treatments-xml/data/C4/33/A2/C433A2737768FFB7FF34FA0AFEAFFCCA.xml

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<mods:title id="411FAECF0957050C578F035E495298B6">Reassignment of Western Australia Paracnephia gladiator Moulton &amp; Adler to a new genus, Bunyipellum (Diptera: Simuliidae)</mods:title>
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<heading id="176DA4097768FFB9FF34FA0AFC4DFA17" bold="true" box="[151,977,1482,1509]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67768FFB9FF34FA0AFD7DFA17" ID-CoL="8B9PS" authority="(Moulton &amp; Adler) 2004" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[151,737,1482,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FF34FA0AFE3BFA16" bold="true" box="[151,423,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947768FFB9FE14FA0BFD7DFA17" author="Moulton" box="[439,737,1483,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article" year="2004">Moulton &amp; Adler) 2004</bibRefCitation>
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. New Combination
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07768FFB9FF3CFA2DFE84F9F4" box="[159,280,1517,1542]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–7" captionStart-1="FIGURES 8–12" captionStart-2="FIGURES13–15" captionStart-3="FIGURES 19–23" captionStart-4="FIGURES 24–27" captionStart-5="FIGURE 28" captionStart-6="FIGURES 31–36" captionStart-7="FIGURES 37–42" captionStart-8="FIGURE43" captionStartId-0="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,250,1372,1394]" captionStartId-6="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionStartId-7="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionStartId-8="14.[151,250,1761,1783]" captionTargetBox-0="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetBox-1="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetBox-2="[209,1361,193,1885]" captionTargetBox-3="[226,1360,193,1861]" captionTargetBox-4="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetBox-5="[166,1428,193,1324]" captionTargetBox-6="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetBox-7="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetBox-8="[185,1399,458,1732]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[208,1361,193,1888]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[226,1360,193,1861]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetId-5="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1350]" captionTargetId-6="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetId-7="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetId-8="figure@14.[174,1413,445,1740]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="11" captionTargetPageId-7="12" captionTargetPageId-8="14" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURES13–15. Bunyipellum gladiator female. FIGURES16–18. Bunyipellum gladiator male. (13) Spermatheca.Scalebar = 0.1 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Cercus and anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Male habitus, ETOH.Scale bar = 1.0mm.(17) Malehead, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(18) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURES 19–23. Bunyipellum gladiator male. (19) Wing.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (20) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (21) Genitalia, ventral view.Scale bar = 0.1 mm.(22) Gonocoxa &amp; gonostylus.Abbreviations;gc = gonocoxa, gs = gonostylus. Scale bar = 0.1mm.(23)Ventral plate &amp; parameres.Abbreviations; b a = basal arm, p= paramere,p c = paramere connector, p s = paramere spines, v p = ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-4="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-5="FIGURE 28. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. FIGURES 29–30. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (28) Pupal abdominal apex; exuviae. Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (29) Dorsal view of head, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(30) Habitus, last instar larva.Scale bar = 1.0 mm." captionText-6="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-7="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-8="FIGURE43. Western Australia, distribution of Bunyipellum gladiator." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1158938/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1158940/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/1158944/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/1158950/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Figs. 1–43</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FF34F9F5FF71F9B9" box="[151,237,1589,1611]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Cnephia</emphasis>
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&quot;B&quot;, Bedo, in 
<treatmentCitation id="CD3B35747768FFB9FE22F9F5FDDAF9B9" author="Rothfels" box="[385,582,1589,1611]" page="522" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947768FFB9FE22F9F5FD8FF9B9" author="Rothfels" box="[385,531,1589,1611]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of Black Flies. Annual Revues of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979">Rothfels 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 522
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. Cytospecies.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="048040EE7768FFB9FF34F994FC70F97B" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4C2513657768FFB9FF34F994FC70F97B" blockId="1.[151,1119,1589,1673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
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<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67768FFB9FF34F994FD17F998" ID-CoL="89MV2" authority="Moulton &amp; Adler 2004: 3" authorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,651,1620,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FF34F994FEE2F998" box="[151,382,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Paracnephia gladiator</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD3B35747768FFB9FE27F994FD17F998" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5227742" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5227742" author="Moulton" box="[388,651,1620,1642]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487E5DF406105B05259DAFC80FA7C" page="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947768FFB9FE27F994FDEFF998" author="Moulton" box="[388,627,1620,1642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article" year="2004">Moulton &amp; Adler 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 3
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</taxonomicName>
. Species designation (in 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947768FFB9FC25F994FBCFF998" author="Moulton" box="[902,1107,1620,1642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article" year="2004">
Moulton 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FC47F995FB8CF998" box="[996,1040,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). 
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<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FF34F9B3FE1EF97B" box="[151,386,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Paracnephia gladiator,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947768FFB9FE2BF9B3FDE5F97B" author="Adler" box="[392,633,1651,1673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" refString="Currie, D. C. &amp; Adler, P. H. (2008) Global diversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 469 - 475. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 007 - 9114 - 1" type="journal article" year="2008">Adler &amp; Crosskey 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FDDCF9B4FD26F97B" box="[639,698,1652,1673]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">et seq</emphasis>
. 2017. Unplaced to subgenus.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="048040EE7768FFB2FF34F975FB64FF0A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" type="description">
<paragraph id="4C2513657768FFBAFF34F975FCA2FB03" blockId="1.[151,1436,1717,2030]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1985]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FF34F975FED8F93C" bold="true" box="[151,324,1717,1742]" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Redescription.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FEEFF975FE41F93C" box="[332,477,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Adult female</emphasis>
(based on numbers of specimens and original description). 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FB26F975FB23F93C" box="[1157,1215,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07768FFB9FB73F975FA8EF93C" box="[1232,1298,1717,1742]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
): head dark brown, thorax reddish orange, abdomen blackish; total length 
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. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FC51F919FBB3F900" box="[1010,1071,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07768FFB9FBE3F919FB1BF900" box="[1088,1159,1753,1778]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
): overall dark in colour; width 
<quantity id="8B62BE807768FFB9FF7EF93EFE18F8E7" box="[221,388,1790,1814]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.94" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="1.02" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.94">0.94–1.10 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<quantity id="8B62BE807768FFB9FE77F93EFDE6F8E7" box="[468,634,1789,1814]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.57" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.54">0.54–0.60 mm</quantity>
; postocciput not markedly hirsute, frons expanded dorsally, broad, dark brown–black; frons-head ratio 1.0:4.5. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FDCAF8E2FD0FF8CB" box="[617,659,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Eye</emphasis>
: interocular distance 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FC39F8E2FC28F8CB" box="[922,948,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="8B62BE807768FFB9FC6AF8E2FBEAF8CB" box="[969,1142,1826,1850]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.21" valueMax="0.22" valueMin="0.2">0.20–0.22 mm</quantity>
; all ommatidia similarly pigmented, diameter 
<quantity id="8B62BE807768FFB9FE25F886FE60F8AF" box="[390,508,1862,1886]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.012">0.012 mm</quantity>
; 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FDAAF886FDB7F8AF" box="[521,555,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">ca.</emphasis>
30 rows across and 36 down at mid–eye. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FBA8F885FBF9F8AC" box="[1035,1125,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Clypeus</emphasis>
: width 
<quantity id="8B62BE807768FFB9FB1EF886FAB8F8AF" box="[1213,1316,1862,1886]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.23">0.23 mm</quantity>
, expanded ventrally; mottled medium brown, vestiture of sparse hairs. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FCE8F8AAFC35F873" box="[843,937,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07768FFB9FC19F8A9FB9DF870" box="[954,1025,1897,1922]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
): 9 flagellomeres, extended beyond head margin; total length 
<quantity id="8B62BE807768FFB9FE17F84EFDA1F857" box="[436,573,1934,1958]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.7">0.7–0.8 mm</quantity>
; evenly pale brownish yellow; pedicel smaller, scape larger than flagellomere I, others similar in size basally, slightly elongated distally, barely tapered to apex. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FB93F871FB2FF838" box="[1072,1203,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: well developed, 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777768FFB9FAD9F872FA07F83B" box="[1402,1435,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">ca.</emphasis>
0.45x length of head depth; maxillary palpus (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07768FFB9FD0CF815FD69F81C" box="[687,757,2005,2030]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="342">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), relatively short, total length 
<quantity id="8B62BE807768FFB9FBF6F815FB22F81F" box="[1109,1214,2005,2030]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.68">0.68 mm</quantity>
, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomere III darker brown than remainder, dense vestiture, IV small, V (distal) short; proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.6:0.8; sensory organ ovoid, 0.3x length of palpomere III, opening broad, 0.6x width of vesicle; mandible (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFEC8FF1FFE33FF0A" box="[363,431,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) with 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFE5BFF21FD86FF0A" box="[504,538,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">ca.</emphasis>
35 small inner teeth (
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFCACFF1FFCE8FF0A" box="[783,884,223,248]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1938" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="1.1176" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="in" value="47.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="44.0">44–50 in</quantity>
original description), 16 outer teeth; lacinia with 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFF34FEC5FF2EFEEE" box="[151,178,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">ca</emphasis>
. 17 and 13 teeth on inner and outer edge respectively; cibarium (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFC0CFEC4FC69FEEE" box="[943,1013,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) with cornuae broad and sclerotized apically, lightly sculpted, median gap broadly U-shaped with median projection, setae and armature absent. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFF34FE8CFF74FE97" box="[151,232,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Thorax</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFEE0FE8CFE51FE96" box="[323,461,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5499999999999998" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="1.5499999999999998" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.7 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFDBCFE8CFD35FE96" box="[543,681,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.3 mm</quantity>
; evenly dark reddish orange with faint medial and lateral vittae and sparse black hairs; postpronotal lobe slightly paler, well developed; scutellum markedly pale with vestiture of long sparse lateral brown hairs; scutellar depression darker with sparse black hairs; postnotum dark brown, antepronotal lobe (aka propleuron) well developed with small array of vertical pale hairs, proepisternum and fore coxa with sparse pale hairs; pleuron brown, anepisternal (aka plural) membrane dark gray, lacking hairs; katepisternum darker, sulcus distinct and broad. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFDBDFDC1FDCAFDEA" box="[542,598,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFDC9FE3FFD40FDE5" box="[618,732,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Figs. 1, 7</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFD48FDC0FD67FDEA" box="[747,763,512,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionTargetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">8</figureCitation>
): slightly fumose, length 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFB86FDC0FB2EFDE5" box="[1061,1202,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="3.9" valueMax="4.4" valueMin="3.4">3.4–4.4 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFAA8FDC0FA04FDE5" box="[1291,1432,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.5 mm</quantity>
; anterior veins markedly brown, substantial, small basal cell distinct; a:b ratio 1.0:2.8; distal 2/3 of costa with hairlike setae proximally, mixed with spine-like setae distally, base of radius and R1 with hair-like setae dorsally, Rs with no trace of apical fork; false vein forked, M1 appearing double; CuA1 straight, not reaching wing margin (original description has it so), CuA2 sinuous, reaching wing margin; A1 curved distally, not reaching wing margin; A2 with sclerotized base in anal angle. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFDE6FD79FD05FD20" box="[581,665,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem tan, knob white to beige. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFC5EFD7AFBAEFD23" box="[1021,1074,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Legs</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFBE2FD79FB12FD20" box="[1089,1166,697,722]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFB3FFD7AFB31FD20" box="[1180,1197,698,722]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionTargetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">9</figureCitation>
): evenly pale yellow; femora and tibiae slightly darker apically, hind basitarsus with ventral regular row of stout spines; calcipala small, less than 1/4 length of tarsomere II, with concentration of spines; pedisulcus essentially absent, as minor wrinkles; tarsomere II expanded distally, 2.5x longer than distal width; claws (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFC0EFCE8FB9CFCB3" box="[941,1024,808,833]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionTargetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) with talon smoothly tapered, basal tooth absent, rarely with small, sub-basal tooth, heel of claw moderately expressed and clear. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFB17FC8CFA82FC97" box="[1204,1310,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Abdomen</emphasis>
: in ETOH, dark greyish brown; basal scale (tergite I) mottled pale and dark grey with short pale hairs; anterior segments dark grey, segments posterior of V, darker brownish black; tergites poorly sclerotized and yellowish, tergite II markedly broad (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFF44FC78FEA6FC23" box="[231,314,952,977]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionTargetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
), membranous areas grey. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFDC8FC78FD49FC23" box="[619,725,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Genitalia</emphasis>
: markedly small, yellowish; sternite VIII with distinct median region, vestiture of microtrichial arrays, large strong hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFB6DFC1CFABDFC07" box="[1230,1313,988,1013]" captionStart="FIGURES13–15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[209,1361,193,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[208,1361,193,1888]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES13–15. Bunyipellum gladiator female. FIGURES16–18. Bunyipellum gladiator male. (13) Spermatheca.Scalebar = 0.1 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Cercus and anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Male habitus, ETOH.Scale bar = 1.0mm.(17) Malehead, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(18) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158938/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) markedly pale, vestiture of triads of microtrichia and strong hairs, median edges of valves distinctly concave, not strengthened, apices broadly rounded, insubstantial and colourless; genital fork (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFBB8FBE4FBF0FBCF" box="[1051,1132,1060,1085]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionTargetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) elegant, anterior arm long and narrowed in expression, slightly expanded apically, no indication of membranous lateral areas, lateral arms narrowed, apodeme absent, posterolateral expansions well developed; spermatheca large, ovoid, (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFB41FBACFAA9FB77" box="[1250,1333,1132,1157]" captionStart="FIGURES13–15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[209,1361,193,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[208,1361,193,1888]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES13–15. Bunyipellum gladiator female. FIGURES16–18. Bunyipellum gladiator male. (13) Spermatheca.Scalebar = 0.1 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Cercus and anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Male habitus, ETOH.Scale bar = 1.0mm.(17) Malehead, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(18) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158938/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
), surface smooth, internal fine spines (or acanthae) present in arrays of 4 to 5, small and hard to observe, clear area around junction with spermathecal duct small, sculpting minimal; cercus in lateral view ovoid, lightly pigmented; anal lobe rounded, substantial, more heavily pigmented (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFD7EFB18FCADFB03" box="[733,817,1240,1265]" captionStart="FIGURES13–15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[209,1361,193,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[208,1361,193,1888]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES13–15. Bunyipellum gladiator female. FIGURES16–18. Bunyipellum gladiator male. (13) Spermatheca.Scalebar = 0.1 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Cercus and anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Male habitus, ETOH.Scale bar = 1.0mm.(17) Malehead, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(18) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158938/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C251365776BFFBFFF64FB3CFE5CFE07" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1985]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFF64FB3CFEDAFAE7" box="[199,326,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Adult male</emphasis>
(based on numerous specimens and original description). 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFC5BFB3CFBAEFAE7" box="[1016,1074,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Body</emphasis>
(Fig. 16): overall tri-coloured, thorax reddish orange, legs pale yellow, abdomen black; total body length 2-6– 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFBB6FAE0FBF3FACA" box="[1045,1135,1312,1337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFBD9FAE0FB2BFACB" box="[1146,1207,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Head</emphasis>
(Fig. 17): width 1.0 mm; depth 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFEBBFA85FEEEFAAE" box="[280,370,1349,1373]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFEDEFA85FE2EFAAE" box="[381,434,1349,1372]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Eyes</emphasis>
: upper ommatidia colour dark orange, not markedly enlarge, diameter 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFB76FA85FAD6FAAE" box="[1237,1354,1349,1373]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="0.033">0.033 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFAF5FA85FAE4FAAE" box="[1366,1400,1349,1372]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">ca.</emphasis>
23 across and down; lower smaller ommatidia black to blackish orange, diameter 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFBB3FAA9FB19FA72" box="[1040,1157,1385,1409]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="0.018">0.018 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFB32FAA9FB2FFA72" box="[1169,1203,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">ca.</emphasis>
24 across, 36 down. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFF34FA4CFF6DFA57" box="[151,241,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Clypeus</emphasis>
: mottled black; width 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFE54FA4DFDCFFA56" box="[503,595,1421,1445]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
; vestiture of sparse fine black hairs. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFC58FA4DFBC4FA56" box="[1019,1112,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Antenna</emphasis>
: overall yellow, total length 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFF34FA71FEA1FA3A" box="[151,317,1457,1481]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.199999999999999" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="7.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="0.72" valueMax="0.73" valueMin="0.71">0.71–0.73 mm</quantity>
; pedicel and scape dark brown; scape short, pedicel wider than broad, flagellomere I narrower than scape and longer than broad, remaining flagellomeres evenly yellow and tapered smoothly to elongated apical flagellomere. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFE98FA38FE22F9E3" box="[315,446,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: insubstantial; length 0.3x head depth; maxillary palpus (Fig. 18) 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFB55FA38FAC8F9E2" box="[1270,1364,1528,1553]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
long, palpomere III dark and tubular, extended distally, palpomeres IV smaller, palpomere V subequal in length to III, proportional lengths of III–V palpomeres 1.0:0.7:1.0, sensory vesicle minute, spherical, occupying 0.3x length of palpomere III, opening 0.33x width of vesicle; lacinia small with apical hairs; mandible lacking teeth. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFAE0F9A4FA08F98F" box="[1347,1428,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Thorax</emphasis>
: markedly domed (Fig. 16), head angled anteriorly; length 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFC85F949FC1CF952" box="[806,896,1673,1697]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFC77F949FBB2F952" box="[980,1070,1673,1697]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
; postpronotal lobe concolourous with scutum, hairs longer; scutum mottled reddish orange, vestiture of sparse recumbent fine pale hairs, longer in scutellar depression; scutellum markedly paler than scutum with long black hairs laterally, postnotum darker than scutum, antepronotal lobe and proepisternum haired; pleurae darker than scutum, katepisternum dark brown, sulcus distinct, albeit shallow. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFE02F8D9FE45F8C2" box="[417,473,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFE48F8D8FDA3F8C3" box="[491,575,1816,1841]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[226,1360,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Bunyipellum gladiator male. (19) Wing.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (20) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (21) Genitalia, ventral view.Scale bar = 0.1 mm.(22) Gonocoxa &amp; gonostylus.Abbreviations;gc = gonocoxa, gs = gonostylus. Scale bar = 0.1mm.(23)Ventral plate &amp; parameres.Abbreviations; b a = basal arm, p= paramere,p c = paramere connector, p s = paramere spines, v p = ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158940/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
): length 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFD01F8D9FCB7F8C2" box="[674,811,1817,1841]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.2 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776BFFBAFCDCF8D9FC49F8C2" box="[895,981,1817,1841]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
; basal cell present, but minute; a:b ratio 1.0:3.0; otherwise as for female. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFDB7F8FCFDF4F8A7" box="[532,616,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem pale, knob grey. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFCD9F8FDFC33F8A6" box="[890,943,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Legs</emphasis>
: overall yellowish, hind basitarsus slightly expanded medially, ventral row of stout spines, calcipala and pedisulcus as for female; tarsal claw and grappling pad normal. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776BFFBAFE84F844FE0DF86F" box="[295,401,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776BFFBAFE00F844FE65F86F" box="[419,505,1924,1949]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[226,1360,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Bunyipellum gladiator male. (19) Wing.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (20) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (21) Genitalia, ventral view.Scale bar = 0.1 mm.(22) Gonocoxa &amp; gonostylus.Abbreviations;gc = gonocoxa, gs = gonostylus. Scale bar = 0.1mm.(23)Ventral plate &amp; parameres.Abbreviations; b a = basal arm, p= paramere,p c = paramere connector, p s = paramere spines, v p = ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158940/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
): black; basal scale (tergite I) black, hairs pale and long, extended to posterior of tergite II, tergites all markedly broad and equally sclerotized; sternite I present, II absent, III and those more posterior distinct, pleural cuticle concertinaed. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFD18FF57FCB9FF42" box="[699,805,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Genitalia</emphasis>
(Figs. 16, 21–23): protruded ventrally, markedly pale yellow; gonocoxa 1.1x longer than basal width, vestiture of sparse hairs, slightly protruded ventral edge at gonostylus articulation; gonostylus in lateral view tapered markedly to narrow apex, approximately 1.8x longer than basal width, two short, blunt, apical spines; ventral plate poorly sclerotized, slightly wider than long, corrugated anterolaterally, vestiture absent, except for sparse hairs on narrow median carina, posterior apex broadly domed, membranous laterally, shallowly convex anteromedially, basal arms broadly expressed; median sclerite as two short sclerotized arms projected posteriorly beyond ventral plate; paramere connector thin and closely applied to lateral edges of ventral plate, parameres plate-like basally, slightly strengthened along one edge, tapered distally to unpigmented crenulated band of cuticle connected to sparse small spines on slightly strengthened area; adeagal membrane otherwise bare.
</paragraph>
<caption id="18E543ED776AFFBBFF34F8BBFCECF81C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" targetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="4C251365776AFFBBFF34F8BBFCECF81C" blockId="3.[151,1436,1915,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776AFFBBFF34F8BBFEA0F863" bold="true" box="[151,316,1915,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">FIGURES 1–7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E6776AFFBBFEE0F8BCFDB5F860" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[323,553,1916,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776AFFBBFEE0F8BCFDB5F860" box="[323,553,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Frontal view of head, ETOH. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (3) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (4) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="18E543ED776DFFBCFF34F867FAECF82E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" targetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="4C251365776DFFBCFF34F867FAECF82E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1959,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776DFFBCFF34F867FEDBF84F" bold="true" box="[151,327,1959,1982]" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">FIGURES 8–12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E6776DFFBCFEEEF868FDAEF84C" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[333,562,1960,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776DFFBCFEEEF868FDAEF84C" box="[333,562,1960,1982]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="18E543ED776CFFBDFF34F855FA00F81B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158938/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="346" targetBox="[209,1361,193,1885]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="4C251365776CFFBDFF34F855FA00F81B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1941,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776CFFBDFF34F855FECFF859" bold="true" box="[151,339,1941,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">FIGURES 13–15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E6776CFFBDFEFAF856FDA1F85E" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[345,573,1942,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776CFFBDFEFAF856FDA1F85E" box="[345,573,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776CFFBDFD36F855FCD7F859" bold="true" box="[661,843,1941,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">FIGURES 16–18</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E6776CFFBDFCF4F856FBA7F85E" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[855,1083,1942,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776CFFBDFCF4F856FBA7F85E" box="[855,1083,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. (13) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Cercus and anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Male habitus, ETOH. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (17) Male head, ETOH. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (18) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="18E543ED776FFFBEFF34F899FC97F83E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158940/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="347" targetBox="[226,1360,193,1861]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="4C251365776FFFBEFF34F899FC97F83E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1881,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776FFFBEFF34F899FEC8F89D" bold="true" box="[151,340,1881,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">FIGURES 19–23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E6776FFFBEFEF9F89AFDA3F882" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[346,575,1882,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776FFFBEFEF9F89AFDA3F882" box="[346,575,1882,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. (19) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (20) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (21) Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (22) Gonocoxa &amp; gonostylus. Abbreviations; gc = gonocoxa, gs = gonostylus. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (23) Ventral plate &amp; parameres. Abbreviations; b a = basal arm, p = paramere, p c = paramere connector, p s = paramere spines, v p = ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4C251365776EFFBFFF64FDC1FD72FAA7" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFF64FDC1FE9FFDEA" box="[199,259,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Pupa</emphasis>
(based on numerous specimens). 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFD20FE3FFD21FDEA" box="[643,701,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFD6EFE3FFCBEFDEA" box="[717,802,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
): length, female 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFC42FE3FFBF7FDE5" box="[993,1131,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.199999999999999" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="4.199999999999999" valueMax="4.6" valueMin="3.8">3.8–4.6 mm</quantity>
, male 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFB15FE3FFADCFDE5" box="[1206,1344,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8499999999999996" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="3.8499999999999996" valueMax="4.1" valueMin="3.6">3.6–4.1 mm</quantity>
, brown, markedly sclerotised cuticle. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFE40FDE4FD83FDCF" box="[483,543,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Head</emphasis>
: frons of female short (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFC8EFDE4FC1EFDCF" box="[813,898,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
), narrowed basally, angulate with ratio of basal width to vertex width 1.0:1.6 and width to length 1.0:1.4, that of male ovoid (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFBBEFD87FBEFFD92" box="[1053,1139,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
), narrowed basally; ratios 1.0:1.8 and 1.0:2.3, respectively; cuticle with sparse granules in the male, more so in female; frontal and facial setae present, but poorly expressed, epicranial setae markedly expressed as long stiff spines, the dorsal-most extremely so, on raised bases. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFE57FD74FDD9FD3F" box="[500,581,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Thorax</emphasis>
: shiny, smooth, generally lacking granules; setae spine-like in 4 transverse rows, anterior-most of 2 elongated and darkly pigmented spines, second row of 4; third row of 2 or 3 slender, hairlike setae, fourth row of 1 hair-like pair and 1 elongate, darkly pigmented pair of setae. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFBD9FD3CFB3AFCE7" box="[1146,1190,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Gill</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFB15FD3CFA88FCE6" box="[1206,1300,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Figs. 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFA82FD3CFADDFCE6" box="[1313,1345,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–42" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">38</figureCitation>
): 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFAF5FD3DFAEDFCE6" box="[1366,1393,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">ca</emphasis>
. 60 light grey, non-tapered finger-like filaments arising directly from knob-like base, maximum length 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFB59FCE0FAC9FCC5" box="[1274,1365,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
; some filaments short, other branching once or twice at various length; filament surface lacking annulations, densely packed with trabeculae (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFE08FCA7FD9CFC72" box="[427,512,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–42" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFDB6FCA7FDE3FC72" box="[533,639,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFD2CFCA7FD78FC72" box="[655,740,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
): sclerites light brown with dense granules; tergite I with 6–8 slender setae and central pair of short darkly pigmented spines on raised bases; tergites II–VII with raised ridge posteriorly, tergite II with 3 or 4 fine setae and 10–12 longer, stouter setae along posterior margin; tergites III and IV with 3 or 4 fine setae and 12–14 stout, anteriorly directed, darkly pigmented hooks; tergite V with 8 fine setae and 8 stout, anteriorly directed, darkly pigmented hooks; tergite VI with 9 or 10 fine setae and 2 anteriorly directed hooks (sometimes set in pleural membrane); tergite VII with 6–8 fine setae; tergite VIII with 10–12 fine setae; tergite IX with 4 darkly pigmented setae, terminal spines elongated and sharp; tergites IV–IX with anterior row of variously developed spine combs; pleurites absent; pleural membrane of segments IV–VII with 2 or 3 stout, darkly pigmented, anteriorly-directed hooks per side, that of segment VIII with 2 setae per side, segment IX with cluster of 4 or 5 elongate, darkly pigmented setae per side; abdominal sternites V and VI with 2–6 fine setae and 6 stout, anteriorly directed, darkly pigmented hooks; sternite VII with 4 stout, anteriorly directed, darkly pigmented hooks; sternite VIII with 2 slender setae; sternite IX lacking grapnel hooks, but with cluster of stiff, slightly curled spines (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFF3CFAD7FF68FAC2" box="[159,244,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1372,1394]" captionTargetBox="[166,1428,193,1324]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1350]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 28. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. FIGURES 29–30. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (28) Pupal abdominal apex; exuviae. Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (29) Dorsal view of head, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(30) Habitus, last instar larva.Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158944/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFEA4FAD8FEC2FADD" box="[263,350,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFECDFAD7FE5EFAC2" box="[366,450,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
): Close fitting, occasionally may cover complete pupa, extends beyond pupae ventrally, variable; dense weave; often retaining larval exuviae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C251365776EFFB2FF64FAA1FB64FF0A" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFF64FAA1FE96FA8A" box="[199,266,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Larva</emphasis>
(based on numbers of last instar specimens and original description). 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFBF5FA9FFB0CFA8A" box="[1110,1168,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Body</emphasis>
(Fig. 30): total length variable, 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFEA7FA44FE0EFA6E" box="[260,402,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.65" metricValueMax="8.9" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="7.65" valueMax="8.9" valueMin="6.4">6.4–8.9 mm</quantity>
, substantial and muscular. Colour, overall, mottled dark brown. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFB2DFA44FB56FA6F" box="[1166,1226,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Head</emphasis>
(Fig. 29): evenly medium brown, apotome slightly lighter than genae; head spot pattern poorly expressed, but tending to negative, irregular darker pigment posterolaterally; cuticle thickness exacerbated, with lateral corrugations; cephalic setae not evident; ecdysial sutures distinct, essentially straight, slightly expanded posteriorly; head depth and width increased markedly anteriorly, dimensions variable, length 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFCEFF9D4FC6AF9DE" box="[844,1014,1556,1581]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.86" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="1.03" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.86">0.86–1.20 mm</quantity>
, at mid head width 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFB4EF9D4FA04F9DE" box="[1261,1432,1556,1581]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.9" metricValueMin="6.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.89" valueMin="0.61">0.61–0.89 mm</quantity>
; distance between antennal bases 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFDBFF9F7FD5AF9BD" box="[540,710,1591,1616]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="0.495" valueMax="0.55" valueMin="0.44">0.44–0.55 mm</quantity>
; head widest across base of fans; cervical sclerites elongated laterally with rounded region posteromedially, not obviously attached to postocciput. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFBC3F99CFB21F981" box="[1120,1213,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFB6DF99CFABFF986" box="[1230,1315,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
): subequal in length to fan stem; usually directed more laterally and often posterolaterally (
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFBB2F941FBA6F96A" box="[1041,1082,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">e.g.</emphasis>
Fig. 29); total length 0.35– 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFAC8F9BFFF59F94E" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
, apical and medial antennomeres subequal in length, basal antennomere clear except for lateral apical portion, markedly shorter than medial antennomere, that evenly dark brown, except for lateral apical portion, apical antennomere slightly expanded basally and apically, dark brown, proportional lengths of antennomeres 1.0:1.7:1.7. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFF34F8CFFE88F8DA" box="[151,276,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Labral fan</emphasis>
: stalk markedly short, broad and sclerotized posteriorly, expanded anteriorly, 75 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFB74F8D1FB79F8DA" box="[1239,1253,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">–</emphasis>
88 dark brown, markedly substantive rays, ten posterior rays slightly finer than remainder, bases exacerbated and darkly pigmented, ray length 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFE39F898FDDDF89D" box="[410,577,1879,1904]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" metricValueMax="10.2" metricValueMin="9.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="0.97" valueMax="1.02" valueMin="0.92">
0.92 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFE68F897FE45F882" bold="true" box="[459,473,1879,1904]" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">–</emphasis>
1.02 mm
</quantity>
, mid width 
<quantity id="8B62BE80776EFFBFFD6DF898FCABF89D" box="[718,823,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
; microtrichia long, no pattern, length subequal to ray width. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFF47F8BCFED3F867" box="[228,335,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFEFCF8BCFE74F866" box="[351,488,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Figs. 32, 33</figureCitation>
): well pigmented; apical brush exacerbated; apical teeth narrowed; outer teeth small, apical tooth moderately developed; preapical teeth small and subequal in length, 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFB9EF861FBC3F84A" box="[1085,1119,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">ca.</emphasis>
12 spinous teeth of similar length; serration and sensillum as single unit; blade region short and straight. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF77776EFFBFFC58F804FBCEF82F" box="[1019,1106,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Maxilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE0776EFFBFFBC1F804FB2AF82E" box="[1122,1206,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
): lobe small, palpus black, 2.2x as long as basal width; hair tuft at base of palp markedly developed. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FBBBFA1BFB22FA06" box="[1048,1214,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Postgenal cleft</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07760FFB1FB6DFA1BFABEFA06" box="[1230,1314,1499,1524]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
): angulate, V-shaped apex; posterior tentorial pits not markedly developed; postgenal bridge not markedly lighter than genae; elongated posteroventral muscles spots distinct; ratio of hypostoma: genal bridge: cleft, 1.0:2.0:1.0; ventral cuticle of head with lateral corrugations. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FD8FF989FD30F992" box="[556,684,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Hypostoma</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07760FFB1FD63F987FC87F992" box="[704,795,1607,1632]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
): darkly pigmented; not markedly extended anteriorly, anterior margin concave; teeth short, blunt, subequal in height; tooth 0 (median) small and sharp, as is tooth 1 (sublateral), tooth 2 &amp; 3 similar, all partially obscured by ventral edge of hypostoma, tooth 4 (lateral) sharp medially, flanged laterally to tooth 5—the most prominent, albeit largely obscured by hypostomal edge, teeth 6 &amp; 7 barely evident, all teeth variable; lateral serrations absent; 2 or 3 setae per side, short. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FBC6F917FB2AF902" box="[1125,1206,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07760FFB1FB65F917FA80F902" box="[1222,1308,1751,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–42" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
): pupal gill histoblast with 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FEE5F93DFEFCF8E6" box="[326,352,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">ca</emphasis>
. 8 filament bases visible; with head to the right filaments descend vertically then curl slightly clockwise, with filament tips then slightly angled counterclockwise; gill (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07760FFB1FC40F8DFFBF2F8CA" box="[995,1134,1823,1848]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–42" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Figs. 38, 39</figureCitation>
) as described under pupa. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FF34F884FEDBF8AE" box="[151,327,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Anterior proleg</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07760FFB1FEFBF883FE2CF8AE" box="[344,432,1859,1884]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–42" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
): proximally well expressed, but circlet of hooks small, two hook sizes, lateral sclerites absent (described as present in original description). 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FD4DF8A7FCC4F872" box="[750,856,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Abdomen</emphasis>
: medium to dark greyish brown, anterior segments banded, posteriorly not; gradually expanded posteroventrally to seventh segment, sharply contracted at last segment. Integument with minute, subparallel, crenulate ridges dorsally (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07760FFB1FC77F86FFBBAF83A" box="[980,1062,1967,1992]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–42" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
) and rounded granules ventrally. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FF34F813FEC8F81E" box="[151,340,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Ventral tubercles</emphasis>
: absent. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FE1BF813FDDAF81E" box="[440,582,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Anal sclerite</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07760FFB1FDF6F813FD36F81E" box="[597,682,2003,2028]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–42" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
): markedly finely expressed; anterior arms short and flared distally, median region not markedly developed, posteroventral arms twice as long as anterior arms, finely tapered, distal half crenulated. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FEF9FF7CFD90FF27" box="[346,524,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Rectal papillae</emphasis>
: three simple lobes. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FCB3FF7DFC52FF27" box="[784,974,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Posterior circlet</emphasis>
: overall small, but with hooks darkly pigmented and distinct; numbers of hooks low, 44–48 rows with 7–11 hooks per row (total 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FB36FF21FB2CFF0A" box="[1173,1200,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">ca</emphasis>
. 440).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="18E543ED7761FFB0FF34F8BCFAE0F822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" targetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="4C2513657761FFB0FF34F8BCFAE0F822" blockId="8.[151,1436,1916,2000]" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777761FFB0FF34F8BCFEC8F860" bold="true" box="[151,340,1916,1939]" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">FIGURES 24–27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67761FFB0FEF8F8BDFDDCF861" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[347,576,1917,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777761FFB0FEF8F8BDFDDCF861" box="[347,576,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (27) Abdominal exuviae. Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="18E543ED7760FFB1FF34FA9CFD57FA5D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="350" targetBox="[166,1428,193,1324]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="4C2513657760FFB1FF34FA9CFD57FA5D" blockId="9.[151,1436,1371,1455]" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FF34FA9CFEB9FA83" bold="true" box="[151,293,1372,1394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67760FFB1FE92FA9CFD86FA80" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[305,538,1372,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="350" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FE92FA9CFD86FA80" box="[305,538,1372,1394]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FDC9FA9BFCB1FA83" bold="true" box="[618,813,1371,1394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">FIGURES 29–30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67760FFB1FC9BFA9CFBBEFA80" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[824,1058,1372,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="350" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777760FFB1FC9BFA9CFBBEFA80" box="[824,1058,1372,1394]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="350">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
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larva. (28) Pupal abdominal apex; exuviae. Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (29) Dorsal view of head, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (30) Habitus, last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="048040EE7763FFB2FF64FEC4FB2EFE22" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="4C2513657763FFB2FF64FEC4FD44FEB2" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF64FEC4FEDAFEEF" bold="true" box="[199,326,260,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Etymology</emphasis>
. As given in 
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Moulton, 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947763FFB2FDF5FEC4FCC8FEEE" author="Adler" box="[598,852,260,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article" year="2004">Adler &amp; Prince (2004</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
: 6), the species name refers to the stout, elongated setae (aka trichomes) on the pupal head and thorax.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657763FFB2FF64FE8CFB2EFE22" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
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<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF64FE8CFE90FE97" bold="true" box="[199,268,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Types</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. The 
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and some 
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are deposited in the 
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<collectingRegion id="8E5EDD877763FFB2FC31FE8DFC71FE96" box="[914,1005,333,356]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Western</collectingRegion>
Australia
</collectingRegion>
Museum, Perth. Additional 
<typeStatus id="9321ADC77763FFB2FF34FEB0FE9EFE7A" box="[151,258,368,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are in the 
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(
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), Canberra; Natural History Museum, London
</materialsCitation>
; 
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<collectingCountry id="348D53F57763FFB2FF34FE54FEB2FE5E" box="[151,302,404,429]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">United States</collectingCountry>
National Museum of Natural History, 
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, DC; Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; and Clemson University Arthropod Collection, Clemson, 
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(Moulton 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FBACFE79FBA3FE22" box="[1039,1087,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">et al</emphasis>
. 2014: 3).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="048040EE7763FFB2FF64FE1CFC3AFD92" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4C2513657763FFB2FF64FE1CFC3AFD92" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF64FE1CFE2AFE07" bold="true" box="[199,438,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Additional material</emphasis>
Some material of all stages is now in the Strickland Museum, University of 
<collectingRegion id="8E5EDD877763FFB2FAE3FE1CFA04FE07" box="[1344,1432,476,501]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Alberta</collectingRegion>
; 
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(
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# 354037 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FE17FE3FFE5EFDEA" bold="true" box="[436,450,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">–</emphasis>
354050); slides (
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# 353351 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FCE6FE3FFCCFFDEA" bold="true" box="[837,851,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">–</emphasis>
353359). Five dried pinned females from Deeside 
<collectingRegion id="8E5EDD877763FFB2FF34FDE4FF4BFDCE" box="[151,215,548,572]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Coast</collectingRegion>
Road are deposited in 
<collectionCode id="2A8B8BA07763FFB2FE7BFDE4FD81FDCE" box="[472,541,548,572]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">ANIC</collectionCode>
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FD87FDE4FDB1FDCF" bold="true" box="[548,557,548,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">(</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="2A8B8BA07763FFB2FD8EFDE4FDEDFDCE" box="[557,625,548,572]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">ANIC</collectionCode>
Database No. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FCB3FDE4FC84FDCF" bold="true" box="[784,792,548,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">/</emphasis>
29 0 26585, 29 0 26737 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FBB7FDE4FBBEFDCF" bold="true" box="[1044,1058,548,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">–</emphasis>
29 026740). The remainder of the original material is in the personal collection of J. K. Moulton (JKM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="048040EE7763FFB2FF64FDACFB66FBAA" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4C2513657763FFB2FF64FDACFAB6FD77" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1322,620,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF64FDACFEC5FD77" bold="true" box="[199,345,620,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FECBFDACFE2AFD76" box="[360,438,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE43" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1761,1783]" captionTargetBox="[185,1399,458,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[174,1413,445,1740]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE43. Western Australia, distribution of Bunyipellum gladiator." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158950/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig 43</figureCitation>
). Known only from the Jarrah Forest and Warren regions of 
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</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657763FFB2FF64FD50FD83FC72" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
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Kangaroo Gully, Brookton Hwy. (
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40), 
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, 
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, 
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, alt. 
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.
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, 
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<date id="382435A57763FFB2FF34FD74FED0FD3E" box="[151,332,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" value="1973-08-21">21 August 1973</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
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; 
<materialsCitation id="FCF219387763FFB2FDA1FD75FECDFD02" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1805284700" collectingDate="1996-09-07" collectorName="Coll. J. K. &amp; Moulton. Quinine Gully" latitude="-32.15" location="Ashendon Hwy." longLatPrecision="6" longitude="116.192" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" specimenCount="1">
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<date id="382435A57763FFB2FDA1FD75FD4CFD3F" box="[514,720,692,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" value="1996-09-07">7 September 1996</date>
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, 
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, 
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, 
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. 
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<quantity id="8B62BE807763FFB2FEC1FD17FE34FD02" box="[354,424,727,752]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" unit="m" value="260.0">260m</quantity>
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.
</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingDate id="2860CC4D7763FFB2FE1CFD18FD01FD02" box="[447,669,727,752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" value="1996-09-07">
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, 
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, 
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, 
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. 
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., 
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, Coll. J.K. Moulton. Goldmine Gully, S32.4054° E116.2023°, alt. 
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., 
<date id="382435A57763FFB2FE0BFCE0FDEBFCCA" box="[424,631,799,824]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" value="1996-09-08">8 September 1996</date>
, Coll. J.K. Moulton. Mumballup, S33.5300° E116.1100°, alt. 
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.
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, 
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<date id="382435A57763FFB2FA23FCE0FECDFCAE" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" value="1974-09-13">13 September 1974</date>
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, 
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, 
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Road, 
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, alt
</materialsCitation>
. 
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., 
<date id="382435A57763FFB2FF34FCA7FEF8FC72" box="[151,356,871,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" value="2003-11-05">5 November 2003</date>
, Coll. A. Zwick.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657763FFB2FF64FC4CFB66FBAA" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF64FC4CFEDFFC57" bold="true" box="[199,323,908,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Bionomics</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947763FFB2FEF2FC4CFDA0FC56" author="Moulton" box="[337,572,908,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article" year="2004">
Moulton 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FE1BFC4DFE74FC57" box="[440,488,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">et al</emphasis>
. (2004
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: 8) note that larvae and pupae occupy riffles in shaded small to medium-sized streams in the Jarrah Forest region of the Darling Range in 
<collectingRegion id="8E5EDD877763FFB2FC98FC70FB95FC3A" box="[827,1033,943,968]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
<collectingRegion id="8E5EDD877763FFB2FC98FC70FC0AFC35" box="[827,918,944,967]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Western</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57763FFB2FC3CFC6FFB95FC3A" box="[927,1033,943,968]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Australia</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
. Found only during the Austral late winter and early spring, 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FE06FC14FD3DFC1F" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[421,673,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FE06FC14FD3DFC1F" box="[421,673,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is assumed to be univoltine. Females are attracted to humans but are not known to blood feed on such hosts. The substantial mouthparts (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FC06FC37FC76FBE2" box="[933,1002,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), well-toothed mandible (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FAB2FC37FACBFBE2" box="[1297,1367,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), plus relatively small abdominal tergites (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FD94FBDCFD16FBC6" box="[567,650,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionTargetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) suggest that females of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FC17FBDDFBA2FBC7" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[948,1086,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FC17FBDDFBA2FBC7" box="[948,1086,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are capable of blood feeding. Presence of a simple claw (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FE6AFBFFFD86FBAA" box="[457,538,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionTargetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) indicates that the species is not ornithophilic (Adler 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FBD1FB81FB3FFBAA" box="[1138,1187,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">et al</emphasis>
. 2004).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="048040EE7763FFB7FF64FBA4FEAFFCCA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="356" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4C2513657763FFB2FF64FBA4FC7EF8BE" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF64FBA4FEA8FB8F" bold="true" box="[199,308,1124,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Remarks</emphasis>
. Female adults, apart from possessing large mouthparts, have a maxillary palp (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FB6CFBA4FA8FFB8F" box="[1231,1299,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) unique for Australian simuliids. Palpomeres I and II are larger than others, III is subequal in length to palpomere V, with IV markedly small. For the wing, the radius and radial sector veins parallel one another and are not closely applied as in 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FF17FB0FFDE4FB1A" authority="(Craig et al. 2014: 210)" authorityName="Craig et al." authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="2014" box="[180,632,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF17FB0FFEF8FB1A" box="[180,356,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
(Craig 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FE18FB11FE77FB1A" box="[443,491,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">et al</emphasis>
. 2014: 210)
</taxonomicName>
. The calcipala possess a clump of spines and this condition is also seen in 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FF17FB34FD01FAFE" authority="(Tonnoir 1925: 221)" authorityPageNumber="221" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[180,669,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fergusoni">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF17FB34FE28FAFE" box="[180,436,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Paracnephia fergusoni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947763FFB2FE61FB34FD09FAFE" author="Tonnoir" box="[450,661,1268,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1925) Australasian Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 213 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046198" type="journal article" year="1925">Tonnoir 1925: 221</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and other now-known Australian simuliids. 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947763FFB2FB32FB34FAE1FAFE" author="Moulton" box="[1169,1405,1268,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article" year="2004">
Moulton 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FB5BFB35FAB5FAFF" box="[1272,1321,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">et al</emphasis>
. (2004
</bibRefCitation>
: 1, 4) describe the calcipala as 'large'; however, as noted above, other simuliids possessing a poorly expressed or small calcipala have a similar clump of spines to 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FD02FAFDFCB0FAA7" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[673,812,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FD02FAFDFCB0FAA7" box="[673,812,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, so we consider that its calcipala to be small, albeit distinct—it is less than quarter the length of the second tarsomere and 0.4x the width of the basitarsus apex. The calcipala (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FEADFA44FEF9FA6E" box="[270,357,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–23" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[226,1360,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19–23. Bunyipellum gladiator male. (19) Wing.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (20) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (21) Genitalia, ventral view.Scale bar = 0.1 mm.(22) Gonocoxa &amp; gonostylus.Abbreviations;gc = gonocoxa, gs = gonostylus. Scale bar = 0.1mm.(23)Ventral plate &amp; parameres.Abbreviations; b a = basal arm, p= paramere,p c = paramere connector, p s = paramere spines, v p = ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158940/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
) is, however, of similar development to those of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FC15FA44FBDBFA6F" authorityName="Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[950,1095,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FC15FA44FBDBFA6F" box="[950,1095,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Araucnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FB24FA44FAA1FA6F" box="[1159,1341,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Araucnephoides</emphasis>
, but no mention in descriptions is made of presence or absence of a ventral row of hind basitarsus spines (
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947763FFB2FB40FA67FED0FA16" author="Wygodzinsky" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. &amp; Coscaron, S. (1973) A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 151, 129 - 200. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 598 (accessed 26 November 2017)" type="journal article" year="1973">Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscarón 1973</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FECBFA0CFC05FA17" authority=", Araucnephoides and Bunyipellum" authorityName="Araucnephoides and Bunyipellum" box="[360,921,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FECBFA0CFE65FA17" box="[360,505,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Araucnephia</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FDACFA0CFD59FA17" box="[527,709,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Araucnephoides</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FCAFFA0CFC05FA17" box="[780,921,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all lack a pedisulcus. Absence or poorly expressed claw basal tooth in female 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FDE6FA2FFD4FF9FA" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[581,723,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FDE6FA2FFD4FF9FA" box="[581,723,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FD47FA2FFCABF9FA" box="[740,823,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1959,1982]" captionTargetBox="[195,1384,207,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[195,1384,193,1940]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–12. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (8) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (9) Calcipala and basitarsus II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (10) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (11) Abdominal tergites.Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (12) Genital fork.Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158936/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) is now also known for some Australian Gondwanan simuliids, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FED0F9D4FD98F9DF" box="[371,516,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FED0F9D4FD98F9DF" box="[371,516,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Araucnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FD9DF9D4FD68F9DF" box="[574,756,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Araucnephoides</emphasis>
possess a moderately-sized basal tooth. The cerci and anal lobe of the female are markedly protruded ventrally (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FD5BF9F7FCA7F9A2" box="[760,827,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), yellowish and distinct. 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947763FFB2FBFCF9F7FAC9F9A2" box="[1119,1365,1591,1616]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article">
Moulton 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FB6BF9F9FB66F9A2" box="[1224,1274,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">et al</emphasis>
. (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
noted that the median sclerite of male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FD2BF99DFC8CF987" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[648,784,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FD2BF99DFC8CF987" box="[648,784,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was similar to that of 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FBADF99CFB0DF987" box="[1038,1169,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Araucephia</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FB3BF99DFE82F96A" authority="Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscaron" authorityName="Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscaron" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FB3BF99DFB66F986" box="[1176,1274,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">montana</emphasis>
Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscarón
</taxonomicName>
, but made no other comparisons regarding the genitalia. Overall, however, the genitalia are markedly congruent, with similarities in the narrowed gonostylus and two terminal spines, ventral plate, paramere connector, paramere and spines (Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscarón 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FD69F907FC84F912" box="[714,792,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">loc cit.</emphasis>
: 169). In 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FC2CF907FB11F912" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[911,1165,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FC2CF907FB11F912" box="[911,1165,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the narrow gonostylus with two terminal spines is unique for Australian Gondwanan simuliids and, in general, at considerable variance to males of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FF5DF8CFFD15F8DA" authority="(Craig et al. 2012)" authorityName="Craig et al." authorityYear="2012" box="[254,649,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FF5DF8CFFE32F8DA" box="[254,430,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947763FFB2FE1EF8CFFD1DF8DA" author="Craig" box="[445,641,1807,1832]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. &amp; Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae. Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 26 November 2017)" type="journal article" year="2012">
Craig 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FDA7F8D1FDAAF8DA" box="[516,566,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The paramere and parameral spines (less so the paramere connector), are of similar expression to those in 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FD8EF8F4FC42F8BE" authority="(Craig et al. 2017)" authorityName="Craig et al." authorityYear="2017" box="[557,990,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FD8EF8F4FC98F8BF" box="[557,772,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947763FFB2FCB0F8F4FC4AF8BE" author="Craig" box="[787,982,1844,1869]" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" refString="Craig, D. A., Moulton, J. K. &amp; Currie, D. C. (2017) Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscaron: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi Davies &amp; Gyorkos and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 4337, 451 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4337.4.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
Craig 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FCF9F8F5FC0FF8BF" box="[858,915,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657763FFB5FF64F897FAFFFE5F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">
The pupa and cocoon structure of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67763FFB2FDF6F899FD43F882" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[597,735,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777763FFB2FDF6F899FD43F882" box="[597,735,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggest adaptation for high velocity flow and are, therefore, something of a conundrum. Pupae occur in shallow riffles of small streams where water velocity, albeit relatively high in some instances, does not exert marked force. The terminal spines on the pupal abdomen are moderately long and sharply pointed (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FE1FF804FD86F82E" box="[444,538,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">Figs. 27</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07763FFB2FD86F804FDDEF82E" box="[549,578,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1372,1394]" captionTargetBox="[166,1428,193,1324]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1350]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 28. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. FIGURES 29–30. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (28) Pupal abdominal apex; exuviae. Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (29) Dorsal view of head, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(30) Habitus, last instar larva.Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158944/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="351">28</figureCitation>
) with the probable function of holding the pupa within the cocoon. Indeed, the terminal spines can be seen protruding through the cocoon (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FCCDFF57FC58FF42" box="[878,964,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). The raised ridges with fine armature on some of the tergites (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FE2BFF7CFE47FF26" box="[392,475,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
) also suggest a similar adaptation. However, the spine-like setae on the thorax (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FACCFF7CFF28FF0A" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
) and head capsule (unique among the Australian 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FCA3FF1FFCE7FF0A" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[768,891,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FC34FF1FFBBAFF0A" box="[919,1062,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Figs. 25, 26</figureCitation>
) are not always covered by the cocoon and are, perhaps, protective devices for the gill, or against predators. The pupae of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FB74FEC4FAF4FEEF" box="[1239,1384,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FB74FEC4FAF4FEEF" box="[1239,1384,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FF34FEE7FED1FEB2" box="[151,333,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephoides</emphasis>
have little in common with that of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FCB1FEE9FC03FEB2" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[786,927,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FCB1FEE9FC03FEB2" box="[786,927,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lacking the major thoracic spines, raised abdominal tergite ridges and large terminal spines. Notwithstanding, all three genera lack well developed grapnel hooks on the IX segment, with the homologs either straight in 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FCD5FEAFFB9FFE7A" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[886,1027,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FCD5FEAFFB9FFE7A" box="[886,1027,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FBB4FEAFFBEBFE7A" box="[1047,1143,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 24–27" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[196,1370,213,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1392,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 24–27. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. (24) Lateral view of female pupa and cocoon. Arrowheads indicate spine-like setae on thorax and head; arrow the terminal spines. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (25) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (26) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(27)Abdominal exuviae.Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158942/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Figs. 27</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FB25FEB0FB3FFE7A" box="[1158,1187,368,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1372,1394]" captionTargetBox="[166,1428,193,1324]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1350]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 28. Bunyipellum gladiator pupa. FIGURES 29–30. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (28) Pupal abdominal apex; exuviae. Arrow indicates setae on sternite IX. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (29) Dorsal view of head, last instar larva. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.(30) Habitus, last instar larva.Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158944/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">28</figureCitation>
) or slightly curled in 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FF34FE54FEB4FE5F" box="[151,296,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FF34FE54FEB4FE5F" box="[151,296,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FE96FE54FE5EFE5F" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[309,450,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FE96FE54FE5EFE5F" box="[309,450,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has many more pupal gill filaments than either of the two South American genera.
</paragraph>
<caption id="18E543ED7762FFB3FF34F8BAFE6DF83C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="352" targetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="4C2513657762FFB3FF34F8BAFE6DF83C" blockId="11.[151,1436,1914,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777762FFB3FF34F8BAFEC9F862" bold="true" box="[151,341,1914,1937]" pageId="11" pageNumber="352">FIGURES 31–36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67762FFB3FEFFF8BBFDDEF863" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[348,578,1915,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777762FFB3FEFFF8BBFDDEF863" box="[348,578,1915,1937]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="352">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="18E543ED7765FFB4FF34F851FAF3F817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="353" targetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="4C2513657765FFB4FF34F851FAF3F817" blockId="12.[151,1437,1937,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="353">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777765FFB4FF34F851FECAF855" bold="true" box="[151,342,1937,1960]" pageId="12" pageNumber="353">FIGURES 37–42.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67765FFB4FEFDF852FDD8F85A" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[350,580,1938,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777765FFB4FEFDF852FDD8F85A" box="[350,580,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="353">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4C2513657764FFB5FF64FE77FCD0FD3F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">
The larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FEC1FE77FDC2FE22" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[354,606,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FEC1FE77FDC2FE22" box="[354,606,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are a puzzling mixture of character states. The substantial body and shape with the expanded posteroventral abdomen (Fig. 30) are found in other simuliid larvae that inhabit fast water, such as, for example, 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FEFBFE3FFCE5FDEA" authority="(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras)" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[344,889,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FEFBFE3FFDD9FDEA" box="[344,581,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Paracnephia strenua</emphasis>
(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FC25FE3FFAF6FDEA" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1927" box="[902,1386,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tahitiense" subGenus="Inseliellum">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FC25FE3FFC6CFDEA" box="[902,1008,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FBA0FE3FFBE3FDEA" box="[1027,1151,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Inseliellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FB31FE3FFB63FDEA" box="[1170,1279,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">tahitiense</emphasis>
Edwards
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FF34FDE4FD20FDCE" authority="Stone. An" authorityName="Stone. An" box="[151,700,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palauense" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FF34FDE4FE9DFDCF" box="[151,257,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FEB7FDE4FE26FDCF" box="[276,442,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FE6DFDE4FDA3FDCF" box="[462,575,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">palauense</emphasis>
Stone. An
</taxonomicName>
expanded abdomen appears to enable simuliid larvae to clump together to produce skimming flow, a common ploy to reduce drag forces (
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FC4FFD87FAAEFD92" author="Nowell" box="[1004,1330,583,608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Nowell, A. M. R. &amp; Jumars, P. A. (1984) Flow environments of aquatic benthos. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 15, 303 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. es. 15.110184.001511" type="journal article" year="1984">Nowell &amp; Jumars 1984: 317</bibRefCitation>
), yet still remain sufficiently upright for the fans to be oriented into the flow. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FC5AFDADFBE3FD77" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1017,1151,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FC5AFDADFBE3FD77" box="[1017,1151,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in the riffles of small streams as described above for pupae. Although water velocity is sometimes moderate to high in such habitats, the shallow depth ensures that shear stresses are low.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657764FFB5FF64FD17FE19FCAE" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">
The labral fans are unique for Australian simuliids (Fig. 29). The expression of the fan stalk, short and broad is not seen in others and the rays are heavily expressed and numerous. These do not fit the fan structure model proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FE88FCDFFDF2FCCA" author="Palmer" box="[299,622,799,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A. (2000) An ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter-feeding black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 99 - 205" type="journal article" year="2000">Palmer &amp; Craig (2000: 213)</bibRefCitation>
for simuliid larvae inhabiting higher velocities and what we assume as medium level seston.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657764FFB5FF64FCA7FE3AFBAA" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">
The larval antenna, with its unusual short proximal article (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FC05FCA7FB9DFC72" box="[934,1025,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
), is unique among the Australian 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FF34FC4CFE8FFC57" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,275,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
, but is markedly similar to those of the South American genera 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FBB6FC4CFB3AFC57" box="[1045,1190,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FBB6FC4CFB3AFC57" box="[1045,1190,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FB45FC4CFA00FC57" box="[1254,1436,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephoides</emphasis>
larvae. This possibly represents a synapomorphy of these three genera. Antennae subequal in length to, or shorter than the labral fan stem are commonly expressed in simuliid larvae that inhabit fast flowing water (
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FB4FFC14FA04FC1E" author="Crosskey" box="[1260,1432,980,1005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1990) The natural history of blackflies. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, 711 pp." type="book" year="1990">Crosskey 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 108, Adler 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FEB6FC39FEDAFBE2" box="[277,326,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">et al</emphasis>
. 2004: 153), again somewhat paradoxical in 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FC9EFC37FC57FBE2" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[829,971,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FC9EFC37FC57FBE2" box="[829,971,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given the known habitats of larvae. Long antennae are seen in aquatic insects in slow-flow habitats and are so expressed to penetrate the attached boundary layer (
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FF7EFBFFFE05FBAA" author="Craig" box="[221,409,1087,1112]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Craig, D. A. (1990) Behavioral hydrodynamics of Cloeon dipterum larvae (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 9, 346 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1467902" type="journal article" year="1990">Craig 1990: 349</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657764FFB5FF64FBA5FD25FA8A" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">
No comment was made by 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FDB7FBA4FC89FB8E" box="[532,789,1124,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article">
Moulton 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FD23FBA5FD2AFB8F" box="[640,694,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">et al</emphasis>
. (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
about the unusual concave configuration of the larval hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FE84FB47FE1DFB52" box="[295,385,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
). A similar arrangement is found in the larvae of the 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FBB2FB49FB6BFB52" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1930" box="[1041,1271,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Ectemnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FBB2FB49FBE7FB52" box="[1041,1147,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Ectemnia</emphasis>
Enderlein
</taxonomicName>
, which attach themselves to a silk stalk (
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FE6CFB6CFD7EFB36" author="Moulton" box="[463,738,1196,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Moulton, J. K. &amp; Adler, P. H. (1997) The genus Ectemnia (Diptera: Simuliidae): taxonomy, polytene chromosomes, new species and phylogeny. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 1896 - 1915. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 97 - 820" type="journal article" year="1997">Moulton &amp; Adler 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Details of the attachment behaviour of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FB61FB6DFAD1FB37" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1218,1357,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FB61FB6DFAD1FB37" box="[1218,1357,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae remain unknown; however, it seems unlikely that 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FC80FB0FFC2DFB1A" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[803,945,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FC80FB0FFC2DFB1A" box="[803,945,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FBA2FB11FBF7FB1A" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1930" box="[1025,1131,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Ectemnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FBA2FB11FBF7FB1A" box="[1025,1131,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Ectemnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—a northern hemisphere genus—share an immediate common ancestry. The hypostomal teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FC1FFB34FBD6FAFF" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[956,1098,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FC1FFB34FBD6FAFF" box="[956,1098,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ markedly from those of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FF34FAD7FEB4FAC2" box="[151,296,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FF34FAD7FEB4FAC2" box="[151,296,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FEC3FAD7FD8AFAC2" box="[352,534,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephoides</emphasis>
in that the former are uniformly small (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FC7DFAD7FBAFFAC2" box="[990,1075,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
), contrasting markedly with the well expressed teeth in the latter two genera. The postgenal cleft of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FC33FAFCFB16FAA6" box="[912,1162,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FC33FAFCFB16FAA6" box="[912,1162,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephia montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be angulate, similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FEA0FAA1FE16FA8A" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[259,394,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FEA0FAA1FE16FA8A" box="[259,394,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FE39FA9FFE71FA8A" box="[410,493,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–36" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[216,1353,194,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1353,193,1866]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 31–36. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (31) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (33) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (34) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1mm. (35) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (36) Hypostoma.Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158946/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
), albeit shallower.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657764FFB5FF64FA44FA10F94F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">
The anterior thoracic proleg circlet of hooks is uniquely small for Australian simuliids. This proleg is used by simuliid larvae to grasp a pad of salivary silk when moving position and before the posterior proleg hooks are attached (
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FEA7FA0CFEE7FA16" author="Barr" box="[260,379,1484,1508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Barr, W. B. (1984) Prolegs and attachment of Simulium vittatum (sibling IS- 7) (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62, 1355 - 1362. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 84 - 194" type="journal article" year="1984">Barr 1984</bibRefCitation>
). The small size is suggestive of adaptation to habitats with low velocity. A similar pattern is seen in the circlet of hooks of the posterior proleg. With only 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FCEBFA31FCFEF9FA" box="[840,866,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">ca</emphasis>
. 440 hooks, the posterior proleg conforms to other simuliids that inhabit slow-flow habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FDC6F9D4FB8FF9DF" author="Palmer" box="[613,1043,1556,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A. (2000) An ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter-feeding black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 99 - 205" type="journal article" year="2000">Palmer &amp; Craig 2000: 204, and others</bibRefCitation>
). The hooks are, however, enlarged and markedly sclerotized (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07764FFB5FE69F9F7FDBEF9A2" box="[458,546,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–42" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[157,1417,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1417,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 37–42. Bunyipellum gladiator larva. (37) Lateral thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (38) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (39) Gill structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (40) Anterior proleg. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (41) Abdominal cuticle (phase contrast).Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (42) Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158948/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
). The anal sclerite is delicately expressed, similar to certain other low-flowinhabiting Australian simuliids, such as 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FDC2F99CFC75F987" authority="(Tonnoir)" authorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[609,1001,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbratora">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FDC2F99CFCEEF987" box="[609,882,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Paracnephia umbratora</emphasis>
(Tonnoir)
</taxonomicName>
. In that species, however, reduction is different and related to the habit of attaching to a thread (
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FC9AF9BFFBD7F96A" author="Moulton" box="[825,1099,1663,1688]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Moulton, J. K. &amp; Adler, P. H. (1997) The genus Ectemnia (Diptera: Simuliidae): taxonomy, polytene chromosomes, new species and phylogeny. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 1896 - 1915. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 97 - 820" type="journal article" year="1997">Moulton &amp; Adler 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 1907). These morphological expressions of structures of larval 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FDBBF965FD03F94F" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[536,671,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FDBBF965FD03F94F" box="[536,671,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are suggestive of finer-scale behaviours that warrant further study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657764FFB5FF64F907FEDEF882" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FF64F907FE26F912" author="Moulton" box="[199,442,1735,1760]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Moulton, J. K., Adler, P. H. &amp; Prince, J. (2004) An unusual new species of Paracnephia Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 409, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 409.1" type="journal article" year="2004">
Moulton 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FE92F909FEF8F912" box="[305,356,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">et al</emphasis>
. (2004
</bibRefCitation>
: 3) and 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FDB9F907FCF1F912" author="Adler" box="[538,877,1735,1760]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W. (2015) Cytotaxonomy of the Simuliidae (Diptera): a systematic and bibliographic conspectus. Zootaxa, 3957, 1 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3975.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Adler &amp; Crosskey (2015: 31)</bibRefCitation>
both included “ 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FB84F907FB1AF912" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[1063,1158,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FB84F907FB1AF912" box="[1063,1158,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B” of Bedo in 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947764FFB5FA9EF907FE83F8F7" author="Rothfels" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of Black Flies. Annual Revues of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979">Rothfels (1979: 522)</bibRefCitation>
in their synonymical list of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FDD4F92DFD62F8F7" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[631,766,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FDD4F92DFD62F8F7" box="[631,766,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">P. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have confirmed (Bedo, pers. comm. 2017) that this informal cytological designation indeed refers to 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FD5EF8CFFB95F8DA" box="[765,1033,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FD5EF8CFFB99F8DA" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[765,1029,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">Bunyipellum gladiator</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The chromosomes have distinct centromere bands, an expanded region in CI, undifferentiated sex chromosomes (Xo Yo) and no inversion polymorphism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657764FFB5FF64F8BCFC1DF82F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">
With its suite of unique morphological characteristics and lack of congruence with other Australian simuliids, we consider these to be sufficient grounds to assign 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FD5FF861FC1AF84B" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[764,902,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FD5FF861FC1AF84B" box="[764,902,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to its own monospecific genus, with possible relationship to South American 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67764FFB5FE5FF804FD11F82F" box="[508,653,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FE5FF804FD11F82F" box="[508,653,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777764FFB5FD67F804FC1DF82F" box="[708,897,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="354">Araucnephoides.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657767FFB6FF64FF57FD65FE7A" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FF64FF57FE49FF42" bold="true" box="[199,469,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Concluding comments</emphasis>
. Most other Gondwanan 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67767FFB6FCA7FF57FCE1FF42" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[772,893,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
of 
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57767FFB6FC0FFF57FB8FFF42" box="[940,1043,151,176]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Australia</collectingCountry>
have east-west sibling species or segregates separated by the Nullarbor desert region; a common situation for Australian biota. 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67767FFB6FB0CFF7CFAA0FF27" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1199,1340,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FB0CFF7CFAA0FF27" box="[1199,1340,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so far known exclusively from southwestern Australia—a pattern confirmed from our own wide-ranging collections (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FAD7FF21FA00FF0A" box="[1396,1436,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947767FFB6FF34FEC4FEC3FEEE" author="Craig" box="[151,351,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="355" refString="Craig, D. A., Moulton, J. K. &amp; Currie, D. C. (2017) Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscaron: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi Davies &amp; Gyorkos and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 4337, 451 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4337.4.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
Craig 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FF7CFEC5FE8EFEEF" box="[223,274,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
), and those of earlier specialists (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FD47FEC5FC99FEEE" box="[740,773,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">e.g</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947767FFB6FCB5FEC4FBEDFEEF" author="Mackerras" box="[790,1137,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="355" refString="Mackerras, I. M. &amp; Mackerras, M. J. (1952) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 77, 104 - 113. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 108648 # page / 166 / mode / 1 up (accessed 26 November 2017)" type="journal article" year="1952">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1952</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947767FFB6FBDDFEC4FA9BFEEE" author="Colbo" box="[1150,1287,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="355" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 366100 (accessed 26 November 2017)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo 1974</bibRefCitation>
, and others). Known localities for 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67767FFB6FE2EFEE9FD8BFEB2" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[397,535,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FE2EFEE9FD8BFEB2" box="[397,535,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">B. gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from a region along the Darling Escarpment in what is referred to as the Jarrah Forest Bioregion on the western edge of the ancient Yilgarn Craton. The collection by A. Zwick, 2003, was to the far southwest in the Warren Bioregion (
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07767FFB6FD3BFEAFFD70FE7A" box="[664,748,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE43" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1761,1783]" captionTargetBox="[185,1399,458,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[174,1413,445,1740]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE43. Western Australia, distribution of Bunyipellum gladiator." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158950/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="18E543ED7767FFB6FF34F921FCFBF905" box="[151,871,1761,1783]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158950/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="355" targetBox="[185,1399,458,1732]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="4C2513657767FFB6FF34F921FCFBF905" blockId="14.[151,871,1761,1783]" box="[151,871,1761,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FF34F921FE83F904" bold="true" box="[151,287,1761,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">FIGURE 43.</emphasis>
Western Australia, distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67767FFB6FDDDF921FCFCF905" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[638,864,1761,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FDDDF921FCFCF905" box="[638,864,1761,1783]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Bunyipellum gladiator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4C2513657767FFB7FF64F8E4FC1BFEEE" blockId="14.[151,1436,1828,2033]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,824]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="356" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">
A wide-ranging analysis of south-western Australian faunistic biogeography by 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947767FFB6FBCFF8E4FAACF8CF" box="[1132,1328,1828,1853]" pageId="14" pageNumber="355" refString="Rix, M. G., Edwards, D. L., Byrne, M. &amp; Harvey, M. S. (2015) Biogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south - western Australian biodiversity hotspot. Biological Reviews, 90, 762 - 793. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / brv. 12132" type="journal article">
Rix 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FB3CF8E5FB4FF8CF" box="[1183,1235,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">et al</emphasis>
. (2015)
</bibRefCitation>
lists key geographic and climatic events for this region and 
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57767FFB6FD4DF888FCC9F893" box="[750,853,1864,1889]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Australia</collectingCountry>
as a whole. These include separation of southern 
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<collectingRegion id="8E5EDD877767FFB6FF34F8ADFF6EF876" box="[151,242,1901,1924]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Western</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57767FFB6FF5AF8ACFEFCF877" box="[249,352,1900,1925]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Australia</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
from 
<collectingRegion id="8E5EDD877767FFB6FE06F8ADFE65F876" box="[421,505,1901,1924]" country="American Samoa" name="Eastern" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Eastern</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57767FFB6FDA2F8ACFDEAF877" box="[513,630,1900,1925]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
at 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FD3AF8ADFD28F876" box="[665,692,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">ca</emphasis>
. 96 mya (Cretaceous), complete separation of eastern 
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57767FFB6FAB9F8ACFA1CF877" box="[1306,1408,1900,1925]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Australia</collectingCountry>
at 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FF34F851FF2EF85A" box="[151,178,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">ca</emphasis>
. 32 mya (Early Oligocene) with commencement of aridification and of inundation of the south-central 
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57767FFB6FA96F850FA00F85B" box="[1333,1436,1936,1961]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">Australia</collectingCountry>
Nullarbor region by the Eromanga Sea, with deposition of limestones at 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FC66F875FC43F83E" box="[965,991,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">ca</emphasis>
. 25 mya (Late Oligocene), such ending at 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FF17F819FF52F802" box="[180,206,2009,2032]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">ca</emphasis>
. 14 mya (Mid Miocene) with the Nullarbor surface becoming exposed. Rix 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FB9AF819FBF0F803" box="[1081,1132,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">et al</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777767FFB6FB26F818FB46F802" box="[1157,1242,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="355">loc. cit.</emphasis>
) used published, dated, molecular data sets to determine time of divergence of south-western Australian fauna from that of the south-east. What they refer to as “Tier 1 divergences” (their 
<figureCitation id="D4A10FE07766FFB7FCCFFF7CFC2FFF27" box="[876,947,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[203,1355,193,1891]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[203,1358,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Bunyipellum gladiator female. (1) Habitus of female. Critical point dried from ETOH, colours muted. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.(2) Frontal view of head, ETOH.Scale bar = 0.25 mm.(3) Antenna.Scale bar = 0.2mm.(4) Cibarium.Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxilla, lacinia, mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (6) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (7) Wing veins. C = costa, R = radius, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcosta.Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158934/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), fall mainly between the Early and Mid Miocene (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FEACFF21FEB6FF0A" box="[271,298,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">ca</emphasis>
. 24-6 mya). Of significance here, perhaps, is an older one (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FBA8FF21FBB9FF0A" box="[1035,1061,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">ca</emphasis>
. 54-26 mya) suggested for the chironomid 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FEBCFEC4FDB6FEEF" authority="(Edwards)" authorityName="Edwards" box="[287,554,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictocladius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FEBCFEC4FE33FEEF" box="[287,431,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Stictocladius</emphasis>
(Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947766FFB7FDF7FEC4FC1EFEEE" author="Krosch" box="[596,898,260,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" refString="Krosch, M. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2013) Not drowning, (hand) waving? Molecular phylogenetics, biogeography and evolutionary tempo of the ' Gondwanan' midge Stictocladius Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 68, 595 - 603. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.04.006" type="journal article" year="2013">Krosch &amp; Cranston (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657766FFB7FF64FEE7FA01FDEA" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">
Krosch &amp; Cranston (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FE1EFEE7FD89FEB2" box="[445,533,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">loc. cit.</emphasis>
) in their detailed examination of molecular phylogenetics, biogeography and evolutionary tempo of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FE08FE8CFDA7FE97" box="[427,571,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictocladius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FE08FE8CFDA7FE97" box="[427,571,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Stictocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—a genus with Gondwanan distribution (
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, 
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57766FFB7FB0AFE8DFAD5FE97" box="[1193,1353,332,357]" name="New Zealand" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, South America)—concluded that divergence of the main lineages was Late Cretaceous (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FB91FEB1FBD1FE7A" box="[1074,1101,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">ca</emphasis>
. 66 mya). Divergences of the Australian 'multiserialis' segregates were Late Eocene to Late Oligocene (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FC51FE55FB91FE5E" box="[1010,1037,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">ca</emphasis>
. 45-26 mya). That for the 'sofour' lineages, may have been similar (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FD84FE79FDDDFE22" box="[551,577,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">ca</emphasis>
. 45 mya), but apparently more recently in the Miocene (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FB4DFE79FA95FE22" box="[1262,1289,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">ca</emphasis>
. 22-5 mya). Divergence of the east and west groups of ‘multiserialis’ appears to have been at 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FB9BFE1DFBCEFE06" box="[1080,1106,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">ca</emphasis>
. 40 mya (Mid Eocene), with further divergence of the eastern segregates continuing between the late Paleogene and early Neogene (36-11 mya).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C2513657766FFB7FF64FDE4FEAFFCCA" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">
Timing of later Tier 1 events of Rix 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FDDDFDE5FD2EFDCF" box="[638,690,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">et al</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FD6CFDE4FCBAFDCE" box="[719,806,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">loc. cit.</emphasis>
), plus later divergences given above for 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FAAFFDE4FA00FDCF" box="[1292,1436,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictocladius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FAAFFDE4FA00FDCF" box="[1292,1436,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Stictocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
segregates, might apply to presently known east-west distribution of Australian simuliid fauna (
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FB72FD89FB6EFD92" box="[1233,1266,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947766FFB7FAABFD87FECCFD77" author="Mackerras" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" refString="Mackerras, I. M. &amp; Mackerras, M. J. (1952) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 77, 104 - 113. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 108648 # page / 166 / mode / 1 up (accessed 26 November 2017)" type="journal article" year="1952">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1952</bibRefCitation>
: 113, 
<bibRefCitation id="280B6E947766FFB7FE31FDACFDCEFD76" author="Craig" box="[402,594,620,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" refString="Craig, D. A., Moulton, J. K. &amp; Currie, D. C. (2017) Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky &amp; Coscaron: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi Davies &amp; Gyorkos and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 4337, 451 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4337.4.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
Craig 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FE74FDADFD94FD77" box="[471,520,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Given the unusual morphological character states of 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FAADFDACFE9FFD5A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FAADFDACFF63FD5A" baseAuthorityName="Moulton &amp; Adler" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">Bunyipellum gladiator</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
absence of any Australian sister group, plus possible relationship to South American 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FB79FD4FFAF7FD5A" box="[1242,1387,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Araucnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FB79FD4FFAF7FD5A" box="[1242,1387,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Araucnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FF34FD74FED1FD3F" box="[151,333,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Araucnephoides</emphasis>
, it seems possible that divergence of 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FD5CFD74FC10FD3F" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[767,908,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FD5CFD74FC10FD3F" box="[767,908,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Bunyipellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was from a common precursor on Gondwana prior to separation of 
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and 
<collectingCountry id="348D53F57766FFB7FD88FD17FD3FFD02" box="[555,675,727,752]" name="Antarctica" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
, of possible similar ilk to 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FC6BFD17FBC4FD02" box="[968,1112,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictocladius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FC6BFD17FBC4FD02" box="[968,1112,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">Stictocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—that is, Late Cretaceous or earlier. 
<emphasis id="7EEECF777766FFB7FF48FD3CFE1CFCE7" box="[235,384,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="356">
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FF48FD3CFEE7FCE7" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[235,379,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Bunyipellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Bunyipellum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
if not among the oldest lineages of Australian Gondwanan 
<taxonomicName id="8B9A68E67766FFB7FB83FD3CFB00FCE7" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1056,1180,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
, is certainly one of the most unusual.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>