230 lines
23 KiB
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230 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804" ID-PMC="PMC8971126" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e80804" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" ID-PubMed="35437395" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e80804" checkinTime="1648143502398" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sennikov, Alexander & Lazkov, Georgy" docDate="2022" docId="8A8F7537B0AD5DC59DD623D1F7DEF7A2" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e80804" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804" docTitle="Hyoscyamus niger L. 1753" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" lastPageNumber="80804" masterDocId="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" masterDocTitle="The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2" masterLastPageNumber="80804" masterPageNumber="80804" pageNumber="80804" updateTime="1668122133334" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sennikov, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-7657</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lazkov, Georgy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>80804</mods:start>
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<mods:end>80804</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e80804</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A8F7537B0AD5DC59DD623D1F7DEF7A2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A8F7537B0AD5DC59DD623D1F7DEF7A2" lastPageNumber="80804" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName LSID="8A8F7537-B0AD-5DC5-9DD6-23D1F7DEF7A2" authority="L. 1753" authorityName="L." authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Hyoscyamus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hyoscyamus niger" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niger">Hyoscyamus niger L. 1753</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Hyoscyamus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hyoscyamus niger" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niger">Hyoscyamus niger</taxonomicName>
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L., Sp. Pl. 1: 179 (1753).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="native distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Native distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Mediterranean, Western Asia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Meusel, H." journalOrPublisher="Vergleichende Chorologie der Zentraleuropaeischen Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7604138" refString="Meusel, H., Jaeger, E., 1965. . Vergleichende Chorologie der Zentraleuropaeischen Flora Vol.1" volume="Vol. 1" year="1965">
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Meusel and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jäger">Jaeger</normalizedToken>
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1965
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="secondary distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Secondary distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Archaeophyte in Temperate and Northern Europe and Temperate Asia, neophyte in Australia and North America.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution in central asia">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution in Central Asia</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species occurs in all the countries of Central Asia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454329" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1987. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1987">Kovalevskaya 1987</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution in kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution in Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Western Tian-Shan, Northern Tian-Shan, Eastern Tian-Shan, Alay-Turkestan (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F7608283" captionText="Figure 13. Recorded distribution of Hyoscyamus niger in Kyrgyzstan." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/632499" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">13</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species is distributed in agricultural areas and populated places across the whole territory of Kyrgyzstan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nikitina, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7562152" refString="Nikitina, E. V., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Nikitina 1960</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7552133" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Ecology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Stony or rocky places in the native distribution area, roadsides, fields, yards, waste places in the secondary distribution area.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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In Kyrgyzstan, the species was recorded as occurring in agricultural areas up to the lower mountain belt (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nikitina, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7562152" refString="Nikitina, E. V., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Nikitina 1960</bibRefCitation>
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), but its ruderal occurrence may reach the elevations as high as 2600 m according to the specimens examined; its field occurrence was probably common at elevations up to 2000 m. In the Caucasus,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Hyoscyamus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hyoscyamus niger" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Hyoscyamus niger</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may reach the upper mountain belt (
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<bibRefCitation author="Grossheim, A. A." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Caucasus" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479012" refString="Grossheim, A. A., 1967. . Flora of the Caucasus Vol. 7" volume="Vol. 7" year="1967">Grossheim 1967</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Annual or more commonly biennial, with a taproot.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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This species is a traditional medicinal plant, used since ancient times in the Roman Empire (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mitich, L. W." journalOrPublisher="Weed Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="489 - 491" refId="B7646497" refString="Mitich, L. W., 1992. Black Henbane. Weed Technology 6 (2): 489 - 491" title="Black Henbane" volume="6" year="1992">Mitich 1992</bibRefCitation>
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) and is still an official drug in some countries, like the UK or used to obtain alkaloids (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hocking, G. M." journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="306 - 316" refId="B7604150" refString="Hocking, G. M., 1947. Henbane-Healing herb of hercules and of apollo. Economic Botany 1 (3): 306 - 316" title="Henbane-Healing herb of hercules and of apollo" volume="1" year="1947">Hocking 1947</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Morton, J. F." journalOrPublisher="C. C. Thomas, Springfield" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7646506" refString="Morton, J. F., 1977. Major medicinal plants. C.C.Thomas, Springfield" title="Major medicinal plants" year="1977">Morton 1977</bibRefCitation>
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), for which the plant has been commercially cultivated (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mitich, L. W." journalOrPublisher="Weed Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="489 - 491" refId="B7646497" refString="Mitich, L. W., 1992. Black Henbane. Weed Technology 6 (2): 489 - 491" title="Black Henbane" volume="6" year="1992">Mitich 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). It was popular in the Middle Ages in Europe, reaching as far north as Finland with medieval cultivation (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lempiaeinen, T." journalOrPublisher="Annales Botanici Fennici" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="261 - 272" refId="B7604159" refString="Lempiaeinen, T., 1991. Past occurrence of Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae) in Finland according to the macrofossil finds. Annales Botanici Fennici 28 (4): 261 - 272" title="Past occurrence of Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae) in Finland according to the macrofossil finds" volume="28" year="1991">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lempiäinen">Lempiaeinen</normalizedToken>
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1991
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</bibRefCitation>
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). It is a traditional medicinal plant in Iran (
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<bibRefCitation author="Moattar, F." journalOrPublisher="Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="22 - 23" refId="B7646463" refString="Moattar, F., Moattar, H., 2004. Islamic and Iranian traditional materia medica works as the treasure for finding new effective drugs. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 3 (Supplement 2): 22 - 23" title="Islamic and Iranian traditional materia medica works as the treasure for finding new effective drugs" volume="3" year="2004">Moattar and Moattar 2004</bibRefCitation>
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) and China (
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<bibRefCitation author="Xiong, Chao" journalOrPublisher="Frontiers in Pharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7646472" refString="Xiong, Chao, Sun, Wei, Li, Jingjian, Yao, Hui, Shi, Yuhua, Wang, Ping, Huang, Bisheng, Shi, Linchun, Liu, Di, Hu, Zhigang, Chen, Shilin, 2018. Identifying the species of seeds in traditional Chinese medicine using DNA barcoding. Frontiers in Pharmacology 9" title="Identifying the species of seeds in traditional Chinese medicine using DNA barcoding" volume="9" year="2018">Xiong et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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); it is also used in the Indian
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<taxonomicName genus="Ayurveda" lsidName="Ayurveda" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Ayurveda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Aparna, K." journalOrPublisher="AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="174 - 17" refId="B7646514" refString="Aparna, K., Joshi, A. J., Vyas, M., 2015. Adverse reaction of Parasika Yavani (Hyoscyamus niger Linn): Two case study reports. AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda) 36 (2): 174 - 17" title="Adverse reaction of Parasika Yavani (Hyoscyamus niger Linn): Two case study reports" volume="36" year="2015">Aparna et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). In India, the species was commonly used in local medicine in the 19th century (
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<bibRefCitation author="Royle, J. F." journalOrPublisher="Allen, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7605476" refString="Royle, J. F., 1839. Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the flora of Cashmere. Allen, London" title="Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the flora of Cashmere" year="1839">Royle 1839</bibRefCitation>
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); in Europe, it remained in use at least before the Second World War (
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<bibRefCitation author="Perkamaitė, R." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Life Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7646488" refString="Perkamaitė, R., Gudienė, V., 2015. Comparative analysis of medicines for rural and urban population of Lithuania in 1935. Journal of Life Sciences 10 (4)" title="Comparative analysis of medicines for rural and urban population of Lithuania in 1935" volume="10" year="2015">
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Perkamaitė and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gudienė">Gudienė</normalizedToken>
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2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The closest relative of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Hyoscyamus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hyoscyamus niger" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Hyoscyamus niger</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is
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<taxonomicName lsidName="H. albus" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="albus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">H. albus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L., which also occurs as native in the Mediterranean and Western Asia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sanchez-Puerta, M. V." journalOrPublisher="PLOS One" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination=": e 98353" refId="B7605484" refString="Sanchez-Puerta, M. V., Abbona, C. C., 2014. The chloroplast genome of Hyoscyamus niger and a phylogenetic study of the tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae). PLOS One 9 (5): e98353" title="The chloroplast genome of Hyoscyamus niger and a phylogenetic study of the tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae)." volume="9" year="2014">Sanchez-Puerta and Abbona 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="introduction to kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Introduction to Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="period of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Period of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Archaeophyte.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species was first recorded as being in foreign use in medieval China, Tang Dynasty (
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, H. L." journalOrPublisher="Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="161 - 181" refId="B7604177" refString="Li, H. L., 1977. Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 25 (6): 161 - 181" title="Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals" volume="25" year="1977">Li 1977</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, H. L." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Psychedelic Drugs" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="17 - 26" refId="B7604168" refString="Li, H. L., 2012. Hallucinogenic Plants in Chinese Herbals (reprint). Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 10 (1): 17 - 26" title="Hallucinogenic Plants in Chinese Herbals (reprint)" volume="10" year="2012">Li 2012</bibRefCitation>
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), corresponding to the 7th-9th centuries. This can be firmly linked with the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, which occurred during AD 673-751 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nicolle, David" journalOrPublisher="Osprey Publishing" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7604187" refString="Nicolle, David, 2009. The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632-750. Osprey Publishing" title="The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632 - 750" year="2009">Nicolle 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). Besides the narcotic effect, seeds of the plant were used as a tonic that provides strength in walking for long distances (
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, H. L." journalOrPublisher="Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="161 - 181" refId="B7604177" refString="Li, H. L., 1977. Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 25 (6): 161 - 181" title="Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals" volume="25" year="1977">Li 1977</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, H. L." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Psychedelic Drugs" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="17 - 26" refId="B7604168" refString="Li, H. L., 2012. Hallucinogenic Plants in Chinese Herbals (reprint). Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 10 (1): 17 - 26" title="Hallucinogenic Plants in Chinese Herbals (reprint)" volume="10" year="2012">Li 2012</bibRefCitation>
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); this effect apparently was valued in the contemporary army.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="pathways of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Pathways of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Escape from confinement: Horticulture.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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As the plant is an important sedative, anaesthetic and pain-relieving drug of ancient times, we conclude that it was intentionally introduced with medical purposes and subsequently cultivated in Central Asia. This ancient cultivation has been abandoned long ago, and the species largely occurs as a ruderal plant in or around populated places, or as a weed, or on abandoned fields (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nikitina, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7562152" refString="Nikitina, E. V., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Nikitina 1960</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454329" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1987. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1987">Kovalevskaya 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). Many researchers (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nikitina, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7562152" refString="Nikitina, E. V., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Nikitina 1960</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Deza, M. I." journalOrPublisher="Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7552133" refString="Deza, M. I., 1983. Weedy plants of Kirghizia. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze" title="Weedy plants of Kirghizia" year="1983">Deza 1983</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454329" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1987. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1987">Kovalevskaya 1987</bibRefCitation>
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) also noted its common occurrence on fields, which assumes its secondary dispersal with contaminated seeds and from ruderal habitats. Its ruderal occurrence relies on winds and human activities.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="invasion status">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Invasion status</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Naturalised, old invasive plant. The species has been very frequently found in populated places (ruderal places, roadsides) and on fields (wheat, alfalfa) and pastures (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nikitina, E. V." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7562152" refString="Nikitina, E. V., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Nikitina 1960</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454329" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1987. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1987">Kovalevskaya 1987</bibRefCitation>
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), but may also occur in native habitats (along riversides, on rocky slopes, in grasslands) near populated places. It is still regularly found in the country (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F7605571" captionText="Figure 14. Hyoscyamus niger near Bishkek City, Kyrgyzstan (photo by G. Chulanova, 25 May 2019). Source: https: // www. plantarium. ru / page / image / id / 645576. html (Plantarium 2021)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/620186" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">14</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="evidence of impact">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Evidence of impact</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Agriculture - major impact (reported as a common weed of crops, on fields and in gardens). Native ecosystems - major impact (occurring in natural habitats near populated places). Urban areas - major impact (ruderal occurrence).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="trend">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Trend</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Stable (inferred).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |