204 lines
22 KiB
XML
204 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4753" ID-PMC="PMC3804768" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-332-95" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9C1CE036FFBF8D66FF024F74FFB0FFCC" ID-PubMed="24163583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="577540" ModsDocID="1313-2970-332-95" checkinTime="1451246929074" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barney, Robert J., LeSage, Laurent & Savard, Karine" docDate="2013" docId="B3636EC0482A7BFF2C95B17F1E111E85" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 332: 95-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 332" docPubDate="2013-09-19" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4753" docTitle="Pachybrachis bivittatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="9C1CE036FFBF8D66FF024F74FFB0FFCC" lastPageNumber="114" masterDocId="9C1CE036FFBF8D66FF024F74FFB0FFCC" masterDocTitle="Pachybrachis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae) of Eastern Canada" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="95" pageNumber="113" updateTime="1668156466159" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Pachybrachis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae) of Eastern Canada</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barney, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Gus R. Douglass Land-Grant Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, West Virginia, United States 25112 - 1000</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rbarney@wvstateu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>LeSage, Laurent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Savard, Karine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-09-19</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>332</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>95</mods:start>
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<mods:end>175</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4753</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4753</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-332-95</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">9C1CE036FFBF8D66FF024F74FFB0FFCC</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">577540</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152047703" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B3636EC0482A7BFF2C95B17F1E111E85" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B3636EC0482A7BFF2C95B17F1E111E85" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName LSID="B3636EC0-482A-7BFF-2C95-B17F1E111E85" authority="(Say, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachybrachis bivittatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">Pachybrachis bivittatus (Say, 1824)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 2" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Habitus 2. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis bivittatus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20906" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Habitus 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Map 2" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Map 2. The known distribution of Pachybrachis bivittatus in eastern Canada. OR - Ottawa River; SLR - St. Lawrence River; SR - Saguenay River." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20930" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">; Map 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pronotum: a reddish, with close-up of marginal bead, Pachybrachis bivittatus b mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius c with black M-mark, Pachybrachis m-nigrum d almost black, Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20863" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">; Figures 6a</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">, 7e</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pygidium: a largely yellow, Pachybrachis bivittatus b with well-defined yellow spots, Pachybrachis cephalicus c with faint reddish spots, Pachybrachis spumarius d black, Pachybrachis atomarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20866" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">, 8a</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sexes: a male abdomen, ventral view, Pachybrachis bivittatus b female abdomen, ventral view, Pachybrachis bivittatus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20867" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">, 9a, 9b</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">Cryptocephalus bivittatus</taxonomicName>
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Say, 1824: 440.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albescens">Pachybrachys albescens</taxonomicName>
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Suffrian, 1858: 404.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" type="recognition">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Recognition.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
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Body very large, primarily yellow (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 2" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Habitus 2. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis bivittatus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20906" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Habitus 2</figureCitation>
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); prothorax suffused with rufous; elytral punctation confused, with somewhat apparent rows on disc; elytral color pattern bivittate, with outer vitta rarely entire (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Figure 7e</figureCitation>
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); pygidium yellow (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pygidium: a largely yellow, Pachybrachis bivittatus b with well-defined yellow spots, Pachybrachis cephalicus c with faint reddish spots, Pachybrachis spumarius d black, Pachybrachis atomarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20866" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
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Figure
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<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="114" start="start">8</pageBreakToken>
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a
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</figureCitation>
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); male size large: length 3.12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.16 mm, width 1.64
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.05 mm. These characters allow identification of even singleton females.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="114" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a transcontinental species found across Canada and the United States (
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<bibRefCitation author="LeSage, L" editor="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Ottawa" pageId="49" pageNumber="144" pagination="301 - 323" refId="B130" refString="LeSage, L, 1991. Family Chrysomelidae leaf beetles. In: Bousquet, Y, Ed., Checklist of beetles of Canada and Alaska. Ottawa: 301 - 323" title="Family Chrysomelidae leaf beetles." volumeTitle="Checklist of beetles of Canada and Alaska." year="1991">LeSage 1991</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Riley, EG" journalOrPublisher="Coleopterists Society" pageId="51" pageNumber="146" refId="B167" refString="Riley, EG, Clark, SM, Seeno, TN, 2003. Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae). Coleopterists Society 1, 290 pp." title="Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae)." volume="1" year="2003">Riley et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). In Ontario, it is most common in the southernmost counties. In
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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, it occurs in the Ottawa Valley and in the St. Lawrence Lowlands. The Saguenay Region is probably its northernmost limit (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Map 2" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Map 2. The known distribution of Pachybrachis bivittatus in eastern Canada. OR - Ottawa River; SLR - St. Lawrence River; SR - Saguenay River." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20930" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Map 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="114" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">ONTARIO: Carleton Co., Constance Bay, 26.VI.1995, B. F. & J. L. Carr [1♀, CNC]; Elgin Co., New Sarum, 16.VI.1956, W. J. Brown [5♂ 5♀, CNC]; Essex Co., Amherstburg, 6.VI.1936, G. M. Stirrett [2♀, CNC]; Belle River, 26.V.1946, S. D. Hicks [1♂, CNC]; Kingsville, 23.V.1962, Kelyone & Thorpe [1♀, CNC]; same data, except 19.VI.1954, G. B. Wiggins [1♀, ROM]; Pelee Island, 24-27.VI.1935, R. C. Osburn [1♂ 1♀, OSUC]; same data, except 4.VII.1940, W. J. Brown [2♀, CNC]; Point Pelee, 29.VI.1931, W. J. Brown [4♂ 7♀, CNC]; same data, except 1.VI.1933, G. M. Stirrett [3♂, CNC]; same data, except 29.V.1955, S. D. Hicks [3♂ 4♀, CNC]; same data, except 28.VI.1961, Kelton & Brumpton [2♂ 1♀, CNC]; Haldimand Co., Dunnville, 7.VII.1961, W. & W. Plath [1♂, USNM]; same data, except 7.VIII.1961, W. Plath [1♂, USNM]; Kent Co., Thamesville, 15.VI.1930, G. M. Stirrett [1♀, CNC]; Rondeau Park, 5.VI.1985, J. M. Campbell & A. Davies [1♀, CNC]; Lambton Co., Grand Bend, 17.VI.1956, W. J. Brown [1♂ 4♀, CNC]; Lincoln Co., Beamsville, 19.VII.1939, S. D. Hicks [3♂ 3♀, CNC].</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="QUÉBEC">QUEBEC</normalizedToken>
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: Argenteuil Co., Carillon, 24.V.1974, E. J. Kiteley [2♂ 1♀, CNC]; Deux-Montagnes Co., La Trappe, 5.VIII.1932, J. Ouellet [1♂, CEUM];
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Île-de-Montréal">Ile-de-Montreal</normalizedToken>
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Co.,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Montréal">Montreal</normalizedToken>
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, F. Knab [1♂, USNM]; same data, except 31.V.1941 [1♀, CEUM]; same data, except 15.VI.1961, M. Larochelle [1♂, CEUM]; same data, except 3-14.VII.1969, E. J. Kiteley [4♂ 6♀, CNC]; same data, except 17.VI, J. Ouellet [1♀, USNM]; Nicolet Co.,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bécancour">Becancour</normalizedToken>
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, 24.VI.1967, J. L.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Laliberté">Laliberte</normalizedToken>
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[1♂, IDM]; Portneuf Co., Neuville, 9.VII.1939, J. Filteau [1♂ 1♀, CEUM]; Sainte-Catherine, 17.VI.1953, J. C.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Aubé">Aube</normalizedToken>
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[1♂ 7♀, LEM]; same data, except 8.VII.1956 [2♀, LEM];
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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Co., Sainte-Foy, 17.VI.1933, V. Boulet [1♀, CEUM]; Cap-Rouge, 27.VI.1956, J. L.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Laliberté">Laliberte</normalizedToken>
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[2♂ 2♀, IDM]; Saguenay Co.,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rivière">Riviere</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Deschênes">Deschenes</normalizedToken>
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, 22.VI.1966, A. Franeslier [1♀, CEUM]; Saint-Jean Co., Cantic, 25.VI.1983, on
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Anderss" authorityYear="1858" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amygdaloides">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Salix amygdaloides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Andersson, A. Larochelle [1♂ 3♀, CNC]; Saint- Maurice Co., Pointe-du-Lac, 3.VII.1937 [1♀, CEUM]; Vaudreuil Co., Rigaud, 12.VII.1908, J. Ouellet [1♂, CEUM].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="114" type="host plants">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Host plants.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is typically associated with willows (
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<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Salix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.,
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<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Salicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pinales" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fall, HC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="46" pageNumber="141" pagination="291 - 486" refId="B76" refString="Fall, HC, 1915. A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 41: 291 - 486" title="A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys." volume="41" year="1915">Fall 1915</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Barney, RJ" journalOrPublisher="The Great Lakes Entomologist" pageId="43" pageNumber="138" pagination="137 - 144" refId="B9" refString="Barney, RJ, 1984. Records of Pachybrachis in Illinois (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 17 (3): 137 - 144" title="Records of Pachybrachis in Illinois (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." volume="17" year="1984">Barney 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Downie, NM" journalOrPublisher="Polyphaga: Series Bostriciformia through Curculionidea." pageId="46" pageNumber="141" refId="B64" refString="Downie, NM, Arnett, RH, 1996. The Beetles of Northeastern North America. Polyphaga: Series Bostriciformia through Curculionidea. II, 831 pp." title="The Beetles of Northeastern North America." volume="II" year="1996">Downie and Arnett 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, SM" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Publications of the West Virginia Department of Agriculture" pageId="45" pageNumber="140" refId="B44" refString="Clark, SM, LeDoux, DG, Seeno, TN, Riley, EG, Gilbert, AJ, Sullivan, JM, 2004. Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada. In: The Coleopterists Society, Special Publication No. 2., 476 pp." title="Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada." volumeTitle="The Coleopterists Society, Special Publication No. 2." year="2004">Clark et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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for literature review). In Canada,
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<bibRefCitation author="MacNay, CG" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Insect Pest Review" pageId="49" pageNumber="144" pagination="158 - 188" refId="B131" refString="MacNay, CG, 1958. General-feeding and miscellaneous insects. The Canadian Insect Pest Review 36: 158 - 188" title="General-feeding and miscellaneous insects." volume="36" year="1958">MacNay (1958)</bibRefCitation>
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reported a light infestation of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the foliage of willow along the river banks north of Coaldale, in Alberta. In eastern Canada, LeSage (personal observations) observed it on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bebb’s">Bebb's</normalizedToken>
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willow (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sarg" authorityYear="1895" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bebbiana">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Salix bebbiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Sarg.), sand-bar willow (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rowlee" authorityYear="1900" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="interior">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Salix interior</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Rowlee), and stalked willow (
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<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petiolaris">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Salix petiolaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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J.E. Smith). Larochelle (see above) collected it on the peach-leaved willow (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anderss" authorityYear="1858" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amygdaloides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Salix amygdaloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Andersson). The larvae feed in the litter, on willow leaves, but only when they are decayed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LeSage, L" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="49" pageNumber="144" pagination="203 - 220" publicationUrl="10.4039/Ent117203-2" refId="B129" refString="LeSage, L, 1985. The eggs and larvae of Pachybrachis peccans and P. bivittatus, with a key to the known immature stages of the nearctic genera of Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Canadian Entomologist 117: 203 - 220, 10.4039/Ent117203-2" title="The eggs and larvae of Pachybrachis peccans and P. bivittatus, with a key to the known immature stages of the nearctic genera of Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." url="10.4039/Ent117203-2" volume="117" year="1985">LeSage 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="114" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="114">
|
||
With its large size, bivittate elytra, and close association with willows,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="114">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the easiest species to identify.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |