246 lines
23 KiB
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246 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.753.22366" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fe320c78-20cd-45de-babe-5c2fd18c7a1d" ID-PMC="PMC5934354" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-753-23" ID-PubMed="29731681" ID-ZBK="BBC59C6140DD44F3B9F34C011E0D0B75" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-753-23" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 753" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the Graphipterusserrator (Forskål) group (Coleoptera, Carabidae): an increase from five to 15 valid species" checkinTime="1524810864104" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Renan, Ittai, Assmann, Thorsten & Freidberg, Amnon" docDate="2018" docId="5509E63269C3FF275AC39F4B7F99BA28" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 753: 23-82" docOrigin="ZooKeys 753" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.753.22366" docTitle="Graphipterus serrator : 77" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="123E1514FFF23830FFA1FFB0FFE0DA05" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the Graphipterusserrator (Forskal) group (Coleoptera, Carabidae): an increase from five to 15 valid species" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="53" updateTime="1668165743174" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the Graphipterusserrator (Forskal) group (Coleoptera, Carabidae): an increase from five to 15 valid species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Renan, Ittai</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Assmann, Thorsten</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Freidberg, Amnon</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>753</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>23</mods:start>
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<mods:end>82</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.753.22366</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.753.22366</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-753-23</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">BBC59C6140DD44F3B9F34C011E0D0B75</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">BBC59C6140DD44F3B9F34C011E0D0B75</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="143706394" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5509E63269C3FF275AC39F4B7F99BA28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5509E63269C3FF275AC39F4B7F99BA28" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Forskal, 1775): 77" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Graphipterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphipterus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serrator">
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Graphipterus serrator (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forskål">Forskal</normalizedToken>
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, 1775): 77
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1, 3f, 4b, 4c, 5, 6a, 7, 9m, 10a, 14, 19, 26b, 28b, c, d
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carabus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serrator">Carabus serrator</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forskål">Forskal</normalizedToken>
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, 1775: 77 (Aegypten)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carabus variegatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variegatus">Carabus variegatus</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1781: 501 (Orient)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carabus variegatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variegatus">Carabus variegatus</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1792: 147 (Orient)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Graphipterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphipterus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="serrator" subSpecies="lobatus">Graphipterus serrator lobatus</taxonomicName>
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Alfieri, 1976: 15 [unavailable name]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Graphipterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphipterus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="serrator" subSpecies="sexguttatus">Graphipterus serrator sexguttatus</taxonomicName>
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Alfieri, 1976: 15 [unavailable name]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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Type material of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carabus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serrator">Carabus serrator</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Holotype: ♀ (White label with blue margin, black handwritten): <Graphipterus Latr./serrator Forsk./Aegypten>. Deposited in ZMUC [examined].</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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Type material of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carabus variegatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variegatus">Carabus variegatus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Holotype: gender unknown (only fragments of a beetle preserved). (White label with black margin, black handwritten): <variegatus/ 824>. Deposited in ZMK [examined] (Fig. 28d).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Large species with 10-12 isolated white round spots on elytra: anterior and posterior discal spots larger than other spots, six smaller spots near suture form circular pattern on disc; four white marginal extensions present, extension I triangular. Median lobe of aedeagus with ventrally bent tip.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="comparisons">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Comparisons.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Graphipterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphipterus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serrator">Graphipterus serrator</taxonomicName>
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resembles
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. valdanii" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="valdanii">G. valdanii</taxonomicName>
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from which it differs mainly by the following characters:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. serrator" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="serrator">G. serrator</taxonomicName>
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: mentum with three teeth, mid tooth shallow; PL/PW (0.72); BPW/HW (0.8); EL/EW rounded (1.18); elytra lateral margin wide as antennomere I long; Claws of hind legs dark.
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. valdanii" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="valdanii">G. valdanii</taxonomicName>
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: mentum with three teeth, merges shallow and mid tooth bolt; PL/PW (0.64); BPW/HW (1); EL/EW elongated (1.3); elytra lateral margin wide as half antennomere I long; Claws of hind legs brown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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BL male: 17-18 mm, average 17.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.4 mm; BL female: 17.4-21.4 mm, average 19.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Head medium; HW/PW: 0.76; EYL: 1.6-1.8.0 mm; EYL/EL: 0.16. Mentum with three teeth, mid tooth shallow (Fig. 3f). Frontal ridge absent. In male, Apical white frons stripes slenderer than exposed frons (Fig. 4b). Pronotum wide; PL/PW: 0.58; BPW/PW: 0.65; posteromedially concave and without white margins; white lateral margin as wide as antennomere I long.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Elytra oval, humeri rounded; EL: 9.3-11.3 mm, average 10.3 mm; EW: 7.0-9.8 mm, average 8.4 mm; EL/EW: 1.2. Lateral cross section convex. Elytra with dense black scales, disc of elytra not visible between scales (Fig. 6a). White lateral margin nearly as wide as antennomere I long and with four extensions; extension I triangular with rounded angels, margin of elytra wider and shorter than extension II; the latter one elongated; at third quarter of elytra, imaginary line connecting the medial ends of the extension I and I parallel to the suture. White posterior margin forming gap at suture which is wider than lateral margin. Disc usually with 10, sometimes 12 round spots; anterior pair of spots circular to slightly elongate, narrower than extension I, larger than the six central spots forming a circular pattern; anterior and posterior pair of spots circular rounded, larger than other spots; small additional spots frequently present laterally to the posterior spots. Apical sinuation strongly developed, apex protruded, almost rectangular, only slightly rounded at most distant tip (Fig. 7a). Suture inconspicuous.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Legs long; MTIL: 4.8-7.4 mm, average 6.1 mm; El/MTIL: 1.7. Metatibial secondary spur dark. MTAL: 4.0-5.3 mm, average 4.6 mm; MTAL/MTIL: 0.8. Claws of hind legs black at base. Median lobe of aedeagus with ventrally bent tip (Fig. 9m).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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Very common in arid sandy habitats, it shows a significant habitat preference for the crest of shifting sand dunes (Fig. 14). It avoids stabilized interdunes and half-stabilized dune slopes (
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<bibRefCitation author="Renan, I" journalOrPublisher="Israel Journal of Ecology and Environment" pageId="51" pageNumber="74" pagination="134 - 139" title="Biodiversity loss resulting from cessation in traditional land use in a sandy desert in Israel." volume="2" year="2011">Renan et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). The sandy habitat in the western Negev sand dunes is poor in perennial woody plants with maximal coverage of 10-15% (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Perry 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Siegal, Z" journalOrPublisher="Aeolian Research" pageId="52" pageNumber="75" pagination="161 - 173" title="Effects of prolonged drought on the vegetation cover of sand dunes in the NW Negev Desert: Field survey, remote sensing and conceptual modeling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.02.002" volume="9" year="2013">Siegal et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). The dominant perennial plants are
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Retama" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Retama raetam" order="Fabales" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="raetam">Retama raetam</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" lsidName="Graphipterina" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipagrostis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stipagrostis scoparia" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparia">Stipagrostis scoparia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" lsidName="Graphipterina" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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Figure 14. Habitat of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Graphipterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphipterus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serrator">Graphipterus serrator</taxonomicName>
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: Shifting sand dunes in the Western Negev Sands, Israel.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="co-occurring species">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Co-occurring species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Graphipterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphipterus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serrator">Graphipterus serrator</taxonomicName>
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lives in sympatry with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. multiguttatus" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="multiguttatus">G. multiguttatus</taxonomicName>
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in Egypt and Israel.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">North-east Egypt (incl. Sinai) and Israel. In Israel it is restricted to the western Negev sand dunes (Fig. 19).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="conservation">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Conservation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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The sand dunes in the western Negev suffer from two major threats: agricultural development that has caused a significant loss of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="sands’">sands'</normalizedToken>
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range (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ben David, I" journalOrPublisher="The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Tel Aviv" pageId="49" pageNumber="72" title="Construction plans threats the open landscape in Israel." year="2013">Ben David and Avni 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), and a stabilizing process of the shifting sand resulting from a bio-crust (Kidron and Abeliovich 2009). In the Sinai Peninsula, a lack of shrubs as a result of overgrazing threats the population.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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The female holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carabus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serrator">Carabus serrator</taxonomicName>
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has been considered lost (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Basilewsky 1977</bibRefCitation>
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), but it was recently found by us in ZMUC (Fig. 28
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<normalizedToken originalValue="b–c">b-c</normalizedToken>
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). After studying the type material, we agree with
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<bibRefCitation author="Hurka, K" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Skerninge" pageId="50" pageNumber="73" title="Carabidae. In: Loebl I and Smetana A (Eds) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 1. Archostemata-Myxophaga-Adephaga." year="2003">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hůrka">Hurka</normalizedToken>
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(2003)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lorenz, W" journalOrPublisher="Lorenz, Tutzing" pageId="51" pageNumber="74" title="Systematic list of extant ground beetles of the world (Coleoptera " Geadephaga ": Trachypachidae and Carabidae, incl. Paussinae, Cicindelinae, Rhysodinae). Second edition." year="2005">Lorenz (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Huber and Marggi (2017)</bibRefCitation>
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, that variegatus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="Proft, Hafniae" pageId="50" pageNumber="73" title="Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus I. Pars I. C. G." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.125869" year="1792">Fabricius 1792</bibRefCitation>
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) falls within the morphological variability of serrator. Therefore variegatus is confirmed as a junior synonym of serrator (Fig. 28d).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Graphipterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphipterus serrator" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="serrator" subSpecies="lobatus">Graphipterus serrator lobatus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. serrator" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="subSpecies" species="serrator" subSpecies="sexmaculatus">G. serrator sexmaculatus</taxonomicName>
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were considered by
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<bibRefCitation author="Alfieri, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Egypte" pageId="49" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 361" title="The Coleoptera of Egypt." volume="5" year="1976">Alfieri (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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as variations of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. serrator" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="serrator">G. serrator</taxonomicName>
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. Following the
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<bibRefCitation author="Hurka, K" journalOrPublisher="The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="50" pageNumber="73" title="International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition." year="1999">ICZN (1999</bibRefCitation>
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, Article 45.6.3), a taxon that is described as a variation after 1960 is not valid. Moreover, no holotype has been designated. Therefore, both lobatus Alfieri and sexmaculatus Alfieri are not available names. One specimen from the western Negev sands was found with intermediate characters of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. serrator" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="subSpecies" species="serrator" subSpecies="serrator">G. serrator serrator</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. multiguttatus" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="multiguttatus">G. multiguttatus</taxonomicName>
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, and this specimen seems to be a hybrid between them: ♂ Israel, Holot Agur, May 2012, leg. I. Renan.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="30" pageNumber="53" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="53">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="30" pageNumber="53">
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Adults emerge immediately after the first significant rainfall and inhabit sandy dunes or sand and loess plains and edges of salt lakes. In the spring following an average rainy winter, the species can densely populate the dunes (one observer
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<pageBreakToken pageId="31" pageNumber="54" start="start">can</pageBreakToken>
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locate up to 40 individuals within one hour). Their diet is based mainly on ants and occasionally on other small insects, as well as on dead insects and dead reptiles. Activity is limited by temperature: it begins at a soil temperature of approximetly 18 °C, and ceases at a soil temperature of approximetly 39 °C. By moving between sun-exposed microhabitats and the shadow of dwarf-shrubs can prolong the activity period. Strong wind halts activity due to the beetle's sensitivity to dehydration. Some activity also occurs in the afternoon, but it is significantly lower than in the morning peak hours.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="31" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Prior to commencing inactivity, the beetle digs a short burrow with a narrow elliptic cross-section into the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="dune’s">dune's</normalizedToken>
|
||
slope. The digging is performed mainly with the hind legs and secondarily with the middle legs. The well-developed, spoon-shaped metatibial spurs (see fig. 4a in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Assmann, T" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="49" pageNumber="72" pagination="49 - 69" title="The ground beetle tribe Cyclosomini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Israel." volume="38" year="2015">Assmann et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) seem to function as a shovel. The
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="burrow’s">burrow's</normalizedToken>
|
||
opening usually collapses behind the beetle or is covered by shifting sand. In the burrow, a few centimeters below the sand surface, the beetle is relatively protected from predation and can probably still detect the outside temperature and light conditions. In enclosure experiments with individual markings and variation in population density, one of us found that even during the peak activity season, most of the specimens spend most of the days without displaying epigeic activity. An encounter between two individuals of any gender immediately develops into a short, hasty, bite battle and the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="55" start="start">escape</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of the loser. In some regions, shade is a limited resource and the battle occurs mainly under bushes and dwarf-shrubs. An encounter between male and female starts with an aggressive fight. The persistent male will then mount the back of the female. His forelegs grasp the female between the basal part of the pronotum and the elytral humeri, while the female tries to grab the male with her hind legs. The copulation lasts for approximately 30 minutes and occurs mostly beneath perennial vegetation. During the fight, the beetles stridulate. This sound is produced when the beetles are threatened by other individuals or by potential predators (Renan unpublished data, based on field observations and arena experiments).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="55" type="scraping record">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="55">Scraping record.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Comparing
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. serrator" pageId="32" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="serrator">G. serrator</taxonomicName>
|
||
's scraping spectrograms with those from its co-occurring species,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="G. multiguttatus" pageId="32" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="multiguttatus">G. multiguttatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reveals clear differences in pulse intervals as well as in the sound pressure level (Fig. 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |