFFCE0FAB775E0FAA9" box="[867,1022,1312,1335]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Ancistrocerus</emphasis>
Wesmael
</taxonomicName>
(Bequaert 1944, 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFAA9FAB776CCFAC3" author="Krombein" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Krombein, K. V. (1967) Trap-Nesting Wasps and Bees. Life Histories, Nests, and Associates. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D. C., 576 pp." type="book" year="1967">Krombein 1967</bibRefCitation>
), and in three excavated cells from the Qeqertarsuaq population 13, 9 and 6 caterpillars were found (
<tableCitation id="3520034FFFF4FFDFFAC7FAD37395FAC3" box="[1348,1419,1348,1373]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Contents of prey from three nests of Ancistrocerus waldenii (Viereck 1906), all from Qeqertarsuaq." pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
). The caterpillars were identified as belonging to the 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFC97FAFF722BFA1F" ID-CoL="627FR" authority="Gelechioidea" authorityName="Gelechioidea" box="[788,1077,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Plutellidae, Gelechioidea</taxonomicName>
(probably 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFB3CFAFF7340FA1F" ID-CoL="DJC" box="[1215,1374,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oecophoridae</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFF14FA1B7713FA3B" ID-CoL="DD9" box="[151,269,1420,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
, with individual female wasps apparently acquiring a ‘search image ′ for a narrow range of prey caterpillars. The taxonomic composition of caterpillars from the 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF4FFDFFCFEFA2775ECFA57" box="[893,1010,1456,1481]" name="Greenland" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Greenland</collectingCountry>
nests differs from that mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFF14FA437742FA73" author="Krombein" box="[151,348,1492,1517]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Krombein, K. V. (1979) Superfamily Vespoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. &amp; Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. pp. 1469 - 1522." type="book" year="1979">Krombein (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, who found 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFE64FA427478FA72" ID-CoL="DMN6" box="[487,614,1492,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF4FFDFFE64FA427478FA72" box="[487,614,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">A. waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to prey on caterpillars of the family 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFC7CFA437263FA73" ID-CoL="HBJ" box="[1023,1149,1492,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
. Species of Torticidae are known from 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF4FFDFFEAAFA6F77BEF98F" box="[297,416,1528,1553]" name="Greenland" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Greenland</collectingCountry>
, however studies have been concentrated to the southern parts (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFBECFA6F7311F98F" author="Downes" box="[1135,1295,1528,1553]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Downes, J. A. (1966) The Lepidoptera of Greenland, some geographic considerations. The Canadian Entomologist, 98, 1135 - 1144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 981135 - 11" type="journal article" year="1966">Downes 1966</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFA98FA6F76CEF9AB" author="Johannesen" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Johannesen, P. (1990) Observations on Lepidoptera in south and southwest Greenland. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 1, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1990">Johannesen 1990</bibRefCitation>
) and the northern distribution of this moth family is less well known. The adult wasps are reported to feed on nectar from various flowers and from honeydew (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFD4DF9D77596F9C6" author="Spradbery" box="[718,904,1600,1625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Spradbery, J. P. (1973) Wasps - an account of the biology and natural history of solitary and social wasps. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 408 pp." type="book" year="1973">Spradbery 1973</bibRefCitation>
). When searching for nests during a moist and cold day near Qeqertarsuaq, several females were observed resting in the nests on the rock surfaces (
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF4FFDFFAB3F9F37368F9E3" box="[1328,1398,1636,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1143,1165]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1121]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,265,1121]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Female of Ancistrocerus waldenii resting in its nest during unfavourable weather conditions. Photo: E. Wahlberg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224413/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), a behaviour known to occur in several other solitary wasps during night or in unfavourable weather (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFA86F91F738EF93F" author="Evans" box="[1285,1424,1672,1697]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Evans, H. E. (1966) The behavior patterns of solitary wasps. Annual Review of Entomology, 11, 123 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 11.010166.001011" type="journal article" year="1966">Evans 1966</bibRefCitation>
). The nests in Qeqertarsuaq were built on rock surfaces facing south-southeast (153.4±6.6°, mean of 25 nests at 13 different sites). The observations of 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFDB2F94774D1F977" author="Morris" box="[561,719,1744,1769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Morris, R. F. (1959) Note on Occurrence and Nesting Habits of Ancistrocerus waldenii waldenii (Vier.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Newfoundland. The Canadian Entomologist, 91, 500 - 500. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 91500 - 8" type="journal volume" year="1959">Morris (1959)</bibRefCitation>
where some nests were facing west are somewhat incongruous to our south-southeast findings. Local factors like prevailing wind direction and availability of suitable surfaces may play a part, and onshore winds could be a factor affecting the orientation of individual nests, especially in the Arctic where temperature is one of the main influences of arthropod activity (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFC75F8AA728BF8CB" author="Downes" box="[1014,1173,1852,1877]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Downes, J. A. (1965) Adaptations of insects in the Arctic. Annual Review of Entomology, 10, 257 - 274. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 10.010165.001353" type="journal article" year="1965">Downes 1965</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF4FFDFFB1CF8AA76CAF8E6" author="Hoye" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Hoye, T. T. &amp; Forchhammer, M. (2008) The influence of weather conditions on the activity of high-arctic arthropods inferred from long-term observations. BMC Ecology, 8, 8. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1472 - 6785 - 8 - 8" type="journal article" year="2008">Høye &amp; Forchhammer 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Previous observations of nesting sites are sparse regarding 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF4FFDFFC22F8F77225F8E9" ID-CoL="VJJ" box="[929,1083,1888,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF4FFDFFC22F8F77225F8E9" box="[929,1083,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Ancistrocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in general, and while we can corroborate the general prey preference regarding caterpillars (
<tableCitation id="3520034FFFF4FFDFFCD9F81375BEF803" box="[858,928,1924,1949]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Contents of prey from three nests of Ancistrocerus waldenii (Viereck 1906), all from Qeqertarsuaq." pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
) with data from our study, data also indicate that prey species and nest site preferences vary somewhat according to the local situation.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2CDD667CFFF3FFD8FF14FF0F732DFF31" box="[151,1331,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD8FF14FF0F732DFF31" blockId="4.[151,1331,151,175]" box="[151,1331,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FF14FF0F7714FF31" bold="true" box="[151,266,152,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Contents of prey from three nests of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FD1BFF007229FF31" ID-CoL="DMN6" authority="Viereck 1906" authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1906" box="[664,1079,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FD1BFF007590FF31" box="[664,910,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Ancistrocerus waldenii</emphasis>
(Viereck 1906)
</taxonomicName>
, all from Qeqertarsuaq.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD8FF1CFF5C7475FF7E" blockId="4.[159,1228,202,434]" box="[159,619,202,224]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Nest Number of larvae Taxa</paragraph>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD8FF1CFF6375D8FE94" blockId="4.[159,1228,202,434]" box="[159,966,244,266]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
1 2 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FDB8FF6374B4FE94" ID-CoL="627FR" box="[571,682,244,266]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Plutellidae</taxonomicName>
, possibly 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FC8DFF6375D8FE94" ID-CoL="4KJZ5" box="[782,966,244,266]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Plutella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xylostella">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FC8DFF6375D8FE94" box="[782,966,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Plutella xylostella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD8FEC6FE8872D2FEAA" blockId="4.[159,1228,202,434]" box="[325,1228,286,308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
7 Gelechioidea, possibly 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FCA4FE8872D2FEAA" box="[807,1228,286,308]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Agonopterix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antenariella">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FCA4FE887239FEAA" box="[807,1063,286,308]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Agonopterix antenariella</emphasis>
(Oecophoridae)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD8FF1CFEDF75D8FEC0" blockId="4.[159,1228,202,434]" box="[159,966,328,350]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
2 1 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FDB8FEDF74B4FEC0" ID-CoL="627FR" box="[571,682,328,350]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Plutellidae</taxonomicName>
, possibly 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FC8DFEDF75D8FEC0" ID-CoL="4KJZ5" box="[782,966,328,350]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Plutella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xylostella">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FC8DFEDF75D8FEC0" box="[782,966,328,350]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Plutella xylostella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD8FEC6FEE572D2FE16" blockId="4.[159,1228,202,434]" box="[325,1228,370,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
5 Gelechioidea, possibly 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FCA4FEE472D2FE16" box="[807,1228,370,392]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Agonopterix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antenariella">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FCA4FEE47239FE16" box="[807,1063,370,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Agonopterix antenariella</emphasis>
(Oecophoridae)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD8FF1CFE0B75A2FE2C" blockId="4.[159,1228,202,434]" box="[159,956,412,434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
3 13 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FDB8FE0B74B8FE2C" ID-CoL="DD9" box="[571,678,412,434]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
, possibly 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FC89FE0B75A2FE2C" ID-CoL="947DT" box="[778,956,412,434]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richardsoni">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FC89FE0B75A2FE2C" box="[778,956,412,434]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Polia richardsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<caption id="2CDD667CFFF3FFD8FF14F9157383F906" box="[151,1437,1666,1688]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224414/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" targetBox="[332,1260,516,1640]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD8FF14F9157383F906" blockId="4.[151,1437,1666,1688]" box="[151,1437,1666,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FF14F915770CF909" bold="true" box="[151,274,1666,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Localities where 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FE44F91474AEF906" ID-CoL="DMN6" box="[455,688,1666,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FE44F91474AEF906" box="[455,688,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Ancistrocerus waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected in Greenland, base map provided by Esri 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FA9AF9147353F906" box="[1305,1357,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
(2013).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF3FFD9FF44F9517322FBC6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1733,2010]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1112]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FF44F9517494F940" ID-CoL="DMN6" authority="Viereck 1906" authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1906" box="[199,650,1733,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FF44F95177D0F943" box="[199,462,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Ancistrocerus waldenii</emphasis>
(Viereck 1906)
</taxonomicName>
is exclusively Nearctic and has been recorded from all Canadian provinces except Nunavut (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF3FFD8FE56F97E74BFF89C" author="Buck" box="[469,673,1769,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article" year="2008">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FD9EF97D7447F89F" box="[541,601,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). In the 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF3FFD8FC85F97D7520F89C" box="[774,830,1770,1794]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">USA</collectingCountry>
it is recorded from northern or mountainous states; Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, Montana, New 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF3FFD8FC75F89A7251F8B8" box="[1014,1103,1805,1830]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, South Dakota, Virginia and Wyoming. The western populations are usually divided into the two subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FBA1F8A57723F8F0" ID-CoL="7J8T4" authority="Bequaert 1944" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityYear="1944" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="waldenii" subSpecies="excavatus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FBA1F8A57385F8D7" box="[1058,1435,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Ancistrocerus waldenii excavatus</emphasis>
Bequaert 1944
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FEF4F8C175BCF8F0" ID-CoL="5FLCF" authority="Bequaert 1944" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityYear="1944" box="[375,930,1877,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="waldenii" subSpecies="flavidulus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FEF4F8C174ECF8F3" box="[375,754,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Ancistrocerus waldenii flavidulus</emphasis>
Bequaert 1944
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF3FFD8FC31F8C27277F8F0" author="Krombein" box="[946,1129,1877,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" refString="Krombein, K. V. (1979) Superfamily Vespoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. &amp; Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. pp. 1469 - 1522." type="book" year="1979">Krombein 1979</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF3FFD8FBF4F8C27326F8F0" author="Buck" box="[1143,1336,1877,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article" year="2008">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FB38F8C172EBF8F3" box="[1211,1269,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
) and the eastern population belongs to the nominotypical subspecies. The earliest capture of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF3FFD8FBDCF8ED72FCF80F" ID-CoL="DMN6" box="[1119,1250,1913,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF3FFD8FBDCF8ED72FCF80F" box="[1119,1250,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">A. waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF3FFD8FA88F8EE739EF80C" box="[1291,1408,1913,1938]" name="Greenland" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Greenland</collectingCountry>
is from Kangerlussuaq (
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF3FFD8FE08F80A740FF828" box="[395,529,1949,1974]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" precision="15" value="67.00861">67°00'31''N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF3FFD8FD9EF80A74B8F828" box="[541,678,1949,1974]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" precision="15" value="-50.689167">50°41'21''W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF3FFD8FD32F80A74EAF828" box="[689,756,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1666,1688]" captionTargetBox="[332,1260,516,1640]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[273,1314,511,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Localities where Ancistrocerus waldenii has been collected in Greenland, base map provided by Esri et al. (2013)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224414/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="147">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) in 1992, an inland region with moderate precipitation (
<tableCitation id="3520034FFFF3FFD8FAE9F80A76B6F844" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1160,1183]" captionTargetBox="[151,1323,1242,1702]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Mean annual temperature and precipitation, values retrieved from (1) Hijmans et al. (2005), (2) Environment Canada (2013) and (3) World Meteorological Organization (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2CDD667CFFF2FFD9FF14FB1F757EFB21" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" tableUuid="2CDD667CFFF2FFD9FF14FB1F757EFB21">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). South of Kangerlussuaq several individuals have been collected during the Kissavik Expedition arranged by the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen (ZMUC) in 2003 at the localities Itilleq, Kangerlussuatsiaq, Ikamiut Kangerdluarssuaq and Isortoq Fjord (
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF2FFD9FDC8FF2B748AFF4A" box="[587,660,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1666,1688]" captionTargetBox="[332,1260,516,1640]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[273,1314,511,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Localities where Ancistrocerus waldenii has been collected in Greenland, base map provided by Esri et al. (2013)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224414/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
); all considerably wetter locations (
<tableCitation id="3520034FFFF2FFD9FBBBFF2B7299FF4A" box="[1080,1159,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1160,1183]" captionTargetBox="[151,1323,1242,1702]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Mean annual temperature and precipitation, values retrieved from (1) Hijmans et al. (2005), (2) Environment Canada (2013) and (3) World Meteorological Organization (2010)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2CDD667CFFF2FFD9FF14FB1F757EFB21" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" tableUuid="2CDD667CFFF2FFD9FF14FB1F757EFB21">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). The new finding near Qeqertarsuaq represents the northernmost occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FC91FF77758FFF66" ID-CoL="DMN6" box="[786,913,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FC91FF77758FFF66" box="[786,913,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">A. waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FC36FF487234FF66" box="[949,1066,223,248]" name="Greenland" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Greenland</collectingCountry>
and is the globally northernmost occurrence of this species, thereby giving evidence of a new northern distribution limit. Previously published records indicated a northern limit at Rampart House, Yukon, 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FCC8FEB075BCFEDE" box="[843,930,295,320]" name="Canada" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Canada</collectingCountry>
, at approximately 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF2FFD9FBF7FEB072E7FEDE" box="[1140,1273,295,320]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" precision="15" value="67.42389">67°25'26''N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1D965033FFF2FFD9FA85FEB07382FEDE" box="[1286,1436,295,320]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" precision="15" value="-140.98334">140°59'00''W</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF2FFD9FF1DFEDB7745FEFA" author="Finnamore" box="[158,347,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" refString="Finnamore, A. T. (1997) Aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Yukon, other than Formicidae. In: Danks, H. V. &amp; Downes, J. A. (Eds.), Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph, Series 2, pp. 867 - 900." type="book chapter" year="1997">Finnamore 1997</bibRefCitation>
), and compared to our findings at the 69th parallel north this constitutes a range extension of over 
<quantity id="BF5A9B11FFF2FFD9FF14FEE776EEFE16" box="[151,240,367,392]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" unit="km" value="200.0">200 km</quantity>
. The finding of a population of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FDD8FEE774C2FE16" ID-CoL="DMN6" box="[603,732,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FDD8FEE774C2FE16" box="[603,732,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">A. waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Qeqertarsuaq, Disko, is remarkable as the transition from a low arctic to a high arctic biome takes place across this island, with several homothermic springs in the southern half providing for some amelioration of the local climate (Kristensen 2006). It is also noteworthy that the fauna on the southern part of this island is relatively well studied due to the presence of a permanent research station in Qeqertarsuaq since 1906: Arktisk Station, which from 1953 has been managed by the University of Copenhagen (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF2FFD9FF1DFDB37777FDA3" author="Bruun" box="[158,361,548,573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" refString="Bruun, L., Kristensen, R. M., Nielsen, N., Pedersen, G. K. &amp; Pedersen, P. M. (Eds.) (2006) Arktisk Station 1906 - 2006. Copenhagen University &amp; Rhodos, Copenhagen, 470 pp. [In Danish]." type="book chapter" year="2006">
Bruun 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FF6EFDB2773BFDA2" box="[237,293,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). It seems unlikely that the presence of such a conspicuous insect would go unnoticed for a long period of time; it seems more likely that this population has recently become established. The oldest specimens examined are from Kangerlussuaq 1992, and as Kangerlussuaq Airport is the international hub for Air 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FAABFDFB7383FD1B" box="[1320,1437,620,645]" name="Greenland" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Greenland</collectingCountry>
and one of only two airports in 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FD8FFD18749FFD36" box="[524,641,655,680]" name="Greenland" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Greenland</collectingCountry>
large enough for larger airliners, introduction from 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FB5DFD077308FD36" box="[1246,1302,656,680]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">USA</collectingCountry>
or 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FAC2FD187386FD36" box="[1345,1432,655,680]" name="Canada" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Canada</collectingCountry>
, possibly via nests constructed on heavy machinery or vehicles, would seem very likely. Based on the material available and the fact that both Kangerlussuaq and Qeqertarsuaq have many observant biologists, including entomologists, passing through, it may be hypothesised that 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FCB9FD6B75A7FC8A" ID-CoL="DMN6" box="[826,953,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waldenii">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FCB9FD6B75A7FC8A" box="[826,953,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">A. waldenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was established first in Kangerlussuaq and only later in Qeqertarsuaq. It remains to be investigated if this introduction can be seen as a result of more traffic by heavy machinery carrying inhabited nests, and how it fits into the general trend of poleward range extensions documented for many taxonomic groups (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF2FFD9FDECFCF07514FC1E" author="Hughes" box="[623,778,871,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" refString="Hughes, L. (2000) Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 56 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0169 - 5347 (99) 01764 - 4" type="journal article" year="2000">Hughes 2000</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF2FFD9FC96FCF075E2FC1E" author="Hickling" box="[789,1020,871,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" refString="Hickling, R., Roy, D. B., Hill, J. K., Fox, R. &amp; Thomas, C. D. (2006) The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards. Global Change Biology, 12, 450 - 455. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2006.01116. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Hickling 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FCFCFCFE75A6FC1E" box="[895,952,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). It is noteworthy in this context that the 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FF42FC1B7728FC3B" box="[193,310,908,933]" name="Greenland" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Greenland</collectingCountry>
specimens examined by us have yellow rather than ivory markings on the body (
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF2FFD9FB56FC1B733AFC3A" box="[1237,1316,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[160,1417,1044,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,1039,1927]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ancistrocerus waldenii. Female specimen collected near Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland. Photo: E. Wahlberg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224411/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="E0992A71FFF2FFD9FAC9FC1B7344FC3A" box="[1354,1370,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1143,1165]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1121]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,265,1121]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Female of Ancistrocerus waldenii resting in its nest during unfavourable weather conditions. Photo: E. Wahlberg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224413/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">3</figureCitation>
). The two western subspecies (
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FE39FC277473FC56" ID-CoL="7J8T4" box="[442,621,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="waldenii" subSpecies="excavatus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FE39FC277473FC56" box="[442,621,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">A. w. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FD2FFC27757EFC56" ID-CoL="5FLCF" box="[684,864,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="waldenii" subSpecies="flavidulus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FD2FFC27757EFC56" box="[684,864,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">A. w. flavidulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) used to contain the only known yellow-marked populations of this species, but 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF2FFD9FD8AFC4374C1FC72" box="[521,735,980,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FDCDFC427494FC72" box="[590,650,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
also mention two males from Virginia, i.e., from the southeastern part of the range. It would seem that yellow-marked populations in general inhabit warmer climates, and other species of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FED4FB8B77CBFBAB" box="[343,469,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eumeninae">Eumeninae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., the closely related 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FD7DFB8B756FFBAA" ID-CoL="DMGQ" box="[766,881,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catskill">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FD7DFB8B756FFBAA" box="[766,881,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">A. catskill</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(de 
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF2FFD9FC2AFB8B7251FBAB" author="Saussure" box="[937,1103,1052,1077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" refString="Saussure, H. de (1852 - 1853) E tudes sur la famille des Vespides 1: Monographie des Guepes solitaires ou de la tribu des Eumeniens. J. Cherbuliez, Geneve &amp; V. Masson, Paris, i - xlx + 1 - 286 pp. + 22 pls. (1852) 1 - 128 + pl. 2 - 5, 7, 10, 14; (1853) i - xlx + 129 - 286 + pl. 1, 6, 8, 9, 11 - 13, 15 - 22." type="journal article" year="1853">Saussure 1853</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FB17FB8B7370FBAA" box="[1172,1390,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Ancistrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albophalerathus">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FB17FB8B7370FBAA" box="[1172,1390,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">A. albophalerathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(de Saussure 1855) have ivory-marked northern and yellow-marked southern colour forms (
<bibRefCitation id="1C334B05FFF2FFD9FBF2FBA8732EFBC6" author="Buck" box="[1137,1328,1087,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" refString="Buck, M., Marshall, S. A. &amp; Cheung, D. K. B. (2008) Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 5, 1 - 492. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3752 / cjai. 2008.05" type="journal article" year="2008">
Buck 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FB37FBD672F3FBC6" box="[1204,1261,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="2CDD667CFFF2FFD9FF14FB1F757EFB21" ID-Table-UUID="2CDD667CFFF2FFD9FF14FB1F757EFB21" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2CDD667CFFF2FFD9FF14FB1F757EFB21" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" targetBox="[151,1323,1242,1702]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF2FFD9FF14FB1F757EFB21" blockId="5.[151,1436,1159,1215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FF14FB1F7717FB01" bold="true" box="[151,265,1160,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Mean annual temperature and precipitation, values retrieved from (1) Hijmans 
<emphasis id="4AD6EAE6FFF2FFD9FBD8FB1F728EFB01" box="[1115,1168,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
(2005), (2) Environment Canada (2013) and (3) World Meteorological Organization (2010).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF2FFD9FF1CFB4D7794F938" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<table id="0AA2C454FFF20023FF14FB4D7335F938" box="[151,1323,1242,1702]" gridcols="3" gridrows="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14FB4D7335FB6E" box="[151,1323,1242,1264]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14FB4D77ACFB6E" box="[151,434,1242,1264]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Location</th>
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FDAAFB4D7543FB6E" box="[553,861,1242,1264]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Mean annual temperature (°C)</th>
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FC60FB4D7335FB6E" box="[995,1323,1242,1264]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Mean annual precipitation (mm)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14FA947335FA82" box="[151,1323,1283,1308]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14FA9477ACFA82" box="[151,434,1283,1308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Qeqertarsuaq1</th>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FDAAFA947543FA82" box="[553,861,1283,1308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">−5.0</td>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FC60FA947335FA82" box="[995,1323,1283,1308]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">279.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14FAB87335FAD6" box="[151,1323,1327,1352]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14FAB877ACFAD6" box="[151,434,1327,1352]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Rampart House2</th>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FDAAFAB87543FAD6" box="[553,861,1327,1352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">−9.0</td>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FC60FAB87335FAD6" box="[995,1323,1327,1352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">265.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14FACC7335FAEA" box="[151,1323,1371,1396]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14FACC77ACFAEA" box="[151,434,1371,1396]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Kangerlussuaq3</th>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FDAAFACC7543FAEA" box="[553,861,1371,1396]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">−5.7</td>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FC60FACC7335FAEA" box="[995,1323,1371,1396]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">140.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14FA107335FA3E" box="[151,1323,1415,1440]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14FA1077ACFA3E" box="[151,434,1415,1440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Itilleq1</th>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FDAAFA107543FA3E" box="[553,861,1415,1440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">−3.5</td>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FC60FA107335FA3E" box="[995,1323,1415,1440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">351.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14FA247335FA52" box="[151,1323,1459,1484]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14FA2477ACFA52" box="[151,434,1459,1484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Kangerlussuatsiaq1</th>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FDAAFA247543FA52" box="[553,861,1459,1484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">−3.9</td>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FC60FA247335FA52" box="[995,1323,1459,1484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">447.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14FA487335FA66" box="[151,1323,1503,1528]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14FA4877ACFA66" box="[151,434,1503,1528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Ikamiut Kangerdluarssuaq1</th>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FDAAFA487543FA66" box="[553,861,1503,1528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">−3.4</td>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FC60FA487335FA66" box="[995,1323,1503,1528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">458.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14F99D7335F9BD" box="[151,1323,1546,1571]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14F99D77ACF9BD" box="[151,434,1546,1571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Isortoq Fjord1</th>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FDAAF99D7543F9BD" box="[553,861,1546,1571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">−3.1</td>
<td id="85435DCAFFF20023FC60F99D7335F9BD" box="[995,1323,1546,1571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">487.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C69234B6FFF20023FF14F91B7335F938" box="[151,1323,1676,1702]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="85435DCAFFF20023FF14F91B77ACF938" box="[151,434,1676,1702]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Acknowledgements</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="781D36F4FFF2FFD9FF14F9437421F879" blockId="5.[151,1437,1747,2024]" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">
We want to express our thanks to Dr H. Solstad, NTNU Trondheim, for a well-organized course and smooth logistics, Professor emeritus R. Elven, Natural History Museum, Oslo, for sharing his massive knowledge about arctic ecosystems, and not the least the botanical students for motivating companionship. Professor emeritus N.P. Kristensen and Dr J. Böcher, both at the Natural History Museum of 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FC3AF8A8723AF8C6" box="[953,1060,1855,1880]" name="Denmark" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, Copenhagen, generously shared chapters from their still unpublished handbook of the 
<collectingCountry id="00B57664FFF2FFD9FD7DF8F4756DF8E2" box="[766,883,1891,1916]" name="Greenland" pageId="5" pageNumber="148">Greenland</collectingCountry>
entomofauna, and N.P. Kristensen identified the 
<taxonomicName id="BFA24D77FFF2FFD9FF14F8107700F83E" ID-CoL="LP" box="[151,286,1927,1952]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
larvae. Dr M. Buck, Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, provided valuable comments on the manuscript and English language improvements. The Norwegian Research School in Biosystematics (ForBio) is acknowledged for funding the course.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>