229 lines
26 KiB
XML
229 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.21235" ID-GBIF-Dataset="430e4cd8-9d6d-4be3-a397-18edbaf6f913" ID-PMC="PMC6189221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-788-135" ID-PubMed="30337827" ID-ZBK="8F0B2C1E23D0490B81F33C0489C74245" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-788-135" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 788" ModsDocTitle="Review of Lophomyra Schaus, 1911 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): a new combination and re-descriptions of species newly associated with ferns (Polypodiaceae)" checkinTime="1539050154741" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Goldstein, Paul Z., Janzen, Daniel H., Proshek, Benjamin, Dapkey, Tanya & Hallwachs, Winnie" docDate="2018" docId="DBCB9C319E2B4F31883D7E9BEA8BBFF5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 788: 135-165" docOrigin="ZooKeys 788" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.21235" docTitle="Lophomyra commixta Schaus 1914, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="140" masterDocId="FF8F366A7518FFA9B268FFA7FFE1C441" masterDocTitle="Review of Lophomyra Schaus, 1911 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): a new combination and re-descriptions of species newly associated with ferns (Polypodiaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="165" masterPageNumber="135" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1668166256662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Review of Lophomyra Schaus, 1911 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): a new combination and re-descriptions of species newly associated with ferns (Polypodiaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Goldstein, Paul Z.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Janzen, Daniel H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Proshek, Benjamin</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dapkey, Tanya</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hallwachs, Winnie</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>788</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>135</mods:start>
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<mods:end>165</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.21235</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.21235</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-788-135</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">8F0B2C1E23D0490B81F33C0489C74245</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">8F0B2C1E23D0490B81F33C0489C74245</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="148657044" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DBCB9C319E2B4F31883D7E9BEA8BBFF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DBCB9C319E2B4F31883D7E9BEA8BBFF5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName authority="Schaus, 1914" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lophomyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophomyra commixta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commixta">Lophomyra commixta (Schaus, 1914)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="138">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 49-56, 57-64; Male genitalia: Figs 69-72, 81-84; Figs 95, 98, 99). Female genitalia: Figs 85, 86; Larvae: Figs 100-107
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="138" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chytonidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chytonidia commixta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commixta">Chytonidia commixta</taxonomicName>
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Schaus, 1914. Type locality: French Guiana.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="138" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: FRENCH GUIANA: St. Laurent, Maroni,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chytonix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chytonix commixta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commixta">Chytonix commixta</taxonomicName>
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Type Schs, Collection Wm Schaus, Type No. 16530 U.S.N.M., USNMENT01370304, ♂ USNM Dissection 148186. Type at USNM.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="138" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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(11♂, 14♀) FRENCH GUIANA (2♂, 5♀): ♂AOUT, GUYANE
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<normalizedToken originalValue="FRANÇAISE">FRANCAISE</normalizedToken>
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St-LAURENT du MARONI COLL LE MOULT, Dognin Collection, USNMENT01437236, Male genitalia imaged in situ; ♂ JUILLET, Ibid, USNMENT01438844, USNM Dissection 148087; ♀JUILLET, Ibid, USNMENT01437245; ♀ JANVIER, Ibid, USNMENT01437277; ♀ Cayenne, F. Guiana., Collection Wm Schaus, USNM Dissection 148086, USNMENT01370319; ♀Ibid,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chytonix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chytonix commixta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commixta">Chytonix commixta</taxonomicName>
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Schs., USNMENT01370317; ♀ S.-Laurent du Maroni Guy. Franc, Dognin Collection,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chytonix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chytonix commixta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="commixta">Chytonix commixta</taxonomicName>
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Schs., USNMENT01370327 COSTA RICA (9♂, 9♀):
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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The following label data precede Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP) identifier codes on all reared and light-trapped specimens examined (16♂, 29♀): Voucher: D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs DB: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, COSTA RICA. Except for those denoted
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Alajuela,”">"Alajuela,"</normalizedToken>
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all localities are within Guanacaste Province.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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Males: Alajuela: Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Jacobo, 10.94076, -85.3177, el. 461m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 01/07/2011, ecl. 02/03/2011, Edwin Apu, collector, 11-SRNP-69041, USNMENT01370325, USNM Dissection 148098; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 01/27/2010, ecl. 03/05/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70532, USNMENT01438818; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 01/27/2010, ecl. 03/06/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70533, USNMENT01438849; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Polypodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polypodium fraxinifolium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraxinifolium">Polypodium fraxinifolium</taxonomicName>
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: 01/29/2010, ecl. 03/06/2010, Manuel Rios, collector, 10-SRNP-70574, USNMENT01437246; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Polypodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polypodium fraxinifolium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraxinifolium">Polypodium fraxinifolium</taxonomicName>
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: 01/29/2010, ecl. 03/05/2010, Manuel Rios, collector, 10-SRNP-70573, USNMENT01437262; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 01/07/2014, ecl. 02/17/2014, Ricardo Calero, collector, 14-SRNP-70035, USNMENT01438824; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Niphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Niphidium oblanceolatum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblanceolatum">Niphidium oblanceolatum</taxonomicName>
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: 01/25/2010, ecl. 02/27/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70488, USNMENT01438848, USNM Dissection 148180; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 02/15/2010, ecl. 03/24/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70810, USNMENT01370328, USNM Dissection 148050; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 02/15/2010, ecl. 03/20/2010, Dinia Martinez, collector, 10-SRNP-70812, USNMENT01437227.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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Females: Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Niphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Niphidium oblanceolatum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblanceolatum">Niphidium oblanceolatum</taxonomicName>
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: 01/21/2010, ecl. 03/04/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70495, USNMENT01437182; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 01/24/2010, ecl. 03/02/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70470, USNMENT01437196, USNM Dissection 148299; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Polypodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polypodium fraxinifolium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraxinifolium">Polypodium fraxinifolium</taxonomicName>
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: 02/03/2010, ecl. 03/17/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70609, USNMENT01437192; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 11/07/2010, ecl. 12/22/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-73249, USNMENT01437207; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Polypodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polypodium fraxinifolium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraxinifolium">Polypodium fraxinifolium</taxonomicName>
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: 01/29/2010, ecl. 03/11/2010, Manuel Rios, collector, 10-SRNP-70572, USNMENT01437261; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 02/15/2010, ecl. 03/24/2010, Dinia Martinez, collector, 10-SRNP-70811, USNMENT01437202; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Polypodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polypodium fraxinifolium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraxinifolium">Polypodium fraxinifolium</taxonomicName>
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: 01/27/2010, ecl. 03/03/2010, Dinia Martinez, collector, 10-SRNP-70534, USNMENT01437267 USNM Dissection 148187; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 01/23/2010, ecl. 03/02/2010, Ricardo Calero, collector, 10-SRNP-70436, USNMENT01370329, USNM Dissection 148051; Sector Pitilla: Estacion Quica, 10.99697, -85.39666, el. 470m: larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
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: 03/15/2012, ecl. 04/18/2012, Ricardo Calero, collector, 12-SRNP-70644, USNMENT01370326, USNM Dissection 148106.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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Smaller and with distinct patterning and genitalic differences that distinguish it from the other described
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lophomyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophomyra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lophomyra</taxonomicName>
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. Overall, we note the more mottled appearance to the forewing than in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tacita" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" rank="species" species="tacita">L. tacita</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. santista" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" rank="species" species="santista">L. santista</taxonomicName>
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. More specifically, the green orbicular spot outlined in cream and the reniform spot outlined in white form a pair of figure 8's in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. commixta" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" rank="species" species="commixta">L. commixta</taxonomicName>
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that meet at their posterior edges to form a deformed U-shaped stigma. These pattern elements are less obvious in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tacita" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" rank="species" species="tacita">L. tacita</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. santista" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" rank="species" species="santista">L. santista</taxonomicName>
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, where the fusion of the reniform and orbicular spots is more complete. The male genitalia of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. commixta" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" rank="species" species="commixta">L. commixta</taxonomicName>
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are distinct from and less robust than those of its congeners by virtue of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="clasper’s">clasper's</normalizedToken>
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being less sharply developed, and the cucullus' appearing simple
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="139" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
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spatulate; the vesica bears a basal diverticular nipple (Figs 81-84). Female
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. commixta" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="commixta">L. commixta</taxonomicName>
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also bear an appendicular lobe at the caudal end of the ductus bursae, a feature shared with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. santista" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="santista">L. santista</taxonomicName>
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but not with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tacita" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="tacita">L. tacita</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="139" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Re-description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">
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Head. Labial palpi as for genus. Proboscis with paired lateral rows of ~28 small protuberances at terminus. Frons and vertex scaled with a mixture of whitish and grayish brown. Remaining scales of head and palpi a mixture of white, gray-brown and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“lilacine”">"lilacine"</normalizedToken>
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(cf.
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<bibRefCitation author="Schaus, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the USNM" pageId="17" pageNumber="152" pagination="485 - 549" title="New species of noctuid moths from tropical America." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.2039.485" volume="46" year="1914">Schaus 1914</bibRefCitation>
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: 487). Antennae filiform, finely scaled, dorsally edged with white and a few green scales toward the base.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Thorax. Male prothorax with two fans of stalked scales, predominantly lime green, each fan gray-brown at its center and peppered with black; a third predominantly brown medial crest immediately posterior. Wings. Forewing length 11.5 mm (holotype, male), average 10.6 mm (males, n = 9), 11.5 mm (females, n = 7). Forewing patterning appearing less blended than in congeners, largely due to visibility of reniform-subreniform complex (see above) and the visibility of the postmedial line; on undersides, green shading confined primarily to forewing terminal areas; post-medial lines present but faint on undersides. Legs. Scaling, tibial spurs, and rows of tibial spines as for genus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Abdomen. Dorsal scales predominantly tannish, except on terminal segments where visibly green; a medial line of dark scaling ventrally. Males with prominent medio-dorsal tuft of brown spatulate scales on A2; dorsal tufts posterior to A2 composed primarily of hairs concolorous with adjacent abdominal scaling.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Male genitalia. Structures less robust than those of larger congeners, including the much-reduced sacculus (1), a barely visible ampulla-like structure within it (4); the spines associated with the editum; the clasper (2), which is small and beak-like; and the cucullus (3), which is spatulate or modestly swollen distally, and not strongly recurved. Vesica with a shallow subbasal diverticular bump and a separate, more conspicuous, basal nipple.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Female genitalia. Antrum narrow, not more than twice the width of the ductus; ventral appendicular lobe present at caudal end of ductus bursae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Immature stages. Larvae known from images (Figs 100-107). Pattern highly disruptive, with less contrast in coloration amid thoracic than abdominal segments. Head capsule pale with reddish calico patterning and black pinacula; dorsal chalazae red and raised, bearing bicolorous pinacula, black towards the front, red backward, forming setose spines, most prominent on A1-3; cream-colored subdorsal patches lateral to each spine form a series of ventro-caudally directed diagonal streaks, faintly shaded with green, again most conspicuous on A1-3, fainter on A4-7 and stronger again on A8; highly anastomosing pattern of fine pale lines centered mid-dorsally. This color pattern is highly cryptic among tangles of fern rhizomes where the caterpillars rest and pupate.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="139" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Wild-caught caterpillars were found feeding on leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Microgramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Microgramma percussa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="percussa">Microgramma percussa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Niphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Niphidium oblanceolatum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblanceolatum">Niphidium oblanceolatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Polypodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polypodium fraxinifolium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraxinifolium">Polypodium fraxinifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Polypodiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" rank="family">Polypodiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Eighteen reared individuals (10 males, 8 females) used an average of 24 days between the onset of the prepupal stage and adult eclosion in their ACG rain forest habitat. All ACG specimens were reared from wild-caught caterpillars and none light-trapped despite massive ACG-wide light-trapping, and all have the same DNA COI barcode and BIN (BOLD:AAY4740). No barcodes were available for South American specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="140" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="140" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="140">French Guiana, Costa Rican rain forest.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="140" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
|
||
The conspicuous genitalic similarities as well as provisional analyses of DNA barcode data corroborate the placement of "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chytonidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chytonidia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chytonidia</taxonomicName>
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="commixta" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" rank="species" species="commixta">commixta</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lophomyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophomyra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lophomyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The reared Costa Rican specimens may well represent a species distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. commixta" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" rank="species" species="commixta">L. commixta</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they are larger than a small series of topotypic specimens from French Guiana (and reared specimens are commonly smaller than wild-caught adults). However, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, we have elected to continue to include them under
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. commixta" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" rank="species" species="commixta">L. commixta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recognizing that additional data may well separate the two, and that it is not un common for South American specimens to be recognized as taxonomically distinct from their Costa Rican look-alikes (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grishin, NV" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="153" pagination="161 - 174" title="Hiding behind gaudy looks, a new Central American species of Phareas (Hesperiidae: Eudaminae)." url="https://doi.org/10.18473/lepi.v67i3.a3" volume="67" year="2013">Grishin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janzen, DH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="153" pagination="8313 - 8318" title="Nuclear genomes distinguish cryptic species suggested by their DNA barcodes and ecology." url="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621504114" volume="114" year="2017">Janzen et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |