647 lines
85 KiB
XML
647 lines
85 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6076727" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cfc9e023-0e8d-4d3b-9c46-abc63b1c40ff" ID-GBIF-Taxon="126104741" ID-ISSN="1937-2809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6076727" checkinTime="1484087960581" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Uthumporn Deesri, Pratueng Jintasakul & Lionel Cavin" docDate="2016" docId="BA086B741571FF93FC1FFF4EFE9431E3" docLanguage="en" docName="Deesri_et_al_2016-Khoratichthys.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (6)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Khoratichthys gibbus" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="4631130C1572FF9AFFC3FFEEFFD23521" masterDocTitle="A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1644843403588" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Uthumporn Deesri</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Pratueng Jintasakul</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Lionel Cavin</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>36</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>6</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>11</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">cfc9e023-0e8d-4d3b-9c46-abc63b1c40ff</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1937-2809</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">269740</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6076727" ID-GBIF-Taxon="126104741" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6076727" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA086B741571FF93FC1FFF4EFE9431E3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA086B741571FF93FC1FFF4EFE9431E3" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[988,1403,160,182]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[988,1403,160,209]" box="[988,1403,160,182]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[988,1312,160,182]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[988,1312,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">KHORATICHTHYS GIBBUS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sp. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1120,1271,187,209]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[988,1403,160,209]" box="[1120,1271,187,209]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1127,1195,187,209]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[118,207,1918,1938]" captionTargetBox="[118,1488,467,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[118,1488,466,1895]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, map of Thailand showing the location of the Phu Kradung Formation (in black). B, close-up of northeastern Thailand with location of Ban Non Sao-Ae. C, photograph of the negative imprint of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01, of Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov. Scale bar equals 2 cm (C)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269741/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2–6)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,240,899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424522314" collectionCode="NRRU" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="NRRU 6011-01" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,967,240,261]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[869,967,240,261]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[967,991,240,262]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">—</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[991,1159,240,262]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">NRRU 6011-01</specimenCode>
|
||
, part and counter part of a subcomplete
|
||
<specimenCount box="[946,1043,266,288]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
preserved as negative imprints (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1376,1435,266,288]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[118,207,1918,1938]" captionTargetBox="[118,1488,467,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[118,1488,466,1895]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, map of Thailand showing the location of the Phu Kradung Formation (in black). B, close-up of northeastern Thailand with location of Ban Non Sao-Ae. C, photograph of the negative imprint of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01, of Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov. Scale bar equals 2 cm (C)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269741/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,240,899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,971,293,315]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[971,995,293,315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">—</emphasis>
|
||
Medium-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1156,1282,293,315]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, up to ca. 30 cm in standard length, with the following combination of morphological features: skull roof slightly concave at the level of the frontal in lateral view; nape upraised abruptly and steeply; skull bones smooth, lacking ornamentation; frontal long, frontal to parietal length ratio ca. 2.5; skull length to orbit length ratio ca. 5; closed orbital ring; few infraorbitals (six), the elongated anterior-most infraorbital with a tiny contact with the orbit; two squarish supraorbitals, the posterior one contacting the dermopterotic; large dermosphenotic; six suborbitals arranged in one row; cheek region completely covered by bones; gently curved preopercle; large interopercle; semitritorial dentition; 36 rows of ganoid scales along the lateral line and approximately 23 scales in the transverse row at the deepest level of the body; well-developed median dorsal row of scales with posterior spine; two large preanal scales; unpaired fins located posteriorly, close to caudal peduncle; narrow caudal peduncle; and ca. six pairs of long and slender fringing fulcra on the dorsal lobe of caudal fin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,240,899]" box="[869,1308,771,793]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,983,771,792]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1007,771,793]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">—</emphasis>
|
||
From Latin ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1135,1210,771,793]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">gibbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,’ a hump.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,240,899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,1015,797,819]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Type Locality</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1015,1039,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">—</emphasis>
|
||
Khao-Phu Luang national forest, Wang Nam Khieo, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. The exact original location is unknown, but the specimen comes with certainty from the Phu Kradung Formation, probably from its upper part.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,944,1962]" box="[845,967,944,966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[845,967,944,966]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[845,967,944,966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,944,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">The general outline of the fish shows gently curved ventral and dorsal borders, with a distinctly abrupt hump in the nape. The standard length is ca. 300 mm, and the maximum body depth, measured midway between the insertion of the pectoral and pelvic fins, is 115 mm. The head is 95 mm long including the opercular series, and 65 mm in depth. The orbit is relatively large, with a longitudinal diameter of 20 mm. The ossifications of the head have no ornamentation except on the first and the second infraorbitals, which bear some tiny tubercles restricted to the ventral border of the bones. Both dorsal and anal fins are located close to caudal peduncle (predorsal ca. 200 mm, preanal ca. 225 mm). The level of insertion of the dorsal fin is situated just in front of the level of insertion of the anal fin. The dorsal ridge scales are large and bear elongate posterior spines. The caudal peduncle is relatively narrow compared with the body depth, approximately 3 times shallower (caudal peduncle ca. 40 mm).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,944,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,996,1409,1431]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Skull Roof</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[996,1020,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">—</emphasis>
|
||
The frontal, parietal, extrascapular, and dermopterotic are not directly visible. However, the trace on the counterpart of the skull shows the general outline of the frontal and parietal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,944,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">The length of the frontal, which is slightly concave in its anterior part, is approximately 45 mm. The surface of the bone, as observed from the imprint, shows no trace of ornamentation. Although not completely visible, the frontal appears to be proportionally long, probably 4 times longer than wide. The parietal measures ca. 15 mm in length. Its surface is smooth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,944,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Details of the extrascapulars are difficult to see, and our reconstruction of this bone is tentative. At least one extrascapular can be identified as a gently curved groove on the counterpart corresponding to the anterior limit of the bone. The nasal bone is not visible.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[845,1515,944,1962]" lastBlockId="4.[819,1489,1621,1962]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,1240,1807,1829]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Circumorbital and Suborbital Series</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1240,1264,1807,1829]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">—</emphasis>
|
||
The circumorbital series is composed of a large dermosphenotic, two supraorbitals, and at least six infraorbitals located ventral and anterior to the orbit. The first, anterior-most infraorbital is the largest of the series. Although this ossification has a tiny contact of its posterodorsal corner with the orbit (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1116,1177,1940,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C), we consider that this infraorbital is homologous to the anterior infraorbital(s) without contact with the orbit of other ginglymodians, which is a synapomorphic character of the clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lopez-Arbarello" box="[473,721,1674,1696]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refString="Lopez-Arbarello, A. 2012. Phylogenetic interrelationships of ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE 7: e 39370." type="journal article" year="2012">López-Arbarello, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This first infraorbital is longitudinally elongate, roughly rectangular in shape, about 1.7 times longer than deep, with dorsal and ventral margins gently curved. The surface of this bone is smooth but close to its ventral margin there is a narrow curved groove. Under that curved groove are several regularly spaced rugae running along the ventral edge of the bone. The second infraorbital is approximately trapezoidal in shape and is deeper than long, with its ventral margin longer than the dorsal margin. Regularly spaced rugae occur in continuation with those from the first infraorbital, but we cannot observe the continuation of the groove. The third rectangular infraorbital is the smallest bone of the circumorbital series. The three remaining infraorbitals are approximately square in shape, with their dorsal and ventral margins apparently curved. Their surfaces are smooth, but the dorsal-most infraorbital presents a ridge running along its dorsal margin that reaches the dermosphenotic. The shape of the dermosphenotic is approximately trapezoidal, with its anteroventral margin concave, following the rim of the orbit. Close to the anteroventral margin of the bone at least three nodes are present arranged in the continuation of the ridge on the posterior-most infraorbital, indicating the path of the infraorbital sensory canal and its connection with the otic sensory canal. Two supraorbitals are situated dorsal to the orbit. The anterior-most is the largest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269742/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[118,1488,159,1460]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[118,1488,1482,1526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
FIGURE 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[243,438,1482,1501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,438,1482,1501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Khoratichthys gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, gen. et sp. nov. Photographs of peels of the holotype, NRRU 6011-01, in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1129,1147,1482,1501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
|
||
, left and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1236,1251,1483,1502]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral views. Scale bars equal 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[143,1515,1199,1315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
FIGURE 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[268,462,1199,1218]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,462,1199,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Khoratichthys gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011-01.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[975,993,1199,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1038,1053,1199,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
|
||
, silicone peels of the left and right sides.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1446,1199,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1491,1509,1199,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
|
||
, interpretative line drawings of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[425,443,1223,1242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[487,645,1223,1242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">B. Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[654,674,1223,1242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">br</emphasis>
|
||
, branchiostegal rays;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[872,887,1223,1242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">cl</emphasis>
|
||
, cleithrum;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[996,1008,1223,1242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">d</emphasis>
|
||
, dentary;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1099,1131,1223,1242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">dsp</emphasis>
|
||
, dermosphenotic;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1300,1315,1223,1242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">fr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1398,1416,1223,1242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">io</emphasis>
|
||
, infraorbital bones;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[239,268,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">iop</emphasis>
|
||
, interopercle;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[404,456,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">mand</emphasis>
|
||
, mandible;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[566,605,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">mcn</emphasis>
|
||
, mandibular sensory canal;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[865,893,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[984,1007,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">op</emphasis>
|
||
, opercle;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1100,1122,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">pa</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1217,1245,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1343,1370,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">pcl</emphasis>
|
||
, postcleithrum;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[143,183,1271,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[304,339,1271,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, preopercle;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[461,480,1271,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[590,616,1271,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">ptt</emphasis>
|
||
, posttemporal;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[761,785,1271,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">scl</emphasis>
|
||
, supracleithrum;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[946,987,1271,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">socn</emphasis>
|
||
, supraorbital sensory canal;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1251,1283,1271,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">sop</emphasis>
|
||
, subopercle;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1426,1271,1290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">su</emphasis>
|
||
, supraorbital bones;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[254,286,1295,1314]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">suo</emphasis>
|
||
, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[143,814,1382,1962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">It is square and contacts the anterior-most infraorbital. The posterior one is approximately rectangular and deeper than long. It seems that both supraorbitals bear tiny tubercles restricted to their ventral edges and mostly visible on the anterior one. There are six suborbitals arranged in a single row. The surface of these bones lacks ornamentation. Their shapes are rectangular but they show variations; the anterior-most one is subrectangular, with its ventral margin forming a curved line, whereas the other margins are straight. The second suborbital is approximately rectangular, deeper than long, with its anterior margin longer than the posterior margin. The third suborbital is elongated, rectangular, with a gently concave dorsal border and a convex ventral border. The fourth and fifth suborbitals are quite similar in shape, i.e., subrectangular, with the dorsal border shorter than the ventral border and the ventral margins gently convex. The dorsal-most suborbital is approximately square and is the largest of the series.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[143,814,1382,1962]" lastBlockId="5.[845,1515,1382,1962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,217,1834,1855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Jaws</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[218,242,1834,1856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">—</emphasis>
|
||
The dentary is partially preserved. Only the anterior portion of the bone with a pack of teeth is visible (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[685,746,1860,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). The visible part shows parallel curved margins. The teeth on the dentary ossification are apparently arranged in four lines, with possibly the internal rows borne by the coronoid bone. Each tooth is composed of a cylindrical base, 1 mm high, and of a small bulbous tiny acrodine apex ca. 2 mm high. A bone of the upper jaw with seven teeth is visible on the counterpart of the silicone peel. This thin and elongate bone is possibly the maxilla. The dentigerous part is restricted to the anterior portion. An alternative interpretation of this ossification is that it corresponds to a compound structure including part of the pterygoid and palatine. The premaxillary ossification is relatively small, with its anterior rim rounded. Posteriorly, the narrow and elongate nasal process of the premaxilla seems to extend under the frontal. There are several teeth preserved on the premaxilla, but their exact number is unknown. The teeth are similar in shape, but slightly smaller, than the teeth borne on the dentary and maxilla. Based on the location of the lower and upper jaws, it seems that this fish had a wide gape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[845,1515,1382,1962]" lastBlockId="6.[118,788,160,1059]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,1047,1780,1802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Opercular Series</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1047,1071,1781,1803]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">—</emphasis>
|
||
The opercular series is complete, formed by the preopercle, opercle, subopercle, and interopercle (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[852,913,1834,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). The preopercle is a distinctly narrow and curved bone. The bone seems to have parallel lateral margins, except at the posteroventral corner, which shows a gently convex contour, making the mid-depth of the bone slightly broader. There is no tapering dorsally, and the ossification ends anteriorly as a blunt spine. A series of seven large pores located in the center of the bone represent the preopercular sensory canal. The opercle is approximately square in shape, about 1.2 times deeper than long (32 X 25 mm). Its anterior border is straight, as is the dorsal one, whereas the posterior border is gently convex. The external surface is smooth. Ventrally, the opercle fits with the dorsal margin of the subopercle. The subopercle is relatively shallow, with its maximum depth about 0.4 of the depth of the opercle. The anterior ascending process of the subopercle is relatively low; its height is less than half depth of the opercle. Posterior to the ascending process, the subopercle narrows posterodorsally, so that the dorsal border of the bone is concave whereas the ventral border is convex. Anteriorly, the subopercle articulates with the interopercle through a vertical contact. The interopercle is visible as a large triangular bone; its maximum depth and length are equal to those of the subopercle. Anteriorly, it extends up to the level of the anterior extremity of the preopercle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[118,788,160,1059]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,532,612,634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hyoid Arch and Branchiostegal Rays</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[532,556,612,634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">—</emphasis>
|
||
We cannot distinguish the ceratohyals. Similarly, the number of branchiostegal rays is difficult to establish, but at least two can be observed lying under the subopercle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[118,788,160,1059]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,309,718,740]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Pectoral Girdle</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,333,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">—</emphasis>
|
||
The posttemporal and the supracleithrum are visible on the counterpart from the internal side only (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[125,186,771,793]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D). The posttemporal appears as a deep, crescentshaped bone excavated anteriorly. The supracleithrum, only partially visible, shows a vertical groove situated close to the anterior margin of the bone, which likely corresponds to the path of the supratemporal sensory canal. The right cleithrum and the postcleithrum are visible, but the limits of the bones and especially the anterior portion of the cleithrum are not clearly seen. There are four postcleithra, all with a smooth surface. The anteroventral-most one is the smallest of the series (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[608,669,984,1006]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[118,788,160,1059]" lastBlockId="6.[819,1489,160,1059]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,400,1010,1032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Cephalic Sensory Canal</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[400,424,1010,1032]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">—</emphasis>
|
||
The supraorbital sensory canal is visible as a groove on the internal side of the frontal on the silicone copy of the left side (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1121,1182,160,182]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D). Because only the anterior trace of this groove is visible, it is uncertain if this canal runs through the parietal or the dermopterotic. Only the paths of the infraorbital sensory canal and of the preopercular sensory canal are visible on the right side of the specimen. There is no evidence of a sensory canal running within the supraorbital bones. The preopercular sensory canal is present as a series of large pores located in the center of the ossification (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1297,1358,346,368]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C). The mandibular sensory canal can be recognized as at least three pores arranged in one line close to the dorsal margin of the dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[912,973,426,448]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[819,1489,160,1059]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[843,981,452,474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Pectoral Fins</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1005,452,474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">—</emphasis>
|
||
The pectoral fin is slightly twisted anteriorly; it consists of at least three basal fulcra, the anterior one being possibly unpaired and two posterior ones being paired. Because sediment partially covers the pectoral fin, it is unclear if there are fringing fulcra. The visible five rays are very long, representing 5 2% of the head length (pectoral fin length = 5 0 mm, head length = 9 5 mm), and they appear to be unsegmented (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[829,889,638,660]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[143,232,1199,1219]" captionTargetBox="[151,1514,159,1174]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[144,1514,158,1177]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., skull of the holotype, NRRU 6011 - 01. A and B, silicone peels of the left and right sides. C and D, interpretative line drawings of A and B. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegal rays; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dsp, dermosphenotic; fr, frontal; io, infraorbital bones; iop, interopercle; mand, mandible; mcn, mandibular sensory canal; mx, maxilla; op, opercle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pcl, postcleithrum; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; pt, pterygoid; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; socn, supraorbital sensory canal; sop, subopercle; su, supraorbital bones; suo, suborbital. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269743/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[819,1489,160,1059]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[843,961,665,687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Pelvic Fins</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[961,985,665,687]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">—</emphasis>
|
||
The pelvic fins are poorly preserved. They are located at the level of the ninth and 10th transverse scale rows, halfway between the pectoral and anal fins. The pelvic fin originates at the level of the fourth vertical scale rows up from the ventral midline scales (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1055,1119,771,793]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[118,207,705,725]" captionTargetBox="[125,1483,162,674]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[118,1488,158,683]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Reconstruction of Khoratichthys, gibbus, gen. et sp. nov. Scale bar equals 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269746/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[819,1489,160,1059]" lastBlockId="7.[143,814,160,1351]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[843,996,797,819]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Unpaired Fins</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[996,1020,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">—</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsal and anal fins are almost complete. The dorsal fin inserts a little in front of the anal fins. It is composed of four basal fulcra, approximately five fringing fulcra, and nine rays (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1058,1118,877,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[118,207,1894,1914]" captionTargetBox="[137,1483,1123,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[118,1488,1123,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., holotype NRRU 6011 - 01. Interpretative line drawings of the dorsal fin in A, left and B, right lateral views. C, interpretative line drawing of the anal fin. Interpretative line drawings of the caudal fin in D, left and E, right lateral views. Abbreviations: b. fu, basal fulcra; fr. fu, fringing fulcra; p. b. fu, paired basal fulcra; sct, scute; u. b. fu, unpaired basal fulcra. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269744/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). The proximal unsegmented portion is long; it is nearly half the fin length of the anterior ray and gradually decreases posteriorly. The anterior first ray is unbranched, the second ray branches at least once, and the following rays branch twice, with four terminal branchlets showing fine segmentation. The length of the dorsal fin is nearly half the head length. Although we cannot see the tips of the rays, we assume that the distal margin of the fin was straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269744/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[137,1483,1123,1871]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[118,1489,1894,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
FIGURE 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[243,437,1894,1913]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,437,1894,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Khoratichthys gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, gen. et sp. nov., holotype NRRU 6011-01. Interpretative line drawings of the dorsal fin in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1277,1295,1894,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
|
||
, left and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1382,1397,1894,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">B</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[221,236,1918,1937]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">C</emphasis>
|
||
, interpretative line drawing of the anal fin. Interpretative line drawings of the caudal fin in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1085,1103,1918,1937]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
, left and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1191,1206,1918,1937]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,209,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">b.fu</emphasis>
|
||
, basal fulcra;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[334,373,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">fr.fu</emphasis>
|
||
, fringing fulcra;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[524,577,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">p.b.fu</emphasis>
|
||
, paired basal fulcra;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[767,792,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">sct</emphasis>
|
||
, scute;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[859,912,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">u.b.fu</emphasis>
|
||
, unpaired basal fulcra. Scale bars equal 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[143,814,160,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The anal fin originates right behind the level of the 20th transverse scale rows. It is slightly smaller than the dorsal fin, comprising three basal fulcra, at least three stout fringing fulcra, and approximately 11 fin rays (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[425,488,293,315]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[118,207,1894,1914]" captionTargetBox="[137,1483,1123,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[118,1488,1123,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., holotype NRRU 6011 - 01. Interpretative line drawings of the dorsal fin in A, left and B, right lateral views. C, interpretative line drawing of the anal fin. Interpretative line drawings of the caudal fin in D, left and E, right lateral views. Abbreviations: b. fu, basal fulcra; fr. fu, fringing fulcra; p. b. fu, paired basal fulcra; sct, scute; u. b. fu, unpaired basal fulcra. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269744/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The proximal unsegmented portion represents one-third of the length of the rays and progressively decreases in size posteriorly. There are two large preanal scutes, which are about twice as large as the adjacent scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[143,814,160,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The caudal fin is also relatively complete (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[616,679,399,421]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[118,207,1894,1914]" captionTargetBox="[137,1483,1123,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[118,1488,1123,1872]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., holotype NRRU 6011 - 01. Interpretative line drawings of the dorsal fin in A, left and B, right lateral views. C, interpretative line drawing of the anal fin. Interpretative line drawings of the caudal fin in D, left and E, right lateral views. Abbreviations: b. fu, basal fulcra; fr. fu, fringing fulcra; p. b. fu, paired basal fulcra; sct, scute; u. b. fu, unpaired basal fulcra. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269744/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E). There are 18 rays; eight in the ventral lobe and 10 in the dorsal lobe. The dorsal lobe is preceded by five scutes covering the body lobe of the tail, followed by two thin and elongate basal fulcra (the anterior one is unpaired), and possibly six pairs of very thin fringing fulcra lying on the dorsal marginal ray. The caudal fin rays are intensively branched, with the exception of the two marginal rays. The proximal unsegmented portion is short. Ventrally, the caudal fin is preceded by one short unpaired basal fulcrum, three paired basal fulcra, and at least four thin and small fringing fulcra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[143,814,160,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,292,691,713]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Squamation</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[292,316,691,713]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">—</emphasis>
|
||
The body is covered with rhomboid scales, which have smooth surfaces and smooth borders. The anterior margin of each abdominal scale presents a ‘double-peg’ articulation (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[199,260,771,793]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[143,232,1894,1914]" captionTargetBox="[145,1508,1528,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[144,1514,1528,1872]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., holotype NRRU 6011 - 01. A, photographs of the dorsal part of the trunk in silicone peel. B, interpretative line drawing of A. Abbreviations: a. d. pr, anterior dorsal process of scale; cl, cleithrum; df, dorsal fin; d. p, dorsal peg; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; sn, supraneural. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269745/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B), with the anterior dorsal process more protruding than the anterior ventral process (visible on the postcranial region of the counterpart). In addition, there is a small process protruding from the dorsal border of the scale, which fits in a conical socket excavated in the ventral median border of the scale lying above. This arrangement indicates the presence of a vertical peg and socket articulation (visible nearly in the center of the trunk of the right side). There are 36 transverse scale rows carrying the lateral line. There are 23 vertical rows of scales dorsoventrally and 14 inverted row scales forming the body lobe of the tail. As usual in ginglymodians, the shape of the scales varies in different parts of the body, from rectangular, somewhat deeper than long in the anterior and central region of the flank, to rhomboidal in the caudal peduncle. The dorsal ridged scales are conspicuous, very large, and bear a stout posterior spine inclined posteriorly. There are approximately 18 dorsal ridged scales. Ventrally, scales from the median midline also bear a short posterior spine directed backward. The lateral line scales are characterized by a small pore on their surface. There are two stout bones exposed just behind the cranium. These two bones are referred to supraneural ossifications (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[567,628,1302,1324]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[143,232,1894,1914]" captionTargetBox="[145,1508,1528,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[144,1514,1528,1872]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Khoratichthys gibbus, gen. et sp. nov., holotype NRRU 6011 - 01. A, photographs of the dorsal part of the trunk in silicone peel. B, interpretative line drawing of A. Abbreviations: a. d. pr, anterior dorsal process of scale; cl, cleithrum; df, dorsal fin; d. p, dorsal peg; ptt, posttemporal; scl, supracleithrum; sn, supraneural. Scale bars equal 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269745/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). No ossified vertebral centra are visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[143,813,1399,1487]" box="[401,555,1399,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading allCaps="true" box="[401,555,1399,1421]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" reason="4">DISCUSSION</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[143,813,1399,1487]" lastBlockId="7.[845,1515,160,1484]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The specimen from Wang Nam Khieo shows a combination of characters, listed in its diagnosis above, that justifies its inclusion in a new genus and species,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1133,1347,160,182]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1133,1347,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Khoratichthys gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It can be confidently included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1077,1198,187,209]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the occurrence of one synapomorphy, ‘one infraorbital anterior to the circumorbital ring (not including the antorbital),’ and of a combination of homoplasies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lopez-Arbarello" box="[987,1225,266,288]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refString="Lopez-Arbarello, A. 2012. Phylogenetic interrelationships of ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE 7: e 39370." type="journal article" year="2012">López-Arbarello, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deesri" box="[1238,1434,266,288]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refString="Cavin, L., U. Deesri, and V. Suteethorn. 2014. Ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from Thailand: an overview. Journal of Science and Technology Mahasarakham University 33: 348 - 356." type="journal article" year="2014">Deesri et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other ginglymodians have a humpbacked profile reminiscent of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Khoratichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the Triassic
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Xu & Wu, 2012" authorityName="Xu & Wu" authorityYear="2012" box="[1158,1382,319,341]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Kyphosichthyidae" genus="Kyphosichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1158,1382,319,341]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Kyphosichthys grandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from China (Xu and Wu, 2012) and the Triassic
|
||
<emphasis box="[1248,1515,346,368]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Lophionotus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1389,1515,347,368]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Lepidotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanjuanensis">sanjuanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from the United States (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gibson" box="[1117,1277,372,394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refString="Gibson, S. Z. 2013 b. Biodiversity and evolutionary history of Lophionotus (Neopterygii: Semionotiformes) from the western United States. Copeia 2013: 582 - 603." type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">Gibson, 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1411,1514,372,394]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1411,1514,372,394]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">K. gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Xu & Wu, 2012" authorityName="Xu & Wu" authorityYear="2012" box="[1066,1169,399,421]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Kyphosichthyidae" genus="Kyphosichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1066,1169,399,421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">K. grandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the cheekbone pattern, the ornamentation of the dermal bone, and the morphology of the scales, among other characters.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1176,1392,452,474]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1176,1392,452,474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Khoratichthys gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[901,1057,480,501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Lepidotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanjuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[901,1057,480,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">L. sanjuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the number and arrangement of suborbitals and infraorbitals, and by the presence of an elongated posterior spine on the dorsal ridge scales, among other characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[845,1515,160,1484]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,1057,558,580]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Cladistic Analysis</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1057,1081,559,581]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">—</emphasis>
|
||
In order to assess the phylogenetic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[930,1153,585,607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[930,1153,585,607]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Khoratichthys gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1291,1417,585,607]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we performed a cladistic analysis of a set of ginglymodian taxa. Our aim here is not to address the ‘gar-
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1232,1289,638,660]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Amiidae" genus="Amia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1232,1289,638,660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Amia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-teleost’ problem (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grande" box="[845,996,665,687]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refString="Grande, L. 2010. An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. The resurrection of Holostei. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Special Publication 6: 1 - 871; supplementary issue of Copeia 10 (2 A)." type="journal article" year="2010">Grande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for discussion); consequently, we considered
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[845,963,691,713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Amiidae" genus="Amia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calva">
|
||
<emphasis box="[845,963,691,713]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Amia calva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an outgroup for the analysis, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polypteridae" genus="Polypterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polypteriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Polypterus ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1048,1324,718,740]" genus="Leptolepis" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="coryphaenoides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1048,1324,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Leptolepis coryphaenoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because speciesrank taxonomic issues are still pending for several ginglymodian taxa, we restricted the analysis to the type species of 25 genera. We added
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cavin & Suteethorn, 2006" authorityName="Cavin & Suteethorn" authorityYear="2006" box="[956,1166,798,820]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteiformes incertae sedis" genus="Isanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lertboosi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[956,1166,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Isanichthys lertboosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(alongside the type species
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cavin & Suteethorn, 2006" authorityName="Cavin & Suteethorn" authorityYear="2006" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteiformes incertae sedis" genus="Isanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palustris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">I. palustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) because we also address here the taxic diversity of ginglymodians in the Phu Kradung Formation at the species level. The characters used in the analysis form a new set of 103 characters built on a critical combination of the characters defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cavin, L." journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1035 - 1040" part="97" refString="Cavin, L. 2010. Diversity of Mesozoic semionotiform fishes and the origin of gars (Lepisosteidae). Naturwissenschaften 97: 1035 - 1040." title="Diversity of Mesozoic semionotiform fishes and the origin of gars (Lepisosteidae)" type="journal article" year="2010">Cavin (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grande" box="[923,1076,930,952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refString="Grande, L. 2010. An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. The resurrection of Holostei. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Special Publication 6: 1 - 871; supplementary issue of Copeia 10 (2 A)." type="journal article" year="2010">Grande (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lopez-Arbarello" box="[1085,1334,930,952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refString="Lopez-Arbarello, A. 2012. Phylogenetic interrelationships of ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE 7: e 39370." type="journal article" year="2012">López-Arbarello (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refString="Cavin, L., U. Deesri, and V. Suteethorn. 2014. Ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from Thailand: an overview. Journal of Science and Technology Mahasarakham University 33: 348 - 356." type="journal article">Deesri et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The character definitions, associated with discussion for some of them, are available in Supplementary Data 1, and the data matrix is available in Supplementary Data 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[845,1515,160,1484]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The parsimony analysis was run in PAUP* 4.0b10 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Swofford" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refString="Swofford, D. L. 2001. PAUP *: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* And other methods), version 4.0 b 6. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts." type="book chapter" year="2001">Swofford, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A heuristic search (using random addition sequence, 10,000 replications, one tree held at each iteration, and tree bisection and reconnection branch swapping) was carried out.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[845,933,1143,1165]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[118,207,1918,1938]" captionTargetBox="[132,1474,1368,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[132,1474,1368,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calibrated phylogeny of ginglymodian fishes. Bremer support greater than 1 is indicated in brackets before the slash, and bootstrap values greater than 50 after the slash. Taxa in bold are those found in the Phu Kradung Formation, Thailand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269747/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
shows the strict consensus tree of the five most parsimonious trees produced (92 characters informative; 352 steps; consistency index = 0.4063; retention index = 0.6151). The list of character changes for one of the most parsimonious trees is available in Supplementary Data 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[845,1515,160,1484]" lastBlockId="9.[143,814,160,1218]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In the consensus tree,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1115,1238,1276,1298]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a well-supported node (Bremer index [BI] of 2 and bootstrap support [BS] of 58) with 12 character changes, five of them uniquely derived: the junction of supraorbital canal with infraorbital canal not in the frontal (char. 18) (but this character is coded for 35% of the ingroup taxa only), the absence of the Mentomeckelian bone (char. 72), the absence of gular bone (char. 75), the presence of a medial wing on cleithrum (char. 86), and the presence of fringing fulcra (char. 94, state 1). Only two of these characters (char. 75 and 94) are unambiguous with the ACCTRAN optimization. A premaxilla immovably attached to the braincase by means of a long nasal process tightly sutured to the frontals (char. 1) also supports the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[220,343,930,952]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
node, but this character is also present in the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[156,213,957,979]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Amiidae" genus="Amia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[156,213,957,979]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Amia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
branch, a clade used as an outgroup here. The main differences between our topology and those of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lopez-Arbarello" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refString="Lopez-Arbarello, A. 2012. Phylogenetic interrelationships of ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE 7: e 39370." type="journal article" year="2012">López-Arbarello (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gibson" box="[236,398,1010,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refString="Gibson, S. Z. 2013 b. Biodiversity and evolutionary history of Lophionotus (Neopterygii: Semionotiformes) from the western United States. Copeia 2013: 582 - 603." type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">Gibson (2013b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are: (1) the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[528,706,1010,1032]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semionotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Semionotiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not monophyletic, (2) the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[354,513,1037,1059]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macrosemiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not nested within the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[118,296,1063,1085]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semionotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Semionotiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are the sister group of all other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and (3) the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[325,509,1090,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callipurbeckiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semionotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Callipurbeckiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are monophyletic in our analysis, as in the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lopez-Arbarello" box="[316,566,1116,1138]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refString="Lopez-Arbarello, A. 2012. Phylogenetic interrelationships of ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE 7: e 39370." type="journal article" year="2012">López-Arbarello (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gibson" box="[623,787,1116,1138]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refString="Gibson, S. Z. 2013 b. Biodiversity and evolutionary history of Lophionotus (Neopterygii: Semionotiformes) from the western United States. Copeia 2013: 582 - 603." type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">Gibson (2013b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
analyses, but this family also includes
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[540,723,1143,1165]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Sangiorgioichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[540,723,1143,1165]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Sangiorgioichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
here, whereas the latter is resolved in a more basal position in López- Arbarello’s study (2012). The unique derived unambiguous character that supports the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[360,544,1223,1245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callipurbeckiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semionotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Callipurbeckiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is ‘two suborbitals, the ventral one much larger than the dorsal one’ (char. 42, state 4). Most of the other characters are homoplastic and not in common with López-Arbarello’s study (2012), because of different definitions of characters and/or differences in the optimization. The only exception is the occurrence of a moderately tritorial dentition (char. 56), which is homoplastic but common to both studies. The sister group of the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1061,1245,930,952]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callipurbeckiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semionotiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Callipurbeckiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in our tree comprises a polytomy including
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1060,1298,957,979]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">Khoratichthys gibbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lophionotus" authorityName="Lophionotus" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Neosemionotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neosemionotus, Lophionotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and all the more derived
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1244,1370,984,1006]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This wellsupported node (BI of 2) is defined by several homoplasies and two uniquely derived apomorphies: quadrate/metapterygoid contact or close association (char. 47) and symplectic/quadrate articulation (char. 54), but none of these are coded in
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">Khoratichthys gibbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[949,1107,1117,1138]" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Neosemionotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neosemionotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1166,1298,1116,1138]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Lophionotus</emphasis>
|
||
and consequently both are ambiguous. The fourth clade of the polytomy, comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[859,1020,1169,1191]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Lepidotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,1020,1169,1191]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Lepidotes gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the more derived
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1264,1390,1169,1191]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is rather well supported (BI of 2), although all the six character changes supporting the node are homoplastic. The sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1408,1489,1223,1245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Lepidotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1408,1489,1223,1245]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">L. gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises a trichotomy with both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cavin & Suteethorn, 2006" authorityName="Cavin & Suteethorn" authorityYear="2006" box="[1287,1402,1249,1271]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteiformes incertae sedis" genus="Isanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1287,1402,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Isanichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the more derived
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[967,1093,1276,1298]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The coding of characters for the two
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cavin & Suteethorn, 2006" authorityName="Cavin & Suteethorn" authorityYear="2006" box="[143,258,160,182]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteiformes incertae sedis" genus="Isanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[143,258,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Isanichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species differs for six characters only, two dealing with head proportions (char. 8 and 13), two with mandibular (char. 64) and body (char. 89) proportions, one with the infraorbital pattern (char. 32), and one with the occurrence versus absence of teeth (char. 61).
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[441,646,266,288]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" refString="Cavin, L., U. Deesri, and V. Suteethorn. 2014. Ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from Thailand: an overview. Journal of Science and Technology Mahasarakham University 33: 348 - 356." type="journal article">Deesri et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a discussion of the polymorphism observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cavin & Suteethorn, 2006" authorityName="Cavin & Suteethorn" authorityYear="2006" box="[581,693,293,315]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteiformes incertae sedis" genus="Isanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lertboosi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,693,293,315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">I. lertboosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its differences with
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cavin & Suteethorn, 2006" authorityName="Cavin & Suteethorn" authorityYear="2006" box="[289,398,319,341]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteiformes incertae sedis" genus="Isanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palustris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[289,398,319,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">I. palustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Further studies based on new material referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cavin & Suteethorn, 2006" authorityName="Cavin & Suteethorn" authorityYear="2006" box="[271,386,346,368]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteiformes incertae sedis" genus="Isanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[271,386,346,368]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Isanichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are necessary for providing a better definition of this genus and its species content. The phylogenetic relationships of the more derived ginglymodians are as follows:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="López-Arbarello, 2012" authorityName="López-Arbarello" authorityYear="2012" box="[143,249,426,448]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepidotidae" genus="Scheenstia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[143,249,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Scheenstia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[272,391,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Thaiichthys</emphasis>
|
||
((
|
||
<emphasis box="[422,698,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="da Silva Santos, 1990" authorityName="da Silva Santos" authorityYear="1990" box="[422,592,426,448]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Araripelepidotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Araripelepidotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[605,698,426,448]" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Pliodetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pliodetes</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Obaichthyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Obaichthyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[227,375,452,474]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lepisosteidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
))). This pattern is similar to the one found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[174,384,479,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" refString="Cavin, L., U. Deesri, and V. Suteethorn. 2014. Ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from Thailand: an overview. Journal of Science and Technology Mahasarakham University 33: 348 - 356." type="journal article">Deesri et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, except that in the latter
|
||
<emphasis box="[667,786,479,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Thaiichthys</emphasis>
|
||
is resolved as the sister group of (
|
||
<emphasis box="[465,734,505,527]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="da Silva Santos, 1990" authorityName="da Silva Santos" authorityYear="1990" box="[465,635,505,527]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Araripelepidotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Araripelepidotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[641,734,505,527]" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Pliodetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pliodetes</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269745/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[145,1508,1528,1871]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[143,1515,1894,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
FIGURE 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[268,462,1894,1913]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,462,1894,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Khoratichthys gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, gen. et sp. nov., holotype NRRU 6011-01.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[862,880,1894,1913]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
|
||
, photographs of the dorsal part of the trunk in silicone peel.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1438,1453,1894,1913]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
|
||
, interpretative line drawing of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[378,396,1918,1937]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[407,539,1918,1937]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[550,603,1918,1937]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">a.d.pr</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior dorsal process of scale;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[913,928,1918,1937]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">cl</emphasis>
|
||
, cleithrum;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1039,1058,1918,1937]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">df</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal fin;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1167,1196,1918,1937]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">d.p</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal peg;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1314,1340,1918,1937]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">ptt</emphasis>
|
||
, posttemporal;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1485,1509,1918,1937]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">scl</emphasis>
|
||
, supracleithrum;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[293,313,1942,1961]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">sn</emphasis>
|
||
, supraneural. Scale bars equal 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption box="[118,966,705,725]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269746/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[125,1483,162,674]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[118,966,705,725]" box="[118,966,705,725]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
FIGURE 6. Reconstruction of
|
||
<emphasis box="[412,611,705,724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[412,543,705,724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Khoratichthys</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[551,611,705,724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">gibbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, gen. et sp. nov. Scale bar equals 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269747/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[132,1474,1368,1895]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[118,1488,1918,1962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 7. Calibrated phylogeny of ginglymodian fishes. Bremer support greater than 1 is indicated in brackets before the slash, and bootstrap values greater than 50 after the slash. Taxa in bold are those found in the Phu Kradung Formation, Thailand.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[143,814,160,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,278,532,553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Taxonomy</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[279,303,532,554]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">—</emphasis>
|
||
Because
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lopez-Arbarello" box="[401,654,532,554]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" refString="Lopez-Arbarello, A. 2012. Phylogenetic interrelationships of ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE 7: e 39370." type="journal article" year="2012">López-Arbarello (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
not only provided stem-based definitions of the clades but also provided character-based diagnoses, we have difficulties to name some of the clades in our phylogeny. This is especially true for the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[143,324,638,660]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lepisosteiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thanks to the stem-based definition,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lepisosteiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the clade including all taxa more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[143,262,692,713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Lepisosteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[143,262,692,713]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Lepisosteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Macrosemius, Dapedium" authorityName="Macrosemius, Dapedium" box="[369,772,691,713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Semionotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[369,772,691,713]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Semionotus, Macrosemius, Dapedium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[143,200,718,740]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Amiidae" genus="Amia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[143,200,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Amia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In our cladogram, this definition implies that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lepisosteiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
gathers all taxa more derived than
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[585,704,744,766]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Semionotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[585,704,744,766]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Semionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[184,371,771,793]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callipurbeckiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semionotiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Callipurbeckiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on this definition, the composition of the lepisosteiforms is very different from López-Arbarello’s original definition of the clade. If we use López-Arbarello’s character-based diagnoses by mapping her diagnostic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[143,320,877,899]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lepisosteiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
on our cladogram, seven characters are spread between the node supporting the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[511,695,904,926]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callipurbeckiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semionotiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Callipurbeckiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus more derived
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[232,355,930,952]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the node supporting
|
||
<emphasis box="[641,760,930,952]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Thaiichthys</emphasis>
|
||
plus more derived
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[288,414,957,979]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Ginglymodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The spread of these characters makes a diagnostic-based definition difficult. As a consequence, with the will to keep a conservative definition of the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[635,812,1010,1032]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lepisosteiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e., without the inclusion of the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[485,674,1037,1059]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Callipurbeckiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semionotiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Callipurbeckiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), we use here a stem-based definition but amend it as follows:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[635,812,1063,1085]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lepisosteiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the clade including all taxa more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[694,813,1091,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lepisosteidae" genus="Lepisosteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,813,1091,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Lepisosteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Callipurbeckia, Macrosemius, Dapedium" authorityName="Callipurbeckia, Macrosemius, Dapedium" box="[224,778,1116,1138]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Semionotidae" genus="Semionotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[224,778,1116,1138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Semionotus, Callipurbeckia, Macrosemius, Dapedium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[143,200,1143,1165]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Amiidae" genus="Amia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[143,200,1143,1165]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Amia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on this definition,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[475,695,1143,1165]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Macrosemiidae" genus="Khoratichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[475,695,1143,1165]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Khoratichthys gibbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is amongst the basal-most
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[308,488,1169,1191]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepisosteiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lepisosteiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[655,813,1170,1191]" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Neosemionotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ginglymodi" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[655,813,1170,1191]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Neosemionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[188,320,1196,1218]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Lophionotus</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |