690 lines
84 KiB
XML
690 lines
84 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7984" ID-GBIF-Dataset="03d32cb0-d00d-4dca-a891-4c2668c4e125" ID-PMC="PMC4155731" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-437-87" ID-PubMed="25197213" ID-ZBK="08D36F92DFD1438C88A3E77D0C2FF011" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-437-87" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 437" ModsDocTitle="Kymachrysa, a new genus of Nearctic Green Lacewings (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysopini)" checkinTime="1451245406056" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Tauber, Catherine A. & Garland, J. Allan" docDate="2014" docId="79D6E3F435DBE6FF1D3F8A645E7613A6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 437: 87-108" docOrigin="ZooKeys 437" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7984" docTitle="Kymachrysa Tauber & Garland, 2014, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="56199711-0065-45BA-A035-414069FFA32D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="455D8F0D370BA72C9C24FFE28D0FFFF5" masterDocTitle="Kymachrysa, a new genus of Nearctic Green Lacewings (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysopini)" masterLastPageNumber="108" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="88" updateTime="1668159225700" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Kymachrysa, a new genus of Nearctic Green Lacewings (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysopini)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tauber, Catherine A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Garland, J. Allan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>437</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>87</mods:start>
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<mods:end>108</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7984</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7984</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-437-87</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">08D36F92DFD1438C88A3E77D0C2FF011</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">08D36F92DFD1438C88A3E77D0C2FF011</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152055401" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56199711-0065-45BA-A035-414069FFA32D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/79D6E3F435DBE6FF1D3F8A645E7613A6" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="88">Taxon classification Animalia Neuroptera Chrysopidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/56199711-0065-45BA-A035-414069FFA32D" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="88">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="type-species">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="88">Type-species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Chrysopa placita</taxonomicName>
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Banks, 1908: 259.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="distinguishing adult features">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="88">Distinguishing adult features.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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adults appear to be typical chrysopine lacewings of medium size and green coloration. Their most distinctive adult features occur in the male and female terminalia; in addition, a few external features are diagnostic of the genus:
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="1" pageNumber="88" type="external features">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="88">External features.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="1" pageNumber="88">
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(i) The longitudinal (radial) veins between the first and second rows of gradate veins of the fore and hind wings are sinuous (Fig. 1A, B), whereas in most other chrysopid genera they are relatively straight. (ii) In both males and females, the fused ninth tergite and ectoproct is completely divided by a dorsal invagination, and each
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="89" start="start">side</pageBreakToken>
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of the terminal abdominal segment is rounded posterolaterally (especially in males) (Fig. 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–F">C-F</normalizedToken>
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). Among other New World genera, a complete dorsal invagination of the T9+ect is reported only for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopiella" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopiella</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Parachrysopiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parachrysopiella" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parachrysopiella</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Brooks, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="117 - 286" title="The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="59" year="1990">Brooks and Barnard 1990</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="89">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="89">
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Figure 1. Two external features that characterize
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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adults. A, B Fore and hind wings with sinuate longitudinal veins between the first and second gradate series of crossveins
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–F">C-F</normalizedToken>
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Terminal segments (dorsal) with Tergite 9+ectoproct separated dorsally C, D Female E, F Male A, C, E.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
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A, C Colorado, USNM E Type, Colorado, MCZ B, D, F
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
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B Neotype, Quebec, CNC D New York, TRC F New York, TRC [Males: gonarcal complex not removed]. Abbreviations: i.g. inner gradate veins o.g. outer gradate veins T8 eighth tergite T9+e fused ninth tergite and ectoproct.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" type="male terminalia">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="90" start="start">Male</pageBreakToken>
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terminalia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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One of the most striking aspects of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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male terminalia is the S8+9, which is entirely fused and well sclerotized as in most chrysopine genera. However, in lateral view, the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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S8+9 has an unusual ventral bend, and the ventral apodeme is heavy and elongate - extending anteriorly well beyond the proximal margin of S8 (Fig. 2A, B). In ventral view, S8+9 is constricted mesally and rounded both anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. 2C, D). These features are unique among New World chrysopids.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="90">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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male terminalia. A, B Abdominal segments 8 and 9 (lateral), with genitalia everted C, D Sternite 8+9 (ventral) E, F Genitalia (everted, dorsal) A, C, E
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
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Type, Colorado, MCZ B, D, F
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
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, California, TRC. Abbreviations: c.c. callus cerci d.a. dorsal apodeme (on ninth tergite and ectoproct) gc gonocornu gps gonapsis g.b. gonarcal bridge med mediuncus m.s. membranous sac S8+9 fused eighth and ninth sternites T8 eighth tergite T9+e fused ninth tergite and ectoproct v.a. ventral apodeme (on sternite 8+9).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="91" start="start">Gonocornua</pageBreakToken>
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are present on the gonarcal bridge, as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ceraeochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceraeochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceraeochrysa</taxonomicName>
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. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ceraeochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceraeochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceraeochrysa</taxonomicName>
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, the gonocornua are usually rounded and unarticulated, and they arise laterally from the gonarcal bridge (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Freitas, S de" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="503 - 610" title="A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="60" year="2009">Freitas et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). But, the gonocornua of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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are unusual in that they appear at least partially articulated or separated from the gonarcal bridge, and at the base they are juxtaposed and located mesally on the distal margin of the gonarcal bridge (Fig. 2E, F). Furthermore, the dorsum of the mediuncus has a distinct, trough-like shape not found in other genera; the terminus has a weak, lightly sclerotized or membranous beak mesally and expanded membranous sacs laterally.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="female terminalia">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Female terminalia.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Two notable features distinguish the female genitalia. (i) This chrysopid genus is the only one outside of the tribe
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" rank="tribe" tribe="Belonopterygini">Belonopterygini</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation author="Tjeder, B" editor="Hanstroem, B" journalOrPublisher="Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="228 - 534" title="Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae." volumeTitle="South African Animal Life" year="1966">Tjeder 1966</bibRefCitation>
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: 235, 324, 337) in which the female is reported to have a praegenitale. [Note: the recording of a praegenitale for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Leucochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucochrysa</taxonomicName>
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(data matrix of
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<bibRefCitation author="Brooks, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="117 - 286" title="The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="59" year="1990">Brooks and Barnard 1990</bibRefCitation>
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: Table 1) appears to be an error - the description of the genus, p. 248, states that the structure is absent.] Moreover, the structure appears unique among chrysopids, in that it is asymmetrical (a condition not reported for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" rank="tribe" tribe="Belonopterygini">Belonopterygini</taxonomicName>
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) (Fig. 3C, D). (ii) The spermatheca is shaped like a pillbox with a shallow invagination and a sail-shaped velum that opens via a slit to the bursal duct (Fig. 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
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). By comparison, in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ceraeochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceraeochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceraeochrysa</taxonomicName>
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the spermatheca is cylindrical, with an elongate invagination and a U-shaped or J-shaped bend that opens via a slit directly to the bursa copulatrix (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Adams, PA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Amazonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="104" pagination="413 - 479" title="Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 11 a. Introduction and Chrysopini." volume="15" year="1985">Adams and Penny 1985</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Freitas, S de" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="245 - 395" title="The green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of Brazilian agro-ecosystems." volume="52" year="2001">Freitas and Penny 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Sosa, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="57 - 65" title="New neotropical species of Ceraeochrysa Adams (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="2562" year="2010">Sosa and Freitas 2010</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Sosa, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="47 - 58" title="A new synonym, a new male description and new geographical records for three Ceraeochrysa species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="2913" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
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). And, in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
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the spermatheca is cylindrical or tubular, with a very deep invagination and an elongate bursal duct (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Adams, PA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Amazonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="104" pagination="413 - 479" title="Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 11 a. Introduction and Chrysopini." volume="15" year="1985">Adams and Penny 1985</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Freitas, S de" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="245 - 395" title="The green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of Brazilian agro-ecosystems." volume="52" year="2001">Freitas and Penny 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 104" title="Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae." url="10.3897/zookeys.44.387" volume="44" year="2010">Tauber 2010</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="638 - 663" title="Three new Brazilian species of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." url="10.1603/AN12028" volume="105" year="2012">Tauber et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). (iii) Finally, the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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spermathecal duct (mature specimens) is hairy for almost its entire length; the terminal bristles are long and fine, and their length decreases proximally; at the base of the duct the bristles are very short and stubby, or granular in appearance (Fig. 3E, F).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
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female terminalia. A, B Abdominal segments 7 and 9 (lateral) [Arrows delineate the praegenitale] C, D Praegenitale at distal margin of S7 (ventral)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–H">E-H</normalizedToken>
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Spermatheca A, C, F
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
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A, F Colorado, USNM C New Mexico, USNM B, D, E, G, H
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
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B, D, E New York, TRC G Colorado, CPG H California, TRC. Abbreviations: c.c. callus cerci g.l. gonapophysis lateralis inv spermathecal invagination prae praegenitale sg subgenitale sp spermatheca sp.d. spermathecal duct S7 seventh sternite tr.s. transverse sclerite T9+e fused ninth tergite and ectoproct vel velum.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Adult (Figs 4, 5, 8C, D). Delicate, slender, medium sized (forewing length,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
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: 11-13 mm;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
11-15 mm), predominantly green with yellow longitudinal stripe, mesally. Head (Figs 4, 5). Vertex with pair of crescent-shaped, red or brown sublateral marks (sometimes absent or faint), usually with lateral red or brown stripe near margin of eye; frons with or without markings; gena with red or brown longitudinal markings. Distal segments of labial, maxillary palpi with elongate, lateral, black marks. Antenna cream colored, without markings. Thorax (Figs 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–H">E-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–J">F-J</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 8C, D). Prothorax variable in length and shape (probably developmental variation), usually long, tapered distally; dorsum without lateral stripes, but usually with irregular, red or brownish, sublateral markings (especially western, southern specimens); mesothorax, metathorax with or without markings. Legs mostly light green, without markings, with numerous dark brown to black setae; tarsal claws with deep U-shaped to V-shaped cleft.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
external adult features. Note variation in darkness and size of head markings, prothoracic size and shape. A, B Head (dorsal) C, D Head (frontal) E Head, prothorax (lateral) F, G Head, prothorax, mesothorax (dorsal) H Head, thorax (lateral) [Background with small piece of abdomen visible]. A, C, E, F Wyoming, SDNHM; B, D, G, H Colorado, CPG.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
external adult features. Note variation in the presence, darkness, and size of head and thoracic markings.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
Head (dorsal) D, E Head (frontal) F Head, prothorax (lateral) G, H Head, prothorax, mesothorax (dorsal) I Thorax (dorsal) J Head, thorax (lateral) A, D, G, I, J California, TRC B, E, F, H Colorado, TRC; C New York, TRC.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Wings (Fig. 1A, B) with costal area slightly enlarged basally; radius straight; im3 cell triangular; forewing, hindwing with two, regular, slightly converging rows of gradate veins; longitudinal veins between inner and outer gradates sinuate; three icu cells, distal one open.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Abdomen (Figs 1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–F">C-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2A, B, 3A, B, 6A, 7A, 8A, B) with spiracles simple; callus cerci round, located dorsally on T9+ect, with trichobothria stemming from closely
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="92" start="start">spaced</pageBreakToken>
|
||
sockets; ninth tergite (T9) and ectoproct fused, forming T9+ect; T9+ect completely divided dorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
male abdomen. A Abdominal segments 3 to terminus (lateral), with genitalia everted B Gonarcal complex (dorsal) C Genitalia (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="everted–including">everted-including</normalizedToken>
|
||
gonapsis, lateral) D Gonapsis (ventral) E Hypandrium internum nestled within membrane [Gonapsis not in focus, shown for relative scale]. All Types, Colorado, MCZ Abbreviations: gc gonocornu gps gonapsis g.a. gonarcal apodeme g.b. gonarcal bridge g.c. gonarcal complex h.i. V-shaped hypandrium internum med mediuncus m.s. membranous sac S7 seventh sternite S8+9 fused eighth and ninth sternites Tx tergite, number T9+e fused ninth tergite and ectoproct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Figure 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
male abdomen. A Abdominal segments 4 to terminus (lateral), with genitalia everted B Gonarcal complex (dorsal) C Everted genitalia (dorsolateral), showing dorsal membranous sacs D Gonapsis (lateral), hypandrium internum (dorsal) E Gonapsis (ventral). A, D California, TRC B, E New York, TRC; C Colorado, CPG. Abbreviations: gc gonocornu gps gonapsis g.a. gonarcal apodeme g.b. gonarcal bridge g.c. gonarcal complex h.i. V-shaped hypandrium internum med mediuncus m.s. membranous sac Sx sternite, number S8+9 fused eighth and ninth sternites T8 eighth tergite T9+e fused ninth tergite and ectoproct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Male abdomen (Figs 2, 6-8) slender, with sternites tall (~0.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length), with or without microtholi; spiracles simple; terminal segments (A8-A9) compact; ectoproct with heavy apodeme along entire dorsal margin, terminus reaching proximal edge of eighth sternite (S8); eighth and ninth sternites fused; S8+9 shallow, with dorsal surface undulating, anterior section of S8+9 with heavy ventral apodeme extending
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="93" start="start">proximally</pageBreakToken>
|
||
well beyond margin of segment, into S7; ventral surface indented mesally (hour-glass shaped). Gonapsis, hypandrium internum attached to membrane at tip of S9; gonapsis elongate, with basal margin rounded, toothed, distal margin expanded, curved; gonocristae absent. Gonarcus arcuate, with stout bridge, rounded, expanded lateral apodemes; gonocornua triangular, articulated on laterodistal margin of gonarcal bridge; base of gonocornua clear, tip dark, heavy, tapering to angulate terminus; entoprocessus absent. Mediuncus weak, comprising very lightly sclerotized, curved, mesal band distal to gonocornua, with trough-shaped dorsal surface, small, rounded, membranous terminus. Gonosaccus large, expanded dorsally as pair of large, eversible, distal sacs, expanded ventrally with a second pair of large, eversible sacs; gonosetae absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 8. A, B Integument of fifth abdominal sternite. A
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
, without microtholi [typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations (see text)] B
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with microtholi (typical of some populations). C, D Prothoracic tarsal claw. C
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
D
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Type, Colorado, MCZ; B California, TRC; C Wyoming, SDNHM; D Minnesota, CMNH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="94" start="start">Female</pageBreakToken>
|
||
abdomen (Fig. 3) robust, not slender; terminalia compact. Praegenitale present, extending as truncated lobe from distal margin of S7, with distal, asymmetrical lobe, comb-shaped, with single long seta; lobe extending distally beyond S7 or curving internally. Colleterial gland, reservoir membranous, very delicate, extending proximally well into A7; transverse sclerite relatively large, broad, comb-shaped, with elongate teeth. Spermathecal complex simple; spermatheca small, pillbox shaped with small to moderate, U-shaped invagination, sail-like velum, opening to bursa copulatrix via elongate slit and small, membranous bursal duct; spermathecal duct elongate (>3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
width of spermatheca), curvy, covered with fine hairs throughout (mature specimens), most dense, long distally, becoming short, stubby basally; immature specimens with basal ~10-20% of spermathecal duct smooth. Bursa copulatrix small, delicate, membranous, sac-like;
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="95" start="start">bursal</pageBreakToken>
|
||
glands either absent or very small. Subgenitale large, robust, triangular in ventral view, with pair of distal lobes, extending outward or concealed beneath ectoprocts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="95" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The prefix
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Kyma-”">"Kyma-"</normalizedToken>
|
||
comes from the Greek word
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="kýma">kyma</normalizedToken>
|
||
(κύμα), meaning wave, and refers to the wavy, or sinuate, longitudinal veins between the gradate veins of the forewings that distinguish the two species currently assigned to the genus. The suffix follows the traditional series of chrysopid names ending in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“-chrysa”">"-chrysa"</normalizedToken>
|
||
- Greek, feminine,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“χρυσα”">"xρυσα"</normalizedToken>
|
||
meaning golden.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="95" type="geographic distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Geographic distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The genus, which currently includes only two species, appears to be restricted to North America (Canada, United States and Mexico, as far south as Mexico City) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Adams, PA" journalOrPublisher="Neuroptera International" pageId="17" pageNumber="104" pagination="69 - 75" title="Ceraeochrysa, a new genus of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera) (Studies in New World Chrysopidae, Part II)." volume="2" year="1982">Adams 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Penny, ND" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 114" title="Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America North of Mexico." volume="50" year="1997">Penny et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="472 - 490" title="Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0472:GCOCNC]2.0.CO;2" volume="96" year="2003">Tauber 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Valencia Luna, LA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS)" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="17 - 61" title="Taxonomia y registros de Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) en el Estado de Morelos, Mexico [= Taxonomy and records of Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) in the state of Morelos, Mexico]." volume="22" year="2006">Valencia Luna et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garland, JA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 84" title="Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities." volume="1486" year="2007">Garland and Kevan 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Freitas, S de" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="503 - 610" title="A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="60" year="2009">Freitas et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="55 - 67" title="Resolution of some taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in a recent revision of Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="2565" year="2010">Tauber and Flint 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, all as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ceraeochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceraeochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceraeochrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" type="characteristics of kymachrysa larvae">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The larvae of only one of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="608 - 618" title="Ceraeochrysa placita (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): generic characteristics of larvae, larval descriptions, and life cycle." volume="91" year="1998">Tauber et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ceraeochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceraeochrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Ceraeochrysa placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Later they were shown to share a large number of distinctive characteristics with the larvae of several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and as a result the species was transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="472 - 490" title="Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0472:GCOCNC]2.0.CO;2" volume="96" year="2003">Tauber 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Chrysopodes placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="96" start="start">Recently</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, larvae from additional species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described in sufficient detail for more robust comparisons than were possible earlier. Now, detailed larval descriptions are available for six of the 47 currently recognized species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="472 - 490" title="Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0472:GCOCNC]2.0.CO;2" volume="96" year="2003">Tauber 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris" subGenus="Neosuarius">Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Schneider);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Silva, PS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 92" title="Larvae of five horticulturally important species of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): shared generic features, descriptions and keys." url="10.3897/zookeys.262.4119" volume="262" year="2013">Silva et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) divisus" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divisus" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) divisus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Walker),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) fumosus" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumosus" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) fumosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Tauber & Albuquerque,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) geayi" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geayi" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) geayi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Navás">Navas</normalizedToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) linaefrons" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linaefrons" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) linaefrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
Adams & Penny;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) spinellus" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinellus" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) spinellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Adams & Penny]. Comparisons with these species confirm that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae differ only slightly from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. And, given the large percentage of species in both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
with undescribed larvae, it is not clear at this time, which, if any, of these differences will be informative at the generic level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Nevertheless, the following features appear most noteworthy:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
|
||
(a)
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="97" start="start">Setae</pageBreakToken>
|
||
: Previously, certain setae on the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Semaphorant B were reported to be
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“serrated”">"serrated"</normalizedToken>
|
||
or
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“thorny”">"thorny"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, similar to those on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
; these setae include the LS of the thorax and A4-A8, the large LDS on A6 and A7, and some dorsal thoracic setae (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“serrated”">"serrated"</normalizedToken>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1195 - 1221" title="The genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of America North of Mexico: larvae, adults, and comparative biology." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1195:TGCNCO]2.0.CO;2" volume="93" year="2000">Tauber et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ceraeochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceraeochrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Ceraeochrysa placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“thorny”">"thorny"</normalizedToken>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="472 - 490" title="Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0472:GCOCNC]2.0.CO;2" volume="96" year="2003">Tauber 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Chrysopodes placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Subsequent comparison of these setae with those of the six described
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (under higher magnification) indicates that the setal surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Semaphorant B) falls outside the range of variation exhibited by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes)" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neosuarius">Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Rather than serrated or thorny, the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
setae have a more sabulose (sandy) or granular surface (Fig. 9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–F">C-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
). [Note: the same setae on Semaphorant A are thorny on both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Figure 9. Larval characteristics that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, B Raised metathoracic posterior fold [Arrows indicate dark setal bases with distinctive anterior markings]
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–F">C-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
Setae on raised metathoracic fold [Note slender, curved structure, granular surface (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
) vs robust, erect structure, thorny surface (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
)] A, C, E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Californa, TRC) B, D, F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes geayi" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geayi">Chrysopodes geayi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Rio de Janeiro, TRC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="98" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
b) Metathoracic fold: One of the primary reasons for transferring
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="472 - 490" title="Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0472:GCOCNC]2.0.CO;2" volume="96" year="2003">Tauber 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Chrysopodes placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was the shared characteristic of an unusual posterior fold on the larval metathorax. In both taxa, the fold rises well above the anterior part of the metathorax, and it bears a transverse row (R1) of robust setae that stem from enlarged chalazae and that are usually slightly longer than the submedian setae (SMS) on abdominal segments A1 through A6. However, subsequent comparisons indicated that aspects of this feature present some small, but significant differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
First, as discussed above, the surface of the R1 setae on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Semaphorant B is distinctive. It is sabulose (sandy), not thorny as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Second, although the body dimensions of the L3 larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes)" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we studied are similar, the length, robustness, and stiffness of the setae differ between the two taxa (Table 1, Fig. 9). For example, in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes)" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the R1 setae range in length between 0.28-0.42 mm, and they are thick and erect throughout their entire lengths. In comparison, the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
R1 setae range between 0.48-0.62 mm; they are slender throughout, and only the basal section stands erect - the distal section tends to curve. [Note: In the large bodied
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris" subGenus="Neosuarius">Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Schneider), both the R1 setae and SMS are slightly longer and more slender and flexible than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes)" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes)</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Table 1).]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Table 1. Larval setal lengths (range): comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<table pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left">Species</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">T3-R1</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center">SMS</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) divisus" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divisus" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) divisus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) geayi" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geayi" subGenus="Chrysopodes">Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) geayi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris" subGenus="Neosuarius">Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Third, the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (all instars, including the first) have dark brown markings on the frontal surface of the chalazae in metathoracic R1; these markings are elliptical to ovate and at least as broad as the setal base. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(second and third instars) they are light brown in color, elongate, and narrower than the setal base (Fig. 9A, B); they are either absent or very light in first instars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" type="biological features of kymachrysa">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Biological features of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Adult specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa placita" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placita">Kymachrysa placita</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not common; those that we have seen were collected during July and August. No larval specimens are reported.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be more abundant; we have seen adult specimens collected from June through mid-October (mostly August), and we have collected larvae during March and April (overwintering second instars) and in September and October (prehibernal first instars).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="11" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Biological features have been investigated only for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="99" start="start">Kymachrysa</pageBreakToken>
|
||
intacta
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="608 - 618" title="Ceraeochrysa placita (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): generic characteristics of larvae, larval descriptions, and life cycle." volume="91" year="1998">Tauber et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In populations from both eastern and western USA (NY and CA), eggs are laid and larvae occur on the trunks of medium-sized to large-sized deciduous and evergreen trees. The larvae are debris-carriers; typically they carry pieces of bark or other woody or plant material that blends with their typical substrate (Fig. 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Figure 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa intacta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intacta">Kymachrysa intacta</taxonomicName>
|
||
third instar (darkly marked). Note head markings, debris packet containing woody and dried plant material. (Photo: Stephen A. Marshall).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Developmental stages are relatively prolonged, and they are strongly influenced by photoperiod (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="608 - 618" title="Ceraeochrysa placita (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): generic characteristics of larvae, larval descriptions, and life cycle." volume="91" year="1998">Tauber et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The life cycle appears to be univoltine. Larvae overwinter as diapausing second instars. Short daylengths decelerate development during the first instar, and they induce and maintain hibernal diapause in second instars. Daylength also may be important during the postdiapause developmental period. Under field conditions (Tompkins and Schyler Counties, NY), adults emerge in June, and eggs occur from July through late September or early October. Such a life cycle is unusual, but not unknown, for other chrysopids. For example, free-living second and third instars of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Pseudomallada" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomallada" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomallada</taxonomicName>
|
||
species also overwinter in a photoperiodically induced diapause (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Principi, MM" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia " Guido Grandi " della Universita degli studi di Bologna" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="209 - 231" title="La diapausa larvale in Mallada (= Anisochrysa) flavifrons (Brauer) (Neuroptera Chrysopidae): cicli fotoperiodici responsabili dell'induzione, sviluppo di diapausa e attivazione, accrescimento ponderale dello stadio con diapausa." volume="41" year="1987">Principi and Sgobba 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Principi, MM" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia " Guido Grandi " della Universita degli studi di Bologna" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="75 - 91" title="La diapausa larvale in Mallada clathratus (Schneider) (Neuroptera Chrysopidae)." volume="48" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Canard, M" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia " Guido Grandi " della Universita degli studi di Bologna" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="65 - 74" title="Larval diapause in the Mediterranean green lacewing Mallada picteti (MacLachlan) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): induction by photoperiod, sensitive and responsive stages." volume="44" year="1990">Canard at al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" type="kymachrysa’s generic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
's generic relationships.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
With the addition of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a total of 17 genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rank="tribe" tribe="Chrysopini">Chrysopini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are now known from the New World. Table 2 lists the eleven that are reported from North America, including Mexico, and it provides references to their distributions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="5F5D2514AF98D89C0F52D6216B909E3F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5F5D2514AF98D89C0F52D6216B909E3F" pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Table 2. Genera in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rank="tribe" tribe="Chrysopini">Chrysopini</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported from North America, including the new genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<table pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ceraeochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceraeochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceraeochrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Valencia Luna, LA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS)" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="17 - 61" title="Taxonomia y registros de Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) en el Estado de Morelos, Mexico [= Taxonomy and records of Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) in the state of Morelos, Mexico]." volume="22" year="2006">Valencia Luna et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garland, JA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 84" title="Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities." volume="1486" year="2007">Garland and Kevan 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Freitas, S de" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="503 - 610" title="A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="60" year="2009">Freitas et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="55 - 67" title="Resolution of some taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in a recent revision of Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="2565" year="2010">Tauber and Flint 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Penny, ND" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 114" title="Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America North of Mexico." volume="50" year="1997">Penny et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garland, JA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 84" title="Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities." volume="1486" year="2007">Garland and Kevan 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Valencia Luna, LA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS)" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="17 - 61" title="Taxonomia y registros de Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) en el Estado de Morelos, Mexico [= Taxonomy and records of Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) in the state of Morelos, Mexico]." volume="22" year="2006">Valencia Luna et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysoperla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysoperla" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysoperla</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brooks, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Entomology" pageId="17" pageNumber="104" pagination="137 - 210" title="A taxonomic review of the common green lacewing genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="63" year="1994">Brooks 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Valencia Luna, LA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS)" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="17 - 61" title="Taxonomia y registros de Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) en el Estado de Morelos, Mexico [= Taxonomy and records of Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) in the state of Morelos, Mexico]." volume="22" year="2006">Valencia Luna et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Henry, CS" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="776 - 796" title="Parallel evolution in courtship songs of North American and European green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." url="10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01845.x" volume="105" year="2012">Henry et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neosuarius">Chrysopodes (Neosuarius)</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Adams, PA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Amazonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="104" pagination="413 - 479" title="Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 11 a. Introduction and Chrysopini." volume="15" year="1985">Adams and Penny 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="472 - 490" title="Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0472:GCOCNC]2.0.CO;2" volume="96" year="2003">Tauber 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Valencia Luna, LA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS)" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="17 - 61" title="Taxonomia y registros de Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) en el Estado de Morelos, Mexico [= Taxonomy and records of Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) in the state of Morelos, Mexico]." volume="22" year="2006">Valencia Luna et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garland, JA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 84" title="Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities." volume="1486" year="2007">Garland and Kevan 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Eremochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eremochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eremochrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Eremochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eremochrysa (Chrysopiella)" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chrysopiella">Eremochrysa (Chrysopiella)</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Eremochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eremochrysa (Eremochrysa)" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eremochrysa">Eremochrysa (Eremochrysa)</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Penny, ND" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 114" title="Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America North of Mexico." volume="50" year="1997">Penny et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Valencia Luna, LA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS)" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="17 - 61" title="Taxonomia y registros de Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) en el Estado de Morelos, Mexico [= Taxonomy and records of Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) in the state of Morelos, Mexico]." volume="22" year="2006">Valencia Luna et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garland, JA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 84" title="Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities." volume="1486" year="2007">Garland and Kevan 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oswald, JD" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" title="Neuropteria Species of the World. Version 3.0" url="http://lacewing.tamu.edu/Species-Catalogue/" year="2013">Oswald 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Meleoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meleoma" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Meleoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tauber, CA" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 94" title="Taxonomy and biology of the lacewing genus Meleoma (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="58" year="1969">Tauber 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brooks, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="117 - 286" title="The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." volume="59" year="1990">Brooks and Barnard 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Penny, ND" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="58 - 63" title="Two new species of Meleoma (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from western North America, with a revised key to species." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2006)099[0058:TNSOMN]2.0.CO;2" volume="99" year="2006">Penny 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garland, JA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 84" title="Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities." volume="1486" year="2007">Garland and Kevan 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Nineta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nineta" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nineta</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Penny, ND" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 114" title="Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America North of Mexico." volume="50" year="1997">Penny et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garland, JA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 84" title="Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera): revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities." volume="1486" year="2007">Garland and Kevan 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Plesiochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plesiochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Plesiochrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Penny, ND" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 114" title="Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America North of Mexico." volume="50" year="1997">Penny et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Valencia Luna, LA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana (NS)" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="17 - 61" title="Taxonomia y registros de Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) en el Estado de Morelos, Mexico [= Taxonomy and records of Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) in the state of Morelos, Mexico]." volume="22" year="2006">Valencia Luna et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Pseudomallada" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomallada" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomallada</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Adams, PA" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="17" pageNumber="104" pagination="239 - 248" title="A review of the genus Mallada in the United States and Canada, with a new species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." url="10.1155/1982/17827" volume="89" year="1982">Adams and Garland 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Yumachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Yumachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yumachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Penny, ND" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="39 - 114" title="Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America North of Mexico." volume="50" year="1997">Penny et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oswald, JD" editor="Bousquets, JL" journalOrPublisher="Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" pagination="559 - 581" title="Neuroptera (Neuropterida)." volumeTitle="Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artropodos de Mexico: hacia una sintesis de su conocimiento" year="2002">Oswald et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="12" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Above, we showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="100" start="start">Kymachrysa</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults (males and females) express a number of characteristics that provide strong morphological support for a distinct genus. However, its relationship with other chrysopine genera remains perplexing. In general, the male genital structures resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ceraeochrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceraeochrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceraeochrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the female genitalia (apart from the presence of a praegenitale in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Kymachrysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kymachrysa" order="Neuroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kymachrysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
) appear similar to those of several other genera (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Ungla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ungla" order="Neuroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ungla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Pseudomallada" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomallada" order="Neuroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomallada</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Finally, its larval morphology is very close to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Chrysopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysopodes" order="Neuroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysopodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and its biological traits (larval habitat, overwintering stage, photoperiodically controlled diapause) resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Pseudomallada" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomallada" order="Neuroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudomallada</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Resolution of the dilemma posed by the above mixture of similarities awaits a broadly based phylogenetic analysis of chysopid genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |