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<document id="B993E91795AC39418FB712000EAC450C" ID-CLB-Dataset="9242" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d2bfb427-4b03-42e8-b836-ed48811d8013" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381376" ID-ZooBank="0BAD0251-42BC-4C88-BDDC-9622FD1F9F13" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1608540805705" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hennemann, Frank H." docDate="2020" docId="2570264FB334FFB198BCF904FC8BFE64" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4896.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4896 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Megacraniinae Hennemann 2020, subfam. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="166" masterDocId="D9495E37B336FFBE982BFFEEFD3FFFB5" masterDocTitle="Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”)" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="153" updateTime="1698847808309" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="CEF5832F51D7D80781298A0F7193476B">Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B1EE9F5956EDC32FF76D5B0D492994CF">Hennemann, Frank H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="3CC0E9532C1002C2E1F63828E7A0DF5F">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="5DF8F27A8A7B58FE7C6901A9C5FE65F2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2570264FB334FFB198BCF904FC8BFE64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4384019" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176232926" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4384019" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2570264FB334FFB198BCF904FC8BFE64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2570264FB334FFB198BCF904FC8BFE64" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B334FFBC98BCF904FCC6F8B0" box="[151,505,1770,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AD669759B334FFBC98BCF904FCC6F8B0" blockId="2.[151,505,1770,1797]" box="[151,505,1770,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<heading id="F62E2035B334FFBC98BCF904FCC6F8B0" bold="true" box="[151,505,1770,1797]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB334FFBC98BCF904FCC6F8B0" bold="true" box="[151,505,1770,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB334FFBC98BCF904FC6DF8B1" ID-CoL="8QR5G" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,338,1770,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B334FFBC9971F904FCC6F8B0" box="[346,505,1770,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B334FFBC98BCF8C1FF78F8F2" box="[151,583,1839,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="AD669759B334FFBC98BCF8C1FF78F8F2" blockId="2.[151,583,1839,1863]" box="[151,583,1839,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB334FFBC98BCF8C1FC24F8F2" bold="true" box="[151,283,1839,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Type-genus:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB334FFBC990AF8DEFF7CF8F2" ID-CoL="8NNYC" authority="Kaup, 1871: 38" authorityName="Kaup" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1871" box="[289,579,1839,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB334FFBC990AF8DEFCA2F8F2" box="[289,413,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Megacrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B334FFBC998FF8DEFF7CF8F2" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[420,579,1839,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871: 38</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B334FFBD98BCF89CFF05FF59" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AD669759B334FFBC98BCF89CF9BFF83F" blockId="2.[151,1314,1906,2022]" box="[151,1152,1906,1930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB334FFBC98BCF89CFF61F83F" authority="Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893" authorityName="Brunner v. Wattenwyl" authorityPageNumber="97" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,606,1906,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Platycraniae">
Platycraniae Brunner v.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B334FFBC99A0F89CFF61F83F" author="Wattenwyl, C." box="[395,606,1906,1930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="76 - 101" refId="ref15942" refString="Brunner v. Wattenwyl, C. (1893) Revision du System des Orthopteres et description des especes rapportees par M. Leon Fea de Birmanie. Annali des Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, Genova, Series 2, 13 (33), 76 - 101 + 217 - 219, pls. 2 - 4." type="journal article" year="1893">Wattenwyl, 1893: 97</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in part - not the type-genus
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB334FFBC9BA2F89CF94BF83F" ID-CoL="8NXNZ" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[905,1140,1906,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB334FFBC9BA2F89CFEC5F83F" box="[905,1018,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Platycrana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B334FFBC9C2BF89CF94BF83F" author="Gray, G. R." box="[1024,1140,1906,1930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" refId="ref16788" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697" type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B334FFBC98ECF87EFE83F81D" blockId="2.[151,1314,1906,2022]" box="[199,956,1936,1961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B334FFBC98ECF87EFCFBF81D" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[199,452,1936,1961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908: 368</bibRefCitation>
(in part). [
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB334FFBC9A04F87EFFFBF81D" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[559,708,1936,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" subFamily="Phibalosomini" tribe="Phibalosomini">Phibalosomini</taxonomicName>
(II. Sectio Platycraniae]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B334FFBC98BCF841FFA2F853" blockId="2.[151,1314,1906,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB334FFBC98BCF841FCCCF872" authority="Gunther, 1953: 557" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="557" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,499,1967,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraniinae">
Platycraniinae
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B334FFBC9905F841FCCCF872" author="Gunther, K." box="[302,499,1967,1991]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953: 557</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in part). [Incorrect spelling based on misspelled
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB334FFBC9BC7F841F823F872" ID-CoL="8PQTQ" authority="Westwood, 1859" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[1004,1308,1967,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB334FFBC9BC7F841F955F872" box="[1004,1130,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Platycrania,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B334FFBC9C5BF841F823F872" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[1136,1308,1967,1991]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB334FFBC98BCF820FF02F853" ID-CoL="8Q6ZD" authority="Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 190" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityPageNumber="190" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,573,1998,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">
Platycraninae
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B334FFBC990CF820FF02F853" author="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S." box="[295,573,1998,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="176 - 208" refId="ref15898" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79, 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 190</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B335FFBD98ECFF79FF28FF1A" blockId="3.[151,688,150,267]" box="[199,535,150,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD98ECFF79FC88FF1A" author="Otte, D. &amp; Brock, P. D." box="[199,439,150,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref18174" refString="Otte, D. &amp; Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmida Species File: Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. 2 nd Edition. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 414 pp." type="book" year="2005">Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 33</bibRefCitation>
(in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B335FFBD98ECFF58FF8FFF78" blockId="3.[151,688,150,267]" box="[199,688,181,205]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD98ECFF58FF38FF78" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." box="[199,519,181,205]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref17193" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Gunther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906 (1), 1 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1906.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2008: 24</bibRefCitation>
, 26, 57 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B335FFBD98BCFF3AFF05FF59" blockId="3.[151,688,150,267]" box="[151,570,212,236]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD98BCFF3AFCE4FF59" authority="Kirby, 1904: 379" authorityName="Kirby" authorityPageNumber="379" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,475,212,236]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Acrophyllinae">
Acrophyllinae
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD9905FF3AFCE4FF59" author="Kirby, W. F." box="[302,475,212,236]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref17882" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. I. British Museum, London, 501 pp." type="book" year="1904">Kirby, 1904: 379</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in part).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B335FFBD98BCFF1DFF0AFEBE" box="[151,565,243,267]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AD669759B335FFBD98BCFF1DFF0AFEBE" blockId="3.[151,688,150,267]" box="[151,565,243,267]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8DC9B077B335FFBD98BCFF1DFF0AFEBE" box="[151,565,243,267]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<treatmentCitation id="2C78B148B335FFBD98BCFF1DFCEAFEBE" author="Karny, H. H." box="[151,469,243,267]" page="237" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" year="1923">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD98BCFF1DFCEAFEBE" authority="Karny, 1923: 237" authorityName="Karny" authorityPageNumber="237" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,469,243,267]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladoxerinae">
Cladoxerinae
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD990EFF1DFCEAFEBE" author="Karny, H. H." box="[293,469,243,267]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="230 - 242" refId="ref17666" refString="Karny, H. H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Treubia, 3 (2), 230 - 242." type="journal article" year="1923">Karny, 1923: 237</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B335FFBD98BCFED6FDC4F946" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="AD669759B335FFBD98BCFED6FF11FA42" blockId="3.[151,1437,312,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB335FFBD98BCFED6FC56FEE0" bold="true" box="[151,361,312,341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
Diagnosis (♂,
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B335FFBD996AFED4FC68FEE0" box="[321,343,314,341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
):
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="1DB19D04B335FFBD995AFED7FF15FA42" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3003563301" collectionCode="LCF" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4">
Small to medium-sized (body length 41.5-132.0 mm) often very colourful
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD9CE2FED7F865FEE6" box="[1225,1370,313,339]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
, form ranging from slender to fairly robust; body sub-cylindrical. ♂♂ apterous (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9BD9FEB3F971FEC2" box="[1010,1102,349,375]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,245,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-36@7.[151,1436,237,1771]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitus of Ophicrania Kaup, 1871 species ♂♂ (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Ophicrania vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mahaplag [coll. FH, No. 0726-12]; B. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; C. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]; D. Ophicrania sagittarius Bresseel &amp; Bushell, 2009: Philippines, Mindanao Island, Agusan del Sur, Rosario [coll. FH, No. 1131-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381382" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381382/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
), brachypterous or with well developed alae (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9964FE6FFCA7FE2E" box="[335,408,385,411]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,187,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-29@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of of Megacrania Kaup, 1871 species (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; B. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-8]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381378/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
B–C, 2A, 3A–C),
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B335FFBD9A41FE6FFFABFE2E" box="[618,660,385,411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
apterous, brachypterous (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9B9CFE6FF904FE2E" box="[951,1083,385,411]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,186,1477]" captionTargetId="figure-15@5.[151,1436,179,1481]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Graeffea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1868 and Ophicrania Kaup, 1871 species (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841) ♀: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-1]; C. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbacher, 1906) ♀: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-1]; D. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381380/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 2B, D</figureCitation>
) or with moderately developed alae (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD98FFFE4BFC06FE0A" box="[212,313,421,447]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,187,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-29@4.[151,1436,179,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of of Megacrania Kaup, 1871 species (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; B. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-8]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381378/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD996DFE4BFC55FE0A" box="[326,362,421,447]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,186,1477]" captionTargetId="figure-15@5.[151,1436,179,1481]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus of Graeffea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1868 and Ophicrania Kaup, 1871 species (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841) ♀: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-1]; C. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbacher, 1906) ♀: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-1]; D. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381380/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">2C</figureCitation>
). Sexual dimorphism moderate. Head conspicuously enlarged, notably broader and longer than prothorax and flattened dorsoventrally, vertex smooth and with a distinct longitudinal postocular furrow laterally (
<collectionCode id="CBC80F9CB335FFBD98B4FE03FDE7FDB2" box="[159,216,493,519]" country="Argentina" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14841" name="I.N.T.A." pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="Herbarium">LCF</collectionCode>
); genae strongly enlarged (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9A25FE03FF73FDB2" box="[526,588,493,519]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig 4</figureCitation>
A-J). Eyes more or less decidedly displaced towards the dorsal surface of the head (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD992DFDFFFC76FD9E" box="[262,329,529,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A-J). No ocelli. Gula large and covering&gt; ½ of cervical region (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9C0DFDFFF957FD99" box="[1062,1128,529,556]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1313,1337]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1289]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[151,1436,181,1289]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Details of head and prothorax in ventral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.). A. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; B. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381386/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A-B). Lacinia usually with three terminal teeth. Antennae moderately slim to robust and often perlamorph, distinctly segmented and at best equal in length to profemora (much shorter than profemora in
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B335FFBD9B7BFDB7FE46FDC6" box="[848,889,601,627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
); consisting of less than 30 segments. Two basal antennomeres flattened dorsoventrally, the scapus moderately broadened. Pronotum with well developed, often very prominent defensive glands at anterolateral corners; these lateral directed (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9BE6FD4FF926FD0E" box="[973,1049,673,699]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
A-J). Mesothorax&gt; 2x longer than prothorax; parallel-sided and more or less decidedly compressed dorsoventrally; mesonotum usually more or less flattened, mostly smooth to sparsely granulose (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9A9CFD07FE2FFCB6" box="[695,784,745,771]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
) but may be tuberculose (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9C12FD07F9ADFCB6" box="[1081,1170,745,771]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
) to spinulose in certain taxa (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD98FFFCE3FC15FC92" box="[212,298,781,807]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
), with a fine medio-longitudinal carina. Tegmina flat and spatulate; in winged taxa notably shorter than alae. Anal fan of alae transparent, plain grey, pink or orange; only in one known case with a darker outer margin. Median segment longer than metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment considerably longer than head and complete thorax combined. Abdominal segments II-VI longer than wide. No praeopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII of
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B335FFBD996BFC73FC55FC02" box="[320,362,925,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
(Fig.. 8E). Terminalia of ♂♂ (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9A90FC73FE36FC02" box="[699,777,925,951]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,453,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-147@10.[165,1422,453,1894]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Details of terminalia of ♂♂: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X); C. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, ventral view; D. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9B3FFC73FE1AFC02" box="[788,805,925,951]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1421,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,187,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[151,1436,181,1398]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Terminalia of ♂♂ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; D. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143]; E. Megacrania sp. nov., dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3]; F. Graeffea leveri (Günther, 1937), lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1]; G. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; H. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1]; J. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381392/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">7</figureCitation>
): Anal segment tectiform and split longitudinally to form two movable hemi-tergites that are dorsally connected by a narrow fissure (FI,
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9C2DFC2FF9BAFC6E" box="[1030,1157,961,987]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1421,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,187,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[151,1436,181,1398]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Terminalia of ♂♂ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; D. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143]; E. Megacrania sp. nov., dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3]; F. Graeffea leveri (Günther, 1937), lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1]; G. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; H. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1]; J. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381392/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 7B, E</figureCitation>
, G-J); interior surface of hemi-tergites with various specializations, either with paired medio-ventral directed thorn-pads (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9CF7FC0BF80AFBB5" box="[1244,1333,997,1024]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,453,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-147@10.[165,1422,453,1894]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Details of terminalia of ♂♂: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X); C. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, ventral view; D. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
), or with often asymmetrical rows of teeth or dentate ridges that are directed medially against each other (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9CFEFBE7F857FB96" box="[1237,1384,1033,1059]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,453,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-147@10.[165,1422,453,1894]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Details of terminalia of ♂♂: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X); C. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, ventral view; D. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 6A, 6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9D5EFBE7FD85FBF2" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1421,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,187,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[151,1436,181,1398]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Terminalia of ♂♂ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; D. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143]; E. Megacrania sp. nov., dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3]; F. Graeffea leveri (Günther, 1937), lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1]; G. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; H. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1]; J. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381392/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">7B, 7E</figureCitation>
). No vomer (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD997DFBC3FCDFFBF2" box="[342,480,1069,1095]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,453,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-147@10.[165,1422,453,1894]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Details of terminalia of ♂♂: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X); C. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, ventral view; D. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 6A, C</figureCitation>
). Paraprocts variable. Poculum (= subgenital plate) small, rather flat to moderately convex and scoop-shaped (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD99EFFBBFFFB8FBDE" box="[452,647,1105,1131]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1421,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,187,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[151,1436,181,1398]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Terminalia of ♂♂ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; D. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143]; E. Megacrania sp. nov., dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3]; F. Graeffea leveri (Günther, 1937), lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1]; G. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; H. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1]; J. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381392/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 7A, C, D, F</figureCitation>
). Terminalia of
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B335FFBD9B1DFBBFFE5FFBDE" box="[822,864,1105,1131]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
(
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9B44FBBFFE8DFBDE" box="[879,946,1105,1131]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
): Subgenital plate at best slightly projecting beyond but mostly not reaching to apex of abdomen, obtusely convex to moderately keeled longitudinally; often with a knob-, wart-, or transversely ridge-like basal swelling (here referred to as “opercular organ”,
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9D20FB77F868FB06" box="[1291,1367,1177,1203]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A-E). Gonapophysis VIII more or less equal in length to gonapophysis IX, gonoplac variable in size, sometimes notably enlarged (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD992CFB0FFC60FB4E" box="[263,351,1249,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
) and occasionally fused with gonapophysis IX; all hidden within subgenital plate and not reaching to apex of abdomen. Gonangulum present but small. Cerci in both sexes compressed laterally, more or less enlarged and elongated, foliaceous or lanceolate in shape (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9B1EFAC7FE9CFAF1" box="[821,931,1321,1348]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1421,1445]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1418,453,1892]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1434,187,1394]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure-147@10.[165,1422,453,1894]" captionTargetId-1="figure-15@11.[151,1436,181,1398]" captionTargetId-2="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Details of terminalia of ♂♂: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X); C. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, ventral view; D. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), ventral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Terminalia of ♂♂ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; D. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143]; E. Megacrania sp. nov., dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3]; F. Graeffea leveri (Günther, 1937), lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1]; G. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; H. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1]; J. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381392" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4381392/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 6-8</figureCitation>
). All femora and tibiae trapezoidal in crosssection; tibiae usually less decidedly carinate. Tibiae without an area apicalis. Profemora somewhat constricted and strongly curved in basal portion (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD9A27FA9FFF65FA3E" box="[524,602,1393,1419]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
A-E); dorsal carinae very slightly nearing, the posterodorsal carina at best very slightly raised sub-basally and occasionally minutely denticulate. Medioventral carina of all femora midways on ventral surface and often set with a variable number of small spines or teeth. Extrimities otherwise unarmed. Basitarsi slender, not lobed dorsally
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B335FFBD98ECF9EFFDC4F946" blockId="3.[151,1437,312,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB335FFBD98ECF9EFFC85F9AF" bold="true" box="[199,442,1536,1563]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
Eggs (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB335FFBD993AF9EEFC50F9AF" box="[273,367,1536,1562]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[347,1239,190,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-29@22.[339,1247,181,1541]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Eggs of Megacraniinae subfam. nov. (A-H), Platycraninae: Platycranini (J-K) and Platycraninae: Stephanacridini (L-M): A. Megacrania batesii Kirby, 1896, dorsolateral view: NE-Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation [coll. FH, No. 0175-E]; B. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, dorsolateral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-E]; C. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 dorsolateral view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-E]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; E. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; F. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbach- er, 1906), dorsolateral view: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-E]; G. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Melanesia, Fiji, Suva [coll. FH, No. 0204-E2]; H. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-E1], J. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; K. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; L. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-E1]; M. Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1081-E]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381402/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
A–H):
</emphasis>
Medium-sized to very large, more or less alveolar and /or polygonal; capsule distinctly longer and higher than wide. Dorsal surface often strongly convex. Polar area mostly more or less distinctly indented. Capsule surface prominently sculptured, being granulose, tuberculose, rugulose, coriaceous or punctured; usually with at least weak irregular longitudinal ridges and/or keels. Micropylar plate small, less than ½ the length of capsule and notably displaced towards the posterior end of capsule; shape more or less rhomboidal. Micropylar cup placed roughly in centre of plate. Internal micropylar plate closed. Operculum strongly raised and conical or peg-like.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B335FFB198ECF912FC8BFEA8" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AD669759B335FFBD98ECF912FC23F87E" blockId="3.[151,1437,312,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB335FFBD98ECF912FC6DF8A3" bold="true" box="[199,338,1788,1814]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Comments:</emphasis>
The subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD9A22F913FF9EF8A2" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[521,673,1789,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
was originally established by Brunner v.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD9CA9F913F844F8A2" author="Wattenwyl, C." box="[1154,1403,1789,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="76 - 101" refId="ref15942" refString="Brunner v. Wattenwyl, C. (1893) Revision du System des Orthopteres et description des especes rapportees par M. Leon Fea de Birmanie. Annali des Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, Genova, Series 2, 13 (33), 76 - 101 + 217 - 219, pls. 2 - 4." type="journal article" year="1893">Wattenwyl (1893: 97)</bibRefCitation>
as Platycraniae to include the genera
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD9A08F8CFFE15F889" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[547,810,1825,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB335FFBD9A08F8CFFFA0F88E" box="[547,671,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Platycrana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD9A82F8CFFE15F889" author="Gray, G. R." box="[681,810,1825,1852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refId="ref16788" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697" type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD9B1CF8CFFEC0F88E" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[823,1023,1825,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB335FFBD9B1CF8CFFEA4F88E" box="[823,923,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Graeffea</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1868 and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD9D34F8CFFC36F8EA" authority="Stal, 1877" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Arrhidaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB335FFBD9D34F8CFF8A3F88E" box="[1311,1436,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Arrhidaeus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD98BCF8AAFC36F8EA" author="Stal, C." box="[151,265,1860,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="62 - 68" refId="ref18707" refString="Stal, C. (1877) Especes nouvelles de Phasmides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Comptes Rendues, 20, 62 - 68." type="journal article" year="1877">Stål, 1877</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD9919F8ABFF7DF8EA" authority="Kaup, 1871" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[306,578,1861,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB335FFBD9919F8ABFC8CF8EA" box="[306,435,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Ophicrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD9990F8ABFF7DF8EA" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[443,578,1861,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB335FFBD9A7DF8ABFFEDF8EA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[598,722,1861,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB335FFBD9A7DF8ABFFEDF8EA" box="[598,722,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the genus-eponymum and hence the type-genus. Subsequent authors (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD9907F887FCEEF831" author="Gunther, K." box="[300,465,1897,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B335FFBD99F4F887FFE1F836" author="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S." box="[479,734,1897,1923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="176 - 208" refId="ref15898" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79, 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
) traditionally characterized the subfamily mainly by the morphological character combination “Cheeks broader than eye” and “Wings, but the tegmina in particular, shortened or lacking”.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B332FFBA98BCF8A7FFD5F878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381378/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" startId="4.[151,250,1865,1889]" targetBox="[151,1436,187,1839]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="AD669759B332FFBA98BCF8A7FFD5F878" blockId="4.[151,1437,1865,1997]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA98BCF8A7FC2DF8D4" bold="true" box="[151,274,1865,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Habitus of of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB332FFBA9989F8A4FFA6F8D4" authority="Kaup, 1871" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[418,665,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA9989F8A4FF21F8D4" box="[418,542,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Megacrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B332FFBA9A08F8A4FFA6F8D4" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[547,665,1865,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB332FFBA9ADFF8A7FEB3F8D4" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[756,908,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA9BBAF8A7F925F8D4" bold="true" box="[913,1050,1865,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B332FFBA9BBAF8A7F925F8D4" box="[913,1050,1865,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
):
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA9C04F8A7F977F8D4" bold="true" box="[1071,1096,1865,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB332FFBA9C66F8A4FDEDF830" authority="(Westwood, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phelaus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA9C66F8A4F821F8D4" box="[1101,1310,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Megacrania phelaus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B332FFBA9D01F8A7FDF4F830" author="Westwood, J. O." pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
♀: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA9BDAF883F937F830" bold="true" box="[1009,1032,1901,1925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB332FFBA9C26F880F8A3F830" authority="(Westwood, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1037,1436,1901,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phelaus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA9C26F880F9E2F830" box="[1037,1245,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Megacrania phelaus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B332FFBA9CC2F883F8AAF830" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[1257,1429,1901,1925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
♂: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-8];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA9BFAF87FFED6F81C" bold="true" box="[977,1001,1937,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB332FFBA9BD9F87CF87FF81C" authority="Hsiung, 2007" authorityName="Hsiung" authorityYear="2007" box="[1010,1344,1937,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB332FFBA9BD9F87CF992F81C" box="[1010,1197,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Megacrania spina</emphasis>
Hsiung, 2007
</taxonomicName>
♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B333FFBB98BCFA0DF914F93E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381380" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381380/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" startId="5.[151,250,1507,1531]" targetBox="[156,1431,186,1477]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="AD669759B333FFBB98BCFA0DF914F93E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1507,1675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB98BCFA0DFC2AFA4E" bold="true" box="[151,277,1507,1531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Habitus of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB99B8FA0DFF77FA4E" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[403,584,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB99B8FA0DFCD2FA4E" box="[403,493,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Graeffea</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1868 and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9B65FA0DF97BFA4E" authority="Kaup, 1871" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[846,1092,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9B65FA0DFEFCFA4E" box="[846,963,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Ophicrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFBB9BE7FA0AF97BFA4E" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[972,1092,1507,1531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9C8EFA0DF802FA4E" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1189,1341,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9D6DFA0DFDFCF9AA" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B333FFBB9D6DFA0DFDFCF9AA" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
):
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB98F7F9E9FDCAF9AA" bold="true" box="[220,245,1543,1567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB98D6F9E9FF42F9AA" authority="Gunther, 1932" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1932" box="[253,637,1543,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB98D6F9E9FCDFF9AA" box="[253,480,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Graeffea meridionalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFBB99C2F9E9FF42F9AA" author="Gunther, K." box="[489,637,1543,1567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" pagination="753 - 835" refId="ref16841" refString="Gunther, K. (1932) Beitrage zur Systematik und Geschichte der Phasmoidenfauna Ozeaniens. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 17, 753 - 835. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19310170602" type="journal article" year="1932">Günther, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB990BF9C5FC07F9F6" bold="true" box="[288,312,1579,1603]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9914F9C5FF85F9F6" authority="(Le Guillou, 1841)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[319,698,1579,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crouanii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9914F9C5FCCBF9F6" box="[319,500,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Graeffea crouanii</emphasis>
(Le Guillou, 1841)
</taxonomicName>
♀: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9D23F9C5F81FF9F6" bold="true" box="[1288,1312,1579,1603]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9D0CF9C5FC14F9D2" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigroplagiatus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9D0CF9C5FC14F9D2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Ophicrania nigroplagiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var. (Redtenbacher, 1906) ♀: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9CAAF9A1F9A6F9D2" bold="true" box="[1153,1177,1615,1639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9C88F9A1F852F9D2" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1187,1389,1615,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apterus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9C88F9A1F852F9D2" box="[1187,1389,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Ophicrania apterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var. (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFBB98B5F99DFC54F93E" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[158,363,1651,1675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
) ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-1].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AD669759B333FFB898ECF954F806FAB8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1721,2036]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">
However,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9910F957FF03F961" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[315,572,1721,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9910F957FC88F966" box="[315,439,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Platycrana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFBB99EBF957FF03F961" author="Gray, G. R." box="[448,572,1721,1748]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" refId="ref16788" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697" type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB333FFBB9A67F957FFF9F966" box="[588,710,1721,1747]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="19.[151,250,1762,1786]" captionStartId-1="20.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1430,191,1735]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,189,1620]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@19.[151,1436,181,1738]" captionTargetId-1="figure-29@20.[151,1436,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="20" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Habitus of Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), Platycraninae: Platycranini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893: A. ♀ dor- solateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-3]; B. ♀ dorsolateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-6]; C. ♀ dorsolateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-11]; D. ♀ dorsolateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-11]." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Details of Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), Platycraninae: Platycranini: A. Terminalia of ♀, lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-5]; B. Terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-5]; C. Terminalia of ♀, ventral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-6]; D. Terminalia of ♂, lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; E. Terminalia of ♂, dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; F. Terminalia of ♂, ventral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; G. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♂ in lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; H. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ in lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-3]; J. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ in lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-6]." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381396" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381398" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4381396/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4381398/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Figs. 9-10</figureCitation>
) the type-genus of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9B8AF957F906F966" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[929,1081,1721,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
, differs fundamentally from all other genera currently attributed to the subfamily in numerous morphological characteristics and does not even exhibit the aforementioned main diagnostic characteristic of the subfamily, the distinctly enlarged genae (or “cheeks”). Hence, the subfamily in its present recognition is obviously polyphyletic. This has already been pointed out and illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFBB9919F8A7FF35F8D6" author="Bradler, S." box="[306,522,1865,1891]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" pagination="179 - 184" refId="ref15687" refString="Bradler, S. (2001) Die australischen Stabschrecken-die &quot; Beuteltiere &quot; unter den Phasmiden? Verhandlungen der Westdeutschen Entomologischen Tagung 2000, Lobbecke-Museum Dusseldorf, 2001, 179 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001">Bradler (2001: 181</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2) and
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFBB9AB9F8A7FE63F8D6" author="Bradler, S." box="[658,860,1865,1891]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" pagination="3 - 139" refId="ref15720" refString="Bradler, S. (2009) Phylogenie der Stab- und Gespenstschrecken (Phasmatodea). Species, Phylogenie and Evolution, 2, 3 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.17875 / gup 2009 - 710" type="journal article" year="2009">Bradler (2009: 63</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 33), who studied the external genitalia of ♂♂, as well as by
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFBB991AF880FFA8F832" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." box="[305,663,1901,1928]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref17193" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Gunther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906 (1), 1 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1906.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Hennemann &amp; Conle (2008: 24</bibRefCitation>
, 26), who in their distinguishing key to the subfamilies and tribes of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB98BCF87FFC1AF81E" box="[151,293,1937,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9907F87CFC58F81E" box="[300,359,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFBB9A13F87FFFEDF81E" author="Bradler, S." box="[568,722,1937,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" pagination="179 - 184" refId="ref15687" refString="Bradler, S. (2001) Die australischen Stabschrecken-die &quot; Beuteltiere &quot; unter den Phasmiden? Verhandlungen der Westdeutschen Entomologischen Tagung 2000, Lobbecke-Museum Dusseldorf, 2001, 179 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001">Bradler, 2001</bibRefCitation>
) referred to “
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9B43F87FF939F81E" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[872,1030,1937,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
” as comprising all genera attributed to the subfamily at that time except for the type-genus
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9B2BF85BFE43F87A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[768,892,1973,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9B2BF85BFE43F87A" box="[768,892,1973,1999]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself. In addition to stating that
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9CC6F85BF856F87A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[1261,1385,1973,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB333FFBB9CC6F85BF856F87A" box="[1261,1385,1973,1999]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not closely related to the remaining genera of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB333FFBB9A98F837FE74F846" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[691,843,2009,2035]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
in its traditional recognition,
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B333FFB89C83F834FC33FF04" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref17193" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Gunther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906 (1), 1 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1906.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Hennemann &amp; Conle (2008: 57)</bibRefCitation>
suggested close relation between
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89AA2FF79FE3AFF04" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[649,773,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89AA2FF79FE3AFF04" box="[649,773,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the tribe
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89BB5FF79F9CAFF04" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[926,1269,150,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">
Stephanacridini
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB89C7EFF79F9CAFF04" author="Gunther, K." box="[1109,1269,150,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89D2FFF79F86AFF04" box="[1284,1365,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1586,1610]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,187,1561]" captionTargetId="figure-15@21.[237,1351,181,1562]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Habitus and details of members of Platycraninae: Stephanacridini Günther, 1953: A. Macrophasma oreitrephes (Günther, 1929) ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0107-2]; B. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup &amp; Heyden, 1871) ♀: captive reared from ‘Australian Islands’ [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; C. Eucarcharus sp. ♂: captive reared from Philip- pines, Mindanao Island, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Apo [coll. FH, No. 0630-7]; D. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup &amp; Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, lateral view: captive reared from ‘Australian Islands’ [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; E. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup &amp; Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: captive reared from ‘Australian Islands’ [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; F. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup &amp; Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, ventral view: captive reared from ‘Australian Islands’ [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; G. Stephanacris draconius Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2006 terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Wau [coll. FH, No. 0377-2]; H. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859) terminalia of ♂, lateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-2]; J. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859) terminalia of ♂, ventral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-2]; K. Stephanacris globiceps Redtenbacher, 1908 terminalia of ♂, dorsal view: West Pa- pua, Arfak Mountains, Manokwari, Maibri village, 670m [coll. FH, No. 1000-1]; L. Phasmotaenia lanyuhensis Huang &amp; Brock, 2001 terminalia of ♂, ventral view: Taiwan, Lanyuh Island [coll. FH, No. 0616-2]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381400/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB89D41FF79FC78FF60" author="Bradler, S." pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="179 - 184" refId="ref15687" refString="Bradler, S. (2001) Die australischen Stabschrecken-die &quot; Beuteltiere &quot; unter den Phasmiden? Verhandlungen der Westdeutschen Entomologischen Tagung 2000, Lobbecke-Museum Dusseldorf, 2001, 179 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001">Bradler (2001: 181</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2; 2009: 63, fig. 33) provided figures of the genitalia of ♂♂ of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89C64FF55F9F4FF60" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[1103,1227,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89C64FF55F9F4FF60" box="[1103,1227,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two members of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB8989CFF31FC62FF4C" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[183,349,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB8994CFF30FF3FFF4C" bold="true" box="[359,512,222,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB8994CFF30FF3FFF4C" box="[359,512,222,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, that clearly illustrate the fundamental differences in genital morphology. In ♂♂ of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB8989CFEEDFC0CFEA8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[183,307,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB8989CFEEDFC0CFEA8" box="[183,307,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the anal segment is flat and entire with the posterior margin just gently indented and the vomer is well developed as a roughly triangular, strongly sclerotised plate that bears a terminal hook (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89CEBFEC9F823FEF7" box="[1216,1308,295,322]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,453,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-147@10.[165,1422,453,1894]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Details of terminalia of ♂♂: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X); C. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, ventral view; D. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). The cerci are small, cylindrical and do not show any specializations. All other genera formerly attributed to
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89CD6FEA5F8A7FED0" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[1277,1432,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
, and here comprised in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB899B2FE81FF00FE3C" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[409,575,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89A6CFE80FFDFFE3C" bold="true" box="[583,736,366,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB89A6CFE80FFDFFE3C" box="[583,736,366,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, have the anal segment more or less tectiform and split longitudinally into two movable hemi-tergites that bear variable dentate specializations on their interior surface to form a clasping apparatus analogous to that of other
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89A9DFE59FE7BFE64" box="[694,836,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89B67FE59FEB6FE65" box="[844,905,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata,
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89C4EFE59F9ECFE67" box="[1125,1235,439,466]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1421,1445]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1418,453,1892]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1434,187,1394]" captionTargetId-0="figure-147@10.[165,1422,453,1894]" captionTargetId-1="figure-15@11.[151,1436,181,1398]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Details of terminalia of ♂♂: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X); C. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, ventral view; D. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), ventral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Terminalia of ♂♂ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; D. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143]; E. Megacrania sp. nov., dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3]; F. Graeffea leveri (Günther, 1937), lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1]; G. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; H. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1]; J. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381392" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4381392/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Figs. 6-7</figureCitation>
). Also the genital morphology of
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B330FFB8996DFE35FC4FFE40" box="[326,368,475,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
of these two clades shows fundamental differences. In
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89BF4FE35F964FE40" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[991,1115,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89BF4FE35F964FE40" box="[991,1115,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the subgenital plate is much elongated and projects considerably beyond the apex of the abdomen, there is a praeopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII but no analogous structure at the base of the subgenital plate as in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89C08FDCDF9F6FD88" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1059,1225,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89CFAFDCCF854FD88" bold="true" box="[1233,1387,546,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB89CFAFDCCF854FD88" box="[1233,1387,546,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, the cerci are small and cylindrical, and the gonapophysis VIII are extremely elongated, filiform and project greatly beyond the apex of the abdomen (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89A32FD85FF4BFD30" box="[537,628,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-29@20.[151,1436,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Details of Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), Platycraninae: Platycranini: A. Terminalia of ♀, lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-5]; B. Terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-5]; C. Terminalia of ♀, ventral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-6]; D. Terminalia of ♂, lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; E. Terminalia of ♂, dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; F. Terminalia of ♂, ventral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; G. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♂ in lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; H. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ in lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-3]; J. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ in lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-6]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381398/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
A-C). In all other genera formerly attributed to
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89CBFFD85F810FD30" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[1172,1327,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
, and here comprised in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89919FD61FCE7FD1C" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[306,472,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB899CBFD60FF46FD1C" bold="true" box="[480,633,654,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB899CBFD60FF46FD1C" box="[480,633,654,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, the subgenital plate hardly projects over the apex of the abdomen and bears an opercular organ (OpO) that is formed by a knob-, wart-, or transversely ridge-like swelling at the base (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB898B4FD39FDD3FD44" box="[159,236,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A–E) and serves as an anchorage for the ♂♂ clasping apparatus during copulation, the cerci are laterally compressed, more or less elongated and foliaceous or lanceolate (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89BA6FD15FEC4FCA3" box="[909,1019,763,790]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1421,1445]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1418,453,1892]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1434,187,1394]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure-147@10.[165,1422,453,1894]" captionTargetId-1="figure-15@11.[151,1436,181,1398]" captionTargetId-2="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Details of terminalia of ♂♂: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X); C. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, ventral view; D. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), ventral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Terminalia of ♂♂ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; D. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143]; E. Megacrania sp. nov., dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3]; F. Graeffea leveri (Günther, 1937), lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1]; G. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; H. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1]; J. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381392" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4381392/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Figs. 6-8</figureCitation>
), and the gonapophysis VIII are not notably elongated and fully hidden within the subgenital plate. Furthermore, the main key feature of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89D2FFCF1FCBFFCE8" authority="sensu Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">
Platycraninae
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB898BCFCADFDEAFCE9" box="[151,213,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB898F7FCADFCBFFCE8" author="Gunther, K." box="[220,384,834,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the strongly enlarged genae (“cheeks”) only matches for the genera here comprised in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89D78FCADFDC1FC34" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB8992EFC88FCA1FC34" bold="true" box="[261,414,870,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB8992EFC88FCA1FC34" box="[261,414,870,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. These have the genae strongly enlarged to accommodate the massive mandibular muscles necessary for feeding on the hard leaves of various palms (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89B34FC65FEA8FC10" box="[799,919,907,933]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
) e.g. coconut (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89C17FC65F9DAFC10" box="[1084,1253,907,933]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89C17FC65F9DAFC10" box="[1084,1253,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or screw palms (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB8988AFC41FC2EFC7C" box="[161,273,943,969]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB8988AFC41FC2EFC7C" box="[161,273,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Pandanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89979FC41FCD7FC7F" box="[338,488,943,970]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
). The head in these taxa is remarkably large, flattened dorsoventrally and the eyes are more or less distinctly displaced towards the dorsal surface of the head capsule (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89C3AFC3DF969FC58" box="[1041,1110,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Moreover, the head capsule bears a distinct longitudinal postocular furrow here referred to as the lateral cervical furrow (LCF,
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89CDAFC19F809FBA4" box="[1265,1334,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetId="figure-29@8.[240,1347,181,1695]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax,A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB898FDFBF5FC6DFB80" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[214,338,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB898FDFBF5FC6DFB80" box="[214,338,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a fairly usual phasmatodean head, that is ovoid and somewhat widened towards the posterior with the vertex roundly convex and the eyes placed on the lateral surfaces of the head capsule (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89C81FBD1F83AFBEC" box="[1194,1285,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-29@20.[151,1436,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Details of Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), Platycraninae: Platycranini: A. Terminalia of ♀, lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-5]; B. Terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-5]; C. Terminalia of ♀, ventral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-6]; D. Terminalia of ♂, lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; E. Terminalia of ♂, dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; F. Terminalia of ♂, ventral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; G. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♂ in lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-13]; H. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ in lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-3]; J. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ in lateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-6]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381398/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
H-J). Finally, also the eggs of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89978FB8DFCF0FBC8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[339,463,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89978FB8DFCF0FBC8" box="[339,463,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unlike those of all other genera of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89BA5FB8DF827FBC8" authority="sensu Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[910,1304,1122,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">
Platycraninae
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89C04FB8DF952FBC9" box="[1071,1133,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB89C5DFB8DF827FBC8" author="Gunther, K." box="[1142,1304,1122,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(here comprised in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB898D5FB69FC9BFB14" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[254,420,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89980FB68FF7DFB14" bold="true" box="[427,578,1158,1185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB89980FB68FF7DFB14" box="[427,578,1158,1185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
), being ovoid with a flat operculum that bears a small knob-like capitulum in the centre and having a large micropylar plate which exhibits two conspicuous lateral hook-like expansions (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89D4FFB45FD8DFB5C" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[347,1239,190,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-29@22.[339,1247,181,1541]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Eggs of Megacraniinae subfam. nov. (A-H), Platycraninae: Platycranini (J-K) and Platycraninae: Stephanacridini (L-M): A. Megacrania batesii Kirby, 1896, dorsolateral view: NE-Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation [coll. FH, No. 0175-E]; B. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, dorsolateral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-E]; C. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 dorsolateral view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-E]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; E. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; F. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbach- er, 1906), dorsolateral view: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-E]; G. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Melanesia, Fiji, Suva [coll. FH, No. 0204-E2]; H. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-E1], J. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; K. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; L. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-E1]; M. Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1081-E]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381402/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
J-K). All genera in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB899A5FB21FF0BFB5C" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[398,564,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89A10FB20FFEDFB5C" bold="true" box="[571,722,1230,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB89A10FB20FFEDFB5C" box="[571,722,1230,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
have more or less alveolar and polygonal eggs that bear a large, conical to peg-like operculum and have a fairly small mostly rhomboidal micropylar plate (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB89CBDFB1DF9CEFAB8" box="[1174,1265,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[347,1239,190,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-29@22.[339,1247,181,1541]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Eggs of Megacraniinae subfam. nov. (A-H), Platycraninae: Platycranini (J-K) and Platycraninae: Stephanacridini (L-M): A. Megacrania batesii Kirby, 1896, dorsolateral view: NE-Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation [coll. FH, No. 0175-E]; B. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, dorsolateral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-E]; C. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 dorsolateral view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-E]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; E. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; F. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbach- er, 1906), dorsolateral view: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-E]; G. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Melanesia, Fiji, Suva [coll. FH, No. 0204-E2]; H. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-E1], J. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; K. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; L. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-E1]; M. Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1081-E]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381402/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
A-H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B330FFB898ECFAF9FF91F908" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
As already suggested by the distinctive genital morphology of
<quantity id="6A213ABCB330FFB89B88FAF6FED1FA84" box="[931,1006,1303,1331]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" unit="in" value="33.0">♂♂ in</quantity>
particular, not only phylogenetic approaches based on morphological characters (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB89AF0FAD5FE46FAE0" author="Bradler, S." box="[731,889,1339,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="3 - 139" refId="ref15720" refString="Bradler, S. (2009) Phylogenie der Stab- und Gespenstschrecken (Phasmatodea). Species, Phylogenie and Evolution, 2, 3 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.17875 / gup 2009 - 710" type="journal article" year="2009">Bradler, 2009</bibRefCitation>
) but also molecular-based phylogenetic studies (Buckley
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89923FAB1FC7BFACC" box="[264,324,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB899B4FAB1FFBAFACC" author="Bradler, S. &amp; Cliquennois, N. &amp; Buckley, T. R." box="[415,645,1374,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref15835" refString="Bradler, S., Cliquennois, N. &amp; Buckley, T. R. (2015) Single origin of the Mascarene stick insects: ancient radiation on sunken islands? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15 (196), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 015 - 0478 - y" type="journal article" year="2015">
Bradler
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB899D5FAB1FF06FACC" box="[510,569,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
) have frequently revealed
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89B97FAB1F95DFACC" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[956,1122,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89C46FAB0F837FACC" bold="true" box="[1133,1288,1374,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB89C46FAB0F837FACC" box="[1133,1288,1374,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(in all mentioned studies referred to as “
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB899F4FA6DFF40FA2B" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[479,639,1411,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
”) as a subordinate clade of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89B9FFA6DF97DFA28" box="[948,1090,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89C62FA6DF9BBFA29" box="[1097,1156,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata). Thus
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB898BCFA49FC2CFA74" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,275,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB898BCFA49FC2CFA74" box="[151,275,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB899DEFA49FFB2FA74" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[501,653,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89ABEFA49FE26FA74" bold="true" box="[661,793,1447,1473]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">sensu novo</emphasis>
consequently, are here removed from
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89CE0FA49F866FA74" box="[1227,1369,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89D4AFA49F8A2FA75" box="[1377,1437,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata), and based on morphological characters shown to be closely related to
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89CB8FA25F87CFA50" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[1171,1347,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
(+ see discussion of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB8991AFA01FCF6F9BC" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[305,457,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
below). Molecular studies (Buckley
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89B4CFA01FEA0F9BC" box="[871,927,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009) have recovered
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89C8EFA01F86AF9BC" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[1189,1365,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
as the sister group of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89916F9FDFCF4F998" box="[317,459,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB899FBF9FDFF35F999" box="[464,522,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata) and in removing
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89BB0F9FDF90CF998" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[923,1075,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
from this clade,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89CC6F9FDF8A2F998" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[1261,1437,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
becomes a subordinate taxon of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB899D7F9D9FFABF9E4" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[508,660,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89AB1F9D9FE2CF9E4" bold="true" box="[666,787,1591,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">sensu nov.</emphasis>
. Consequently and in accordance to the results of
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB89D14F9D9FC1BF9C0" author="Buckley, T. R. &amp; Attanayake, D. &amp; Nylander, J. A. A. &amp; Bradler, S." pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="207 - 225" refId="ref16080" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D., Nylander, J. A. A. &amp; Bradler, S. (2010) The phylogenetic placement and biogeographical origins of the New Zealand stick insects (Phasmatodea). Systematic Entomology, 35, 207 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009.00505. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Buckley
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB898BCF9B5FDEFF9C0" box="[151,208,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB8991BF9B5FCF7F9C0" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[304,456,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
instead of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89A6EF9B5FFCAF9C0" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[581,757,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
can now be considered as the sister group of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89CDDF9B5F8BBF9C0" box="[1270,1412,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89DA1F9B5FD86F92D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata;
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB330FFB899A5F991FCDFF92C" box="[398,480,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1664,1688]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,633,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-241@25.[151,1436,633,1640]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. Supposed relationships between Phasmatidae s. str. (= Lanceocercata), including the subordinate Megacraniinae subfam. nov., and the sister group Platycraninae sensu nov. with the two contained tribes Platycranini and Stephanacridini. The tree shown is merely meant to visualize the estimated relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Although the results of Robertson et al. (2018, Fig. 6) and Simon et al. (2019, Fig. 2), both based on molecular data, are incorporated the above tree cannot be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogram." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381404/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). A detailed discussion of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89B29F991FEA5F92C" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[770,922,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89B8AF991F91DF92C" bold="true" box="[929,1058,1663,1689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">sensu novo</emphasis>
and the arrangement of tribes and genera within the subfamily is presented below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B330FFB998ECF929FF2EFF60" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
Given that
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB8996EF929FCFEF954" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[325,449,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB8996EF929FCFEF954" box="[325,449,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the type-genus of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89AB7F929FE08F954" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[668,823,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
, is not closely related to any of the other genera traditionally attributed to that subfamily a new subfamiliar name is necessary to accommodate these genera. In order to emphasize the main key feature of this subfamily, i.e. the remarkably enlarged head and genae,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89CDDF8E1F8A3F89C" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1270,1436,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB898BCF8DCFC0EF8F8" bold="true" box="[151,305,1842,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B330FFB898BCF8DCFC0EF8F8" box="[151,305,1842,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is here introduced with
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB330FFB89A66F8DDFE5AF8F8" authority="Kaup, 1871" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[589,869,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89A66F8DDFFE9F8F9" box="[589,726,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Megacrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB89ACBF8DDFE5AF8F8" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[736,869,1843,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as the type-genus. This new subfamiliar name, a combination of the Greek
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89995F8B8FCC3F8C4" box="[446,508,1878,1905]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">μέγας</emphasis>
or
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89A09F8B9FF60F8C5" box="[546,607,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">mega</emphasis>
(= large) and
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89AD6F8B8FE6AF8C4" box="[765,853,1878,1905]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">κραΝΊΟΝ</emphasis>
or
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89B50F8B9FEE7F8C5" box="[891,984,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">cranium</emphasis>
(= skull), is chosen because it very well describes the main key characteristic that distinguishes this subfamily from all other related taxa. The vernacular name “Palm stick insects” is here preferred to “Coconut Stick Insects”, as used by
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B330FFB89C60F871F809F80C" author="Bradler, S. &amp; Cliquennois, N. &amp; Buckley, T. R." box="[1099,1334,1950,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref15835" refString="Bradler, S., Cliquennois, N. &amp; Buckley, T. R. (2015) Single origin of the Mascarene stick insects: ancient radiation on sunken islands? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15 (196), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 015 - 0478 - y" type="journal article" year="2015">
Bradler
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB330FFB89C8CF871F9DEF80C" box="[1191,1249,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
, because members of this subfamily are not exclusively feeding on coconut palms but are known to feed on a variety of different
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB998CBFF79FC6AFF04" box="[224,341,151,177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB999B3FF79FCCBFF04" box="[408,500,151,177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Caryota" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB999B3FF79FCCBFF04" box="[408,500,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Caryota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99A11FF79FF41FF04" box="[570,638,151,177]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" genus="Cycas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99A11FF79FF41FF04" box="[570,638,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Cycas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99AEEFF79FE4FFF04" box="[709,880,151,177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99AEEFF79FE4FFF04" box="[709,880,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99BABFF79F925FF04" box="[896,1050,151,177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Trachycarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99BABFF79F925FF04" box="[896,1050,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Trachycarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99C4AFF79F9DEFF04" box="[1121,1249,151,177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Metroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99C4AFF79F9DEFF04" box="[1121,1249,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Metroxylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.) and screw palms of the family
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99952FF55FF32FF60" box="[377,525,187,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B331FFB998BCF8ECFC79F81F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381382" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381382" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381382/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" startId="7.[151,250,1794,1818]" targetBox="[158,1430,245,1771]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="AD669759B331FFB998BCF8ECFC79F81F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1794,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB998BCF8ECFC2AF8AF" bold="true" box="[151,277,1794,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Habitus of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB999BAF8ECFFB9F8AF" authority="Kaup, 1871" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[401,646,1794,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB999BAF8ECFF39F8AF" box="[401,518,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Ophicrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B331FFB99A25F8EDFFB9F8AF" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[526,646,1794,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
species ♂♂ (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99B3FF8ECFE93F8AF" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[788,940,1794,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99B9FF8ECF900F8AF" bold="true" box="[948,1087,1794,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B331FFB99B9FF8ECF900F8AF" box="[948,1087,1794,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
):
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99C7CF8ECF94FF8AF" bold="true" box="[1111,1136,1794,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99C53F8ECFDE9F88B" authority="(Stal, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Stal" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittipennis">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99C53F8ECF861F8AF" box="[1144,1374,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Ophicrania vittipennis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B331FFB99D45F8ECFDF1F88B" author="Stal, C." pageId="7" pageNumber="158" refId="ref18662" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum. In: Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. Vol. 3. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, pp. 4 - 105." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: Philippines, Leyte Island, Mahaplag [coll. FH, No. 0726-12];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99B7CF8C8FE51F88B" bold="true" box="[855,878,1830,1854]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99B5EF8C8F9C9F88B" authority="(Westwood, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[885,1270,1830,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capito">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99B5EF8C8F90FF88B" box="[885,1072,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Ophicrania capito</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B331FFB99C15F8C8F9D1F88B" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[1086,1262,1830,1854]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99B39F8A4FE15F8D7" bold="true" box="[786,810,1866,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99B1AF8A4FE99F8D7" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[817,934,1866,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99B1AF8A4FE99F8D7" box="[817,934,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Ophicrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B331FFB99B87F8A5FEC1F8D7" box="[940,1022,1867,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99934F880FC07F833" bold="true" box="[287,312,1902,1926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB331FFB99915F880FE0FF833" authority="Bresseel &amp; Bushell, 2009" authorityName="Bresseel &amp; Bushell" authorityYear="2009" box="[318,816,1902,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sagittarius">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB331FFB99915F880FF1BF833" box="[318,548,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">Ophicrania sagittarius</emphasis>
Bresseel &amp; Bushell, 2009
</taxonomicName>
: Philippines, Mindanao Island, Agusan del Sur, Rosario [coll. FH, No. 1131-1].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B33EFFB698BCF959F84CF85A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381384" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381384/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" startId="8.[151,250,1719,1743]" targetBox="[240,1347,181,1695]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="AD669759B33EFFB698BCF959F84CF85A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1719,2031]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB698BCF959FC2EF97A" bold="true" box="[151,273,1719,1743]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Details of head and prothorax, A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB69C83F959F87FF97A" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1192,1344,1719,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69D6DF959FDFCF946" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33EFFB69D6DF959FDFCF946" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
):
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB698F2F935FDD4F946" bold="true" box="[217,235,1755,1779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">A</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB698D3F932FF77F946" authority="Hsiung, 2002" authorityName="Hsiung" authorityYear="2002" box="[248,584,1755,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brocki">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB698D3F932FC85F946" box="[248,442,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Megacrania brocki</emphasis>
Hsiung, 2002
</taxonomicName>
♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69CCBF935F9C8F946" bold="true" box="[1248,1271,1755,1779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB69CD6F932F846F946" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1277,1401,1756,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69CD6F932F846F946" box="[1277,1401,1756,1779]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Megacrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33EFFB69D54F935FDFCF8A3" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69BA7F911FE9AF8A2" bold="true" box="[908,933,1791,1815]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB69B87F8EEF9C8F8A2" authority="Hsiung, 2007" authorityName="Hsiung" authorityYear="2007" box="[940,1271,1791,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69B87F8EEF959F8A2" box="[940,1126,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Megacrania spina</emphasis>
Hsiung, 2007
</taxonomicName>
♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69A85F8CDFFF8F88E" bold="true" box="[686,711,1827,1851]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB69AE6F8CAF936F88E" authority="Rehn, 1904" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1904" box="[717,1033,1827,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Erastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apalamnus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69AE6F8CAFEB0F88E" box="[717,911,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Erastus apalamnus</emphasis>
Rehn, 1904
</taxonomicName>
♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB699A8F8A9FCA4F8EA" bold="true" box="[387,411,1863,1887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">E.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB6998BF8A6FFB6F8EA" authority="(Stal, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Stal" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[416,649,1863,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittipennis">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB6998BF8A6FF35F8EA" box="[416,522,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">vittipennis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33EFFB69A3DF8A9FFBEF8EA" author="Stal, C." box="[534,641,1863,1887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref18662" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum. In: Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. Vol. 3. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, pp. 4 - 105." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69D24F8A9F81DF8EA" bold="true" box="[1295,1314,1863,1887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">F.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB69D0CF8A9FCA2F836" authority="(Westwood, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capito">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69D0CF8A9FDE9F836" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Ophicrania capito</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33EFFB698CFF885FCAAF836" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[228,405,1899,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69BF4F885FEC5F836" bold="true" box="[991,1018,1899,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">G.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB69C2AF885F844F836" authority="Gunther, 1932" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1932" box="[1025,1403,1899,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69C2AF885F9DDF836" box="[1025,1250,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Graeffea meridionalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33EFFB69CC2F885F844F836" author="Gunther, K." box="[1257,1403,1899,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" pagination="753 - 835" refId="ref16841" refString="Gunther, K. (1932) Beitrage zur Systematik und Geschichte der Phasmoidenfauna Ozeaniens. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 17, 753 - 835. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19310170602" type="journal article" year="1932">Günther, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69C3DF861F90FF812" bold="true" box="[1046,1072,1935,1959]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">H.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB69C13F87EF844F812" authority="Rehn, 1904" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1904" box="[1080,1403,1935,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Erastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apalamnus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69C13F87EF9C3F812" box="[1080,1276,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Erastus apalamnus</emphasis>
Rehn, 1904
</taxonomicName>
♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69B2AF85DFE2AF87E" bold="true" box="[769,789,1971,1995]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">J.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33EFFB69B30F85AF991F87E" authority="(Westwood, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[795,1198,1971,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phelaus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33EFFB69B30F85AFED2F87E" box="[795,1005,1971,1995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Megacrania phelaus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33EFFB69BD1F85DF998F87E" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[1018,1191,1971,1995]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B33FFFB798BCFACFFE6DFA34" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381386" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381386/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" startId="9.[151,250,1313,1337]" targetBox="[152,1436,181,1289]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="AD669759B33FFFB798BCFACFFE6DFA34" blockId="9.[151,1437,1313,1410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB798BCFACFFC2BFA8F" bold="true" box="[151,276,1313,1338]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Details of head and prothorax in ventral view (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79AD0FACFFEACFA8C" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[763,915,1313,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79BB0FACFF91AFA8F" bold="true" box="[923,1061,1313,1338]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33FFFB79BB0FACFF91AFA8F" box="[923,1061,1313,1338]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79C10FACFF96BFA8C" bold="true" box="[1083,1108,1313,1337]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79C70FACCFDF5FAEB" authority="Gunther, 1932" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79C70FACCF802FA8C" box="[1115,1341,1313,1338]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Graeffea meridionalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33FFFB79D6FFACFFDF5FAEB" author="Gunther, K." pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="753 - 835" refId="ref16841" refString="Gunther, K. (1932) Beitrage zur Systematik und Geschichte der Phasmoidenfauna Ozeaniens. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 17, 753 - 835. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19310170602" type="journal article" year="1932">Günther, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79C5FFAA8F9B3FAE8" bold="true" box="[1140,1164,1350,1373]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79CBFFAA8FDF5FA37" authority="Rehn, 1904" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Erastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apalamnus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79CBFFAA8F867FAE8" box="[1172,1368,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Erastus apalamnus</emphasis>
Rehn, 1904
</taxonomicName>
♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AD669759B33FFFB498ECFA5EFF3FFED0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1455,2022]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,150,429]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
It appears noteworthy, that among
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79A79FA5EFFDFFA7F" box="[594,736,1456,1482]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79ACCFA5EFE1BFA7C" box="[743,804,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata) members of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79CA5FA5EF80BFA7F" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1166,1332,1456,1482]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79D16FA41FDF7FA5B" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33FFFB79D16FA41FDF7FA5B" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
show two striking morphological features that otherwise are exclusive to genera of the
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B33FFFB79C94FA3AF867FA5B" box="[1215,1368,1492,1518]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
clade
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB798BCFA16FCE0F9A7" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,479,1527,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Acanthoxylini">
Acanthoxylini
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33FFFB79916FA16FCE0F9A7" author="Gunther, K." box="[317,479,1527,1554]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The opercular organ (OpO) is a conspicuous swelling at the base of the
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B33FFFB79CD2FA16F81CF9A7" box="[1273,1315,1528,1554]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
subgenital plate that serves as an anchorage for the ♂♂ clasping apparatus during copulation. It varies considerably in size, shape and sculpturing among the species and genera of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79B27F9AEFE8DF9EF" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[780,946,1600,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79B91F9D1F96CF9EF" bold="true" box="[954,1107,1599,1626]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33FFFB79B91F9D1F96CF9EF" box="[954,1107,1599,1626]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
ranging in shape from knob-, over wart-like to forming an obtuse transverse ridge. While this structure is very prominent in e.g.
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79D38F98AFC23F917" authority="Kaup, 1871" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79D38F98AF8A3F9C8" box="[1299,1436,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Megacrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33FFFB798BCF966FC23F917" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[151,284,1672,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB33FFFB79906F966FC45F917" box="[301,378,1672,1698]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
C-E),
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB799EDF966FE3AF917" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[454,773,1672,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Erastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB799EDF966FF23F914" box="[454,540,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Erastus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33FFFB79A0EF966FE3AF917" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[549,773,1672,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB33FFFB79B3DF966FE4FF917" box="[790,880,1672,1698]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79B9AF966F945F917" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[945,1146,1672,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79B9AF966F92AF917" box="[945,1045,1672,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Graeffea</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1868 (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB33FFFB79D44F966FD85F973" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,417,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-139@12.[151,1436,417,1483]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
), it is just weakly developed to almost obsolete in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79ADCF942F939F973" authority="Kaup, 1871" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[759,1030,1708,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79ADCF942FE47F973" box="[759,888,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Ophicrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33FFFB79BABF942F939F973" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[896,1030,1708,1734]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Being analogous to the structure in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB798BCF93EFC08F95F" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,311,1744,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Acanthoxylini">Acanthoxylini</taxonomicName>
it is seen to be similarly variable in this latter clade (see
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33FFFB79B96F93EF855F95F" author="Buckley, T. R. &amp; Myers, S. S. &amp; Bradler, S." box="[957,1386,1744,1770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" pagination="451 - 482" refId="ref16149" refString="Buckley, T. R., Myers, S. S. &amp; Bradler, S. (2014) Revision of the stick insect genus Clitarchus Stal (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae): new synonyms and two new species from northern New Zealand. Zootaxa, 3900 (4), 451 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3900.4.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Buckley, Myers &amp; Bradler, 2014: 460</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 4). The presence of an opercular organ could be a synapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79BBFF91AF905F8BB" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[916,1082,1780,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79C6AF91DF9E6F8BB" bold="true" box="[1089,1241,1779,1806]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33FFFB79C6AF91DF9E6F8BB" box="[1089,1241,1779,1806]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
+
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79CDEF91AF8A7F8BB" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[1269,1432,1780,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Acanthoxylini">Acanthoxylini</taxonomicName>
, but further evaluation is needed to confirm this assumption. Another possible synapomorphy of these two clades is exhibited by the eggs. In contrast to all other members of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79B0BF8D2FE91F8E3" box="[800,942,1852,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79B9FF8D2FED0F8E0" box="[948,1007,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata), which show a true capitulum, the eggs of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB799B3F88EFF01F8CF" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[408,574,1888,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79A6EF8B1FFE2F8CF" bold="true" box="[581,733,1887,1914]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33FFFB79A6EF8B1FFE2F8CF" box="[581,733,1887,1914]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79B39F88EFE8DF8CF" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[786,946,1888,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Acanthoxylini">Acanthoxylini</taxonomicName>
have a more or less prominently raised and conical or peg-like operculum (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB33FFFB799DEF86AFF70F82B" box="[501,591,1924,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[347,1239,190,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-29@22.[339,1247,181,1541]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Eggs of Megacraniinae subfam. nov. (A-H), Platycraninae: Platycranini (J-K) and Platycraninae: Stephanacridini (L-M): A. Megacrania batesii Kirby, 1896, dorsolateral view: NE-Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation [coll. FH, No. 0175-E]; B. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, dorsolateral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-E]; C. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 dorsolateral view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-E]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; E. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; F. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbach- er, 1906), dorsolateral view: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-E]; G. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Melanesia, Fiji, Suva [coll. FH, No. 0204-E2]; H. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-E1], J. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; K. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; L. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-E1]; M. Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1081-E]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381402/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
A-H), which may be as high as more than half the length of the egg capsule in some extreme cases (e.g. some species of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33FFFB79AADF846FE38F877" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[646,775,1960,1986]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33FFFB79AADF846FE38F877" box="[646,775,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Ophicrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Moreover, eggs of both clades are more or less polygonal with the dorsal surface bulgy longitudinally and the polar-area more or less prominently indented. It shall bmen- tioned that there have been contrary definitions of the opercular structures of genera of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49C72FF79F9C0FF04" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1113,1279,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49D2DFF78F8A3FF04" bold="true" box="[1286,1436,150,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33CFFB49D2DFF78F8A3FF04" box="[1286,1436,150,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in the past. According to
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33CFFB49992FF55FFE4FF60" author="Clark Sellick, J. T. C." box="[441,731,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="273 - 282" refId="ref16407" refString="Clark Sellick, J. T. C. (1988) The capitula of phasmid eggs: an update with a review of the current state of phasmid ootaxonomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Societ y, 93, 273 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1988. tb 01364. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Clark Sellick (1988: 278)</bibRefCitation>
the eggs of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49B41FF55FECCFF61" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[874,1011,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49B41FF55FECCFF61" box="[874,1011,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Megacrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49C07FF55F992FF60" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" box="[1068,1197,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49C07FF55F992FF60" box="[1068,1197,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Ophicrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have “raised spongy opercula” but according to
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33CFFB499EEFF31FFE8FF4C" author="Clark Sellick, J. T." box="[453,727,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="97 - 122" refId="ref16471" refString="Clark Sellick, J. T. (1997) Descriptive terminology of the phasmid egg capsule, with an extended key to the phasmid genera based on egg structure. Systematic Entomology, 22, 97 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.1997. d 01 - 30. x" type="journal article" year="1997">Clark Sellick (1997: 118</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 71-72) capitula are present in the two genera. Since a true capitulum is defined as a structure that is easily detached from the operculum without damage to the latter and with its loss not having negative influence on the hatching rate (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33CFFB49B00FEC9FE8BFEF4" author="Clark, J. T." box="[811,948,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="365 - 375" refId="ref16355" refString="Clark, J. T. (1976) The capitulum of phasmid eggs (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 59, 365 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1976. tb 01019. x" type="journal article" year="1976">Clark, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33CFFB49BEBFEC9F9A3FEF4" author="Clark Sellick, J. T. C." box="[960,1180,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" pagination="273 - 282" refId="ref16407" refString="Clark Sellick, J. T. C. (1988) The capitula of phasmid eggs: an update with a review of the current state of phasmid ootaxonomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Societ y, 93, 273 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1988. tb 01364. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Clark Sellick, 1988</bibRefCitation>
), there is no capitulum in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB4989FFEA5FC65FED0" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[180,346,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB4994AFEA4FCC6FED0" bold="true" box="[353,505,330,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33CFFB4994AFEA4FCC6FED0" box="[353,505,330,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B33CFFB498ECFE81FCFCFE18" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
A detailed differentiation and comparison between
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49B2DFE81F939FE3C" authority="Gray, 1853" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1853" box="[774,1030,366,393]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49B2DFE81FEBDFE3C" box="[774,898,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Platycrana</emphasis>
Gray, 1853
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49C16FE81F9DCFE3C" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1085,1251,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49CC1FE80F8BDFE3C" bold="true" box="[1258,1410,366,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33CFFB49CC1FE80F8BDFE3C" box="[1258,1410,366,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is presented in table 1 below.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B33CFFB498BCF893FC5CF868" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381388" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381388/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" startId="10.[151,250,1917,1941]" targetBox="[165,1418,453,1892]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="AD669759B33CFFB498BCF893FC5CF868" blockId="10.[151,1436,1917,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB498BCF893FC2DF820" bold="true" box="[151,274,1917,1941]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Details of terminalia of ♂♂:
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49A11F893FF6DF820" bold="true" box="[570,594,1917,1941]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49A73F890FE9FF820" authority="Hsiung, 2007" authorityName="Hsiung" authorityYear="2007" box="[600,928,1917,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49A73F890FE2FF820" box="[600,784,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Megacrania spina</emphasis>
Hsiung, 2007
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view;
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49C18F893F975F820" bold="true" box="[1075,1098,1917,1941]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49C7BF890F8A7F820" authority="Hsiung, 2007" authorityName="Hsiung" authorityYear="2007" box="[1104,1432,1917,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49C7BF890F836F820" box="[1104,1289,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Megacrania spina</emphasis>
Hsiung, 2007
</taxonomicName>
, caudal view of anal segment (tergum X);
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49A6BF84FFF66F80C" bold="true" box="[576,601,1953,1977]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49A4BF84FFE83F80C" authority="Gottardo, 2011" authorityName="Gottardo" authorityYear="2011" box="[608,956,1953,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conlei">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49A4BF84FFE26F80C" box="[608,793,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Ophicrania conlei</emphasis>
Gottardo, 2011
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view;
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49C78F84FF953F80C" bold="true" box="[1107,1132,1953,1977]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33CFFB49C59F84FFDEBF868" authority="(Olivier, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridana">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33CFFB49C59F84FF87FF80C" box="[1138,1344,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Platycrana viridana</emphasis>
(Olivier, 1792)
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B33DFFB598BCFA63FEB2F973" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381392" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381392/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" startId="11.[151,250,1421,1445]" targetBox="[151,1434,187,1394]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="AD669759B33DFFB598BCFA63FEB2F973" blockId="11.[151,1437,1421,1734]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB598BCFA63FC2CFA13" bold="true" box="[151,275,1421,1446]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Terminalia of ♂♂ of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB599D9FA60FFB6FA13" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[498,649,1422,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59AA4FA63FE27FA13" bold="true" box="[655,792,1421,1446]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33DFFB59AA4FA63FE27FA13" box="[655,792,1421,1446]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59B0DFA63FE00FA10" bold="true" box="[806,831,1421,1445]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59B6EFA60F9AFFA13" authority="Hsiung, 2007" authorityName="Hsiung" authorityYear="2007" box="[837,1168,1422,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59B6EFA60FEC0FA10" box="[837,1023,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Megacrania spina</emphasis>
Hsiung, 2007
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59A82FA5CFFFFFA7F" bold="true" box="[681,704,1458,1482]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59AECFA5CF92DFA7F" authority="Hsiung, 2007" authorityName="Hsiung" authorityYear="2007" box="[711,1042,1458,1482]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59AECFA5CFEBFFA7C" box="[711,896,1458,1481]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Megacrania spina</emphasis>
Hsiung, 2007
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59A03FA3BFF7FFA58" bold="true" box="[552,576,1493,1517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59A6CFA38FEADFA5B" authority="Hsiung, 2007" authorityName="Hsiung" authorityYear="2007" box="[583,914,1494,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spina">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59A6CFA38FE3FFA58" box="[583,768,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Megacrania spina</emphasis>
Hsiung, 2007
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB5999AFA14FCF5F9A7" bold="true" box="[433,458,1530,1554]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB599E4FA14FF74F9A4" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[463,587,1530,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB599E4FA14FF74F9A4" box="[463,587,1530,1553]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Megacrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33DFFB59A7AFA14FF9EF9A4" box="[593,673,1530,1553]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59890F9F0FDEDF983" bold="true" box="[187,210,1566,1590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">E.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB598F1F9F0FC69F980" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[218,342,1566,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB598F1F9F0FC69F980" box="[218,342,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Megacrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33DFFB59976F9F0FC90F980" box="[349,431,1566,1589]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59CCDF9F0F9C6F983" bold="true" box="[1254,1273,1566,1590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">F.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59D2AF9F0FC03F9EF" authority="(Gunther, 1937)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leveri">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59D2AF9F0F8A2F983" box="[1281,1437,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Graeffea leveri</emphasis>
(Günther, 1937)
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB598BCF98BFD8EF9C8" bold="true" box="[151,177,1637,1661]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">G.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59892F988FF03F9C8" authority="(Westwood, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[185,572,1637,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capito">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59892F988FC4AF9C8" box="[185,373,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ophicrania capito</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33DFFB599AEF988FF0AF9C8" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[389,565,1637,1662]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB598DFF964FC30F917" bold="true" box="[244,271,1674,1698]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">H.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB5993FF964FF51F917" authority="Gottardo, 2011" authorityName="Gottardo" authorityYear="2011" box="[276,622,1674,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conlei">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB5993FF964FCF2F917" box="[276,461,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ophicrania conlei</emphasis>
Gottardo, 2011
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59DA2F964F8A3F917" bold="true" box="[1417,1436,1674,1698]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">J.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB598BCF940FC33F973" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,268,1710,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB598BCF940FC33F973" box="[151,268,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Ophicrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33DFFB59939F940FC5AF970" box="[274,357,1710,1733]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AD669759B33DFFB298ECF91AFF85FE3C" blockId="11.[151,1437,1779,2022]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,150,393]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB598ECF91AFF9FF8BB" bold="true" box="[199,672,1780,1806]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
Genera excluded from
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB599C8F91AFFA5F8BB" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[483,666,1780,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
The Australian
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59B76F91AF902F8BA" authority="Stal, 1875" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[861,1085,1779,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Echetlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59B76F91AFE82F8BB" box="[861,957,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Echetlus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33DFFB59BE3F91DF902F8BA" author="Stal, C." box="[968,1085,1779,1807]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref18662" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum. In: Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. Vol. 3. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, pp. 4 - 105." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59CDEF91AFCEEF887" authority="Westwood, 1859: 13" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="13" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peristhenes">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59CDEF91AFDE0F887" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Bacillus peristhenes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33DFFB598CDF8F6FCEEF887" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[230,465,1816,1843]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859: 13</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 7: 1) was included in former
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59B64F8F6FED8F887" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[847,999,1816,1842]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33DFFB59C3FF8F6F9C2F886" author="Gunther, K." box="[1044,1277,1816,1843]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther (1953: 557)</bibRefCitation>
and has since been retained in the subfamily by all subsequent authors. Brock &amp; Hasenpusch (2007: 74) and
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33DFFB59C9BF8D2FC31F8CF" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref17193" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Gunther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906 (1), 1 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1906.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Hennemann &amp; Conle (2008: 28)</bibRefCitation>
doubted
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59952F88EFCE6F8CF" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[377,473,1888,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Echetlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59952F88EFCE6F8CF" box="[377,473,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Echetlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a member of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59A90F88EFEC1F8CF" authority="sensu Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[699,1022,1888,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">
Platycraninae
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59B70F88FFEA6F8CF" box="[859,921,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">sensu</emphasis>
Günther
</taxonomicName>
and stated it was likely to belong in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB598BCF86AFC17F82B" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,296,1924,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phasmatinae">Phasmatinae</taxonomicName>
. Indeed,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB599A5F86AFCD1F82B" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[398,494,1924,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Echetlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB599A5F86AFCD1F82B" box="[398,494,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Echetlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is obviously not at all closely related to either
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59BD5F86AF9BEF82B" box="[1022,1153,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59BD5F86AF942F82B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1853" box="[1022,1149,1924,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platycrana</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59D72F86AFDC9F877" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB598D6F846FC48F877" bold="true" box="[253,375,1960,1986]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">sensu nov.</emphasis>
respectively, nor to any of the genera of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59B6EF846FED4F877" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[837,1003,1960,1986]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59BD8F846F9BBF877" bold="true" box="[1011,1156,1960,1986]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">subfam nov.</emphasis>
. Consequently, since the genus does not have any of the characteristics and can hence not be incorporated in either
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33DFFB59CAFF822F823F853" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[1156,1308,1996,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33DFFB59D08F822F8A3F853" bold="true" box="[1315,1436,1996,2022]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">sensu nov.</emphasis>
or
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB2989DFF79FC63FF04" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[182,348,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29948FF78FCC4FF04" bold="true" box="[355,507,150,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33AFFB29948FF78FCC4FF04" box="[355,507,150,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, it is here provisionally transferred to Phasmatinaea:
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29C64FF79F83CFF04" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1953" box="[1103,1283,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Acanthomimini">Acanthomimini</taxonomicName>
. Morphological features such as the slender and stick-like habitus, the characteristic profemora which have the anterodorsal carina strongly raised and serrate and are triangular in cross-section, the elongate and cylindrical head as well as short and stocky antennae that are considerably shorter than the profemora and also the geographic distribution in
<collectingRegion id="6F1D59BBB33AFFB29D6AFEEDFDC1FEF4" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
suggest close relation to genera currently in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29AC0FEC9FEA0FEF4" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1953" box="[747,927,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Acanthomimini">Acanthomimini</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33AFFB29B83FEC9F830FEF4" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." box="[936,1295,295,321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref17193" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Gunther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906 (1), 1 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1906.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Hennemann &amp; Conle (2008: 28)</bibRefCitation>
also pointed out that the the Brazilian species attributed to
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29AB2FEA5FFC6FED0" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[665,761,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Echetlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29AB2FEA5FFC6FED0" box="[665,761,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Echetlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Zompro (2004) is not congeneric and is a member of the New World
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29934FE81FCD9FE3C" box="[287,486,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diapheromeridae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB299DBFE81FF89FE3C" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1904" box="[496,694,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diapheromerinae">Diapheromerinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B33AFFB298BCFA0CFC25F967" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4381394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381394/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" startId="12.[151,250,1506,1530]" targetBox="[151,1429,417,1483]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="AD669759B33AFFB298BCFA0CFC25F967" blockId="12.[151,1437,1506,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB298BCFA0CFC2AFA4F" bold="true" box="[151,277,1506,1530]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Terminalia of ♀♀ of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB299D7FA0CFFACFA4F" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[508,659,1506,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29AB0FA0CFE19FA4F" bold="true" box="[667,806,1506,1530]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33AFFB29AB0FA0CFE19FA4F" box="[667,806,1506,1530]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29B1DFA0CFE71FA4F" bold="true" box="[822,846,1506,1530]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29B7CFA0DF9A2FA4F" authority="Rehn, 1904" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1904" box="[855,1181,1506,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Erastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apalamnus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29B7CFA0DF924FA4F" box="[855,1051,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Erastus apalamnus</emphasis>
Rehn, 1904
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29B29F9E8FE26F9AB" bold="true" box="[770,793,1542,1566]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29B0BF9E8F9A1F9AB" authority="(Le Guillou, 1841)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[800,1182,1542,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crouanii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29B0BF9E8FEE9F9AB" box="[800,982,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Graeffea crouanii</emphasis>
(Le Guillou, 1841)
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29A68F9C4FF64F9F7" bold="true" box="[579,603,1578,1602]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29A49F9C5FFE1F9F7" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[610,734,1579,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29A49F9C5FFE1F9F7" box="[610,734,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Megacrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33AFFB29AC8F9C5FE0BF9F7" box="[739,820,1579,1602]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29965F9A0FC59F9D3" bold="true" box="[334,358,1614,1638]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29946F9A1FE3EF9D3" authority="(Westwood, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[365,769,1614,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phelaus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29946F9A1FF01F9D3" box="[365,574,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Megacrania phelaus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33AFFB29A60F9A0FFC5F9D3" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[587,762,1614,1638]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB299BBF99CFC98F93F" bold="true" box="[400,423,1650,1674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">E.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB2999BF99DFE38F93F" authority="Shiraki, 1933" authorityName="Shiraki" authorityYear="1933" box="[432,775,1650,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsudai">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB2999BF99DFF4DF93F" box="[432,626,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Megacrania tsudai</emphasis>
Shiraki, 1933
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1];
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB298DFF978FC38F91B" bold="true" box="[244,263,1686,1710]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">F.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29925F979FF9FF91B" authority="(Westwood, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[270,672,1686,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phelaus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29925F979FCE1F91B" box="[270,478,1686,1710]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Megacrania phelaus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33AFFB299C0F978FFA6F91B" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[491,665,1686,1710]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AD669759B33AFFB398ECF8EEFDD2FEF4" blockId="12.[151,1437,1792,2035]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,321]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB298ECF8EEFFF1F8AE" authority="Ozdikmen &amp; Darilmaz, 2008" authorityName="Ozdikmen &amp; Darilmaz" authorityYear="2008" box="[199,718,1792,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Redtenbacherus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB298ECF8EEFC44F8AF" box="[199,379,1792,1818]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Redtenbacherus</emphasis>
Özdikmen &amp; Darilmaz, 2008
</taxonomicName>
was introduced as a replacement name for the preoccupied
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29D5CF8EFFCFBF88A" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Beraeidae" genus="Ernodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29D5CF8EFFDE7F88B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Ernodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33AFFB298C9F8CAFCFBF88A" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[226,452,1828,1855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29A51F8CAF9B0F88A" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 374" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="374" authorityYear="1908" box="[634,1167,1828,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Beraeidae" genus="Ernodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumatranus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29A51F8CAFE5AF88B" box="[634,869,1828,1854]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Ernodes sumatranus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33AFFB29B45F8CAF9B0F88A" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[878,1167,1828,1855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908: 374</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). In discussing
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29D6EF8CAFDC1F8D7" authorityName="Ozdikmen &amp; Darilmaz" authorityYear="2008" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Redtenbacherus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29D6EF8CAFDC1F8D7" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Redtenbacherus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and transferring all species except for the type-species to
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29BB9F8A6F9FAF8D6" authority="Westwood, 1859" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[914,1221,1864,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Lopaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29BB9F8A6F93FF8D7" box="[914,1024,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Lopaphus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33AFFB29C23F8A6F9FAF8D6" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[1032,1221,1864,1891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref18870" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 195 pp., 40 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="book" year="1859">Westwood, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29D64F8A7FDD6F832" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33AFFB298D7F882FF27F832" author="Seow-Choen, F." box="[252,536,1900,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" refId="ref18447" refString="Seow-Choen, F. (2018) A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Sumatra. Vol. I. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, 703 pp." type="book" year="2018">Seow-Choen (2018: 450)</bibRefCitation>
commented “
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29A9EF882FC91F87B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
This species appears to be a
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29BD1F882F957F833" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[1018,1128,1900,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Lopaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lopaphus</taxonomicName>
species […]. The antennae appear damaged, and therefore artificially shortened. It is likely to be proven to belong to that genus when more information is available.
</emphasis>
”. Indeed,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29A0EF85BFFF7F87B" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[549,712,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Beraeidae" genus="Ernodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumatranus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29A0EF85BFFF7F87B" box="[549,712,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">R. sumatranus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strongly resembles certain species of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29C51F85AF9D7F87B" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[1146,1256,1972,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Lopaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29C51F85AF9D7F87B" box="[1146,1256,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Lopaphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the species has none of the characteristic features of either
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29A81F836FE7DF847" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[682,834,2008,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29B61F837FEFCF846" bold="true" box="[842,963,2009,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">sensu nov.</emphasis>
or
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33AFFB29BC2F836F9B0F847" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[1001,1167,2008,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33AFFB29CBDF836F811F846" bold="true" box="[1174,1326,2008,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33AFFB29CBDF836F811F846" box="[1174,1326,2008,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. If taking broken antennae into account in the unique
<typeStatus id="726229FBB33BFFB39A5CFF79FFE3FF04" box="[631,732,151,177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, the slender and cylindrical body and stick-like habitus, entirely unarmed extremities, triangular cross-section of the profemora, which have the anterodorsal carina strongly raised, morphology of the head and genitalia clearly place this genus in the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB39C02FF31F980FF4C" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" box="[1065,1215,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
. Consequently, and since it cannot be retained in either
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB39A0DFEEDFF81FEA8" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[550,702,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
nor
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB39ADAFEEDFEA5FEA8" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[753,922,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB39B8EFEEDF966FEA8" authorityName="Ozdikmen &amp; Darilmaz" authorityYear="2008" box="[933,1113,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Redtenbacherus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33BFFB39B8EFEEDF966FEA8" box="[933,1113,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Redtenbacherus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here transferred to
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB39D64FEEDFDD7FEF4" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F9A6C7D1B33BFFB398BCFE9EF9E0FE3D" ID-Table-UUID="F9A6C7D1B33BFFB398BCFE9EF9E0FE3D" box="[151,1247,368,393]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F9A6C7D1B33BFFB398BCFE9EF9E0FE3D" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" targetBox="[166,1420,408,1949]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="AD669759B33BFFB398BCFE9EF9E0FE3D" blockId="13.[151,1247,368,393]" box="[151,1247,368,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33BFFB398BCFE9EFC35FE3D" bold="true" box="[151,266,368,392]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Differentiation and comparison of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB39AA8FE9EFE1EFE3D" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[643,801,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33BFFB39B03FE9EFE86FE3C" bold="true" box="[808,953,368,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33BFFB39B03FE9EFE86FE3C" box="[808,953,368,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB39BC7FE9EF9E0FE3D" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[1004,1247,368,393]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33BFFB39BC7FE9EF95CFE3D" box="[1004,1123,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Platycrana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B33BFFB39C42FE9FF9E0FE3D" author="Gray, G. R." box="[1129,1247,368,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refId="ref16788" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697" type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AD669759B33BFFB399C1FE77F967F828" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<table id="DFD965F9B33B0041988DFE76F8B3F828" box="[166,1420,408,1949]" gridcols="3" gridrows="41" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFE76F8B3FE04" box="[166,1420,408,433]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FE76FE94FE04" box="[490,939,408,433]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB399C1FE77FFBEFE04" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[490,641,409,433]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33BFFB39AACFE76FE30FE04" bold="true" box="[647,783,408,433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B33BFFB39AACFE76FE30FE04" box="[647,783,408,433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FE76F8B3FE04" box="[973,1420,408,433]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB33BFFB39BE6FE77F901FE04" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[973,1086,409,433]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Platycrana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB33BFFB39BE6FE77F901FE04" box="[973,1086,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Platycrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFE2FF8B3FE6E" box="[166,1420,449,475]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFE2FFC95FE6E" box="[166,426,449,475]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Body cross-section</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FE2FFE94FE6E" box="[490,939,449,475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Sub-cylindrical, ± flattened dorsoventrally</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FE2FF8B3FE6E" box="[973,1420,449,475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Oval (♀♀) to cylindrical (♂♂)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFE07F8B3FDB4" box="[166,1420,489,513]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFE07FC95FDB4" box="[166,426,489,513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Head</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FE07FE94FDB4" box="[490,939,489,513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Dorsoventrally flattened &amp; sub-cylindrical</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FE07F8B3FDB4" box="[973,1420,489,513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Strongly globose with vertex roundly con-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFDE3F8B3FD90" box="[166,1420,525,549]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FDE3FE94FD90" box="[490,939,525,549]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">in cross-section; vertex flat (Fig. 4H-J)</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FDE3F8B3FD90" box="[973,1420,525,549]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">vex (Figs. 10G-J)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFDDBF8B3FDFB" box="[166,1420,565,590]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFDDBFC95FDFB" box="[166,426,565,590]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Genae</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FDDBFE94FDFB" box="[490,939,565,590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Strongly enlarged (Figs. 4A-J)</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FDDBF8B3FDFB" box="[973,1420,565,590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Widened towards posterior of head (Fig.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFDB4F8B3FDC7" box="[166,1420,602,626]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FDB4F8B3FDC7" box="[973,1420,602,626]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">10H)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFD6CF8B3FD2F" box="[166,1420,642,666]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFD6CFC95FD2F" box="[166,426,642,666]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Eyes</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FD6CFE94FD2F" box="[490,939,642,666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">± strongly displaced towards dorsal surface</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FD6CF8B3FD2F" box="[973,1420,642,666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">On lateral surfaces of head capsule (Fig.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFD48F8B3FD0B" box="[166,1420,678,702]" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FD48FE94FD0B" box="[490,939,678,702]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">of head capsule (Figs. 4A-J)</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FD48F8B3FD0B" box="[973,1420,678,702]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">10H)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFD20F8B3FD5D" box="[166,1420,718,744]" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFD20FC95FD5D" box="[166,426,718,744]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Gula</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FD20FE94FD5D" box="[490,939,718,744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Large and expanding&gt; ½ of cervical region</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FD20F8B3FD5D" box="[973,1420,718,744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">No; only with a pair of small gular sclerites</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFD1CF8B3FCBF" box="[166,1420,754,778]" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FD1CFE94FCBF" box="[490,939,754,778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">(Fig. 5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFCF4F8B3FC86" box="[166,1420,794,819]" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFCF4FC95FC86" box="[166,426,794,819]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Mesonotum (♀♀)</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FCF4FE94FC86" box="[490,939,794,819]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">± flattened and angulate laterally; may be</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FCF4F8B3FC86" box="[973,1420,794,819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Convex longitudinally with lateral margins</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFCD0F8B3FCE3" box="[166,1420,830,854]" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FCD0FE94FCE3" box="[490,939,830,854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">granulose to spinulose</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FCD0F8B3FCE3" box="[973,1420,830,854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">deflexed, rounded and overlapping pleurae</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFC88F8B3FC34" box="[166,1420,870,897]" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFC88FC95FC34" box="[166,426,870,897]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Mesonotum (♂♂)</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FC88FE94FC34" box="[490,939,870,897]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">± flattened and angulate laterally; may be</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FC88F8B3FC34" box="[973,1420,870,897]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Convex longitudinally; strongly tuberculose</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFC64F8B3FC16" box="[166,1420,906,931]" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FC64FE94FC16" box="[490,939,906,931]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">granulose to spinulose</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FC64F8B3FC16" box="[973,1420,906,931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">to spinose (Fig. 10G)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFC5DF8B3FC7E" box="[166,1420,947,971]" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFC5DFC95FC7E" box="[166,426,947,971]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Profemora</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FC5DFE94FC7E" box="[490,939,947,971]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Dorsal carinae ± equal; trapezoidal in cross-</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FC5DF8B3FC7E" box="[973,1420,947,971]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
Posterodorsal carinae decidedly raised;
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFC39F8B3FC5A" box="[166,1420,983,1007]" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FC39FE94FC5A" box="[490,939,983,1007]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">subsection</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FC39F8B3FC5A" box="[973,1420,983,1007]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">triangular in cross-section</td>
</tr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFC11F8B3FBA2" box="[166,1420,1023,1047]" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFC11FC95FBA2" box="[166,426,1023,1047]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Meso- and metafemora</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FC11FE94FBA2" box="[490,939,1023,1047]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Four outer carinae unarmed</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FC11F8B3FBA2" box="[973,1420,1023,1047]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Four outer carinae dentate</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFBC9F8B3FB8A" box="[166,1420,1063,1087]" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFBC9FC95FB8A" box="[166,426,1063,1087]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Cerci</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FBC9FE94FB8A" box="[490,939,1063,1087]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Compressed laterally, carinate ± enlarged</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FBC9F8B3FB8A" box="[973,1420,1063,1087]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Cylindrical; small (Figs. 6D, 10A-F)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFBA5F8B3FBD6" box="[166,1420,1099,1123]" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FBA5FE94FBD6" box="[490,939,1099,1123]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">and foliaceous or lanceolate (Figs. 6-8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFB9DF8B3FB3E" box="[166,1420,1139,1163]" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFB9DFC95FB3E" box="[166,426,1139,1163]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Gonapophyses VIII (♀♀)</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FB9DFE94FB3E" box="[490,939,1139,1163]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Short and hidden within subgenital plate</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FB9DF8B3FB3E" box="[973,1420,1139,1163]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Strongly elongated and filiform, project-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFB79F8B3FB1A" box="[166,1420,1175,1199]" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FB79FE94FB1A" box="[490,939,1175,1199]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">(Figs. 8A-E)</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FB79F8B3FB1A" box="[973,1420,1175,1199]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">ing much beyond apex of abdomen (Figs.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFB55F8B3FB66" box="[166,1420,1211,1235]" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FB55F8B3FB66" box="[973,1420,1211,1235]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">10A-C)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFB0AF8B3FB49" box="[166,1420,1252,1276]" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFB0AFC95FB49" box="[166,426,1252,1276]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Subgenital plate (♀♀)</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FB0AFE94FB49" box="[490,939,1252,1276]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Short; at best projecting over apex of abdo-</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FB0AF8B3FB49" box="[973,1420,1252,1276]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
Elongate and prominently keeled
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFAE6F8B3FA95" box="[166,1420,1288,1312]" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FAE6FE94FA95" box="[490,939,1288,1312]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">longitudimen by length of anal segment;</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FAE6F8B3FA95" box="[973,1420,1288,1312]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">nally; projecting beyond apex of abdomen</td>
</tr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFAC2F8B3FAF1" box="[166,1420,1324,1348]" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FAC2FE94FAF1" box="[490,939,1324,1348]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">often with a knob- or wart-like basal swell-</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FAC2F8B3FAF1" box="[973,1420,1324,1348]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">by considerably more than length of anal</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFABEF8B3FADD" box="[166,1420,1360,1384]" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FABEFE94FADD" box="[490,939,1360,1384]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">ing</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FABEF8B3FADD" box="[973,1420,1360,1384]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">segment (Figs. 10A-C)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFA96F8B3FA27" box="[166,1420,1400,1426]" gridrow="26" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DFA96FC95FA27" box="[166,426,1400,1426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Anal segment (♂♂)</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FA96FE94FA27" box="[490,939,1400,1426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Tectiform and consisting of two movable</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6FA96F8B3FA27" box="[973,1420,1400,1426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Flattened and entire (Fig. 10D)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFA72F8B3FA01" box="[166,1420,1436,1460]" gridrow="27" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FA72FE94FA01" box="[490,939,1436,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">hemi-tergites, that show dentate specializa-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFA2EF8B3FA6D" box="[166,1420,1472,1496]" gridrow="28" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FA2EFE94FA6D" box="[490,939,1472,1496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">tions at interior surface that serve as a clasp-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DFA0AF8B3FA49" box="[166,1420,1508,1532]" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1FA0AFE94FA49" box="[490,939,1508,1532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">ing apparatus (Figs. 6A-C, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF9E2F8B3F993" box="[166,1420,1548,1574]" gridrow="30" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DF9E2FC95F993" box="[166,426,1548,1574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Vomer (♂♂)</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1F9E2FE94F993" box="[490,939,1548,1574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">No (Figs. 6A, C)</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F9E2F8B3F993" box="[973,1420,1548,1574]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Well developed; a sclerotised, triangular,</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF9DEF8B3F9FC" box="[166,1420,1584,1609]" gridrow="31" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F9DEF8B3F9FC" box="[973,1420,1584,1609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">hook-like organ (Fig. 6D)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF9B6F8B3F9C6" box="[166,1420,1624,1651]" gridrow="32" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DF9B6FC95F9C6" box="[166,426,1624,1651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Poculum (♂♂)</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1F9B6FE94F9C6" box="[490,939,1624,1651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Scoop-shaped</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F9B6F8B3F9C6" box="[973,1420,1624,1651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Convex and cup-shaped</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF96FF8B3F92C" box="[166,1420,1665,1689]" gridrow="33" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DF96FFC95F92C" box="[166,426,1665,1689]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Egg capsule</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1F96FFE94F92C" box="[490,939,1665,1689]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Laterally compressed, ± alveolar or polygo-</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F96FF8B3F92C" box="[973,1420,1665,1689]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Ovoid (Figs. 12J-K)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF94BF8B3F908" box="[166,1420,1701,1725]" gridrow="34" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1F94BFE94F908" box="[490,939,1701,1725]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">nal; polar area indented (Figs. 12A-H)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF923F8B3F950" box="[166,1420,1741,1765]" gridrow="35" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DF923FC95F950" box="[166,426,1741,1765]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Micropylar plate of eggs</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1F923FE94F950" box="[490,939,1741,1765]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Small, rhomboidal; notably displaced to-</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F923F8B3F950" box="[973,1420,1741,1765]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
Large, cross-shaped and with two
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF91FF8B3F8BC" box="[166,1420,1777,1801]" gridrow="36" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1F91FFE94F8BC" box="[490,939,1777,1801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">conspicuwards polar end of capsule (Fig. 12A-H)</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F91FF8B3F8BC" box="[973,1420,1777,1801]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">ous up-curving lateral extensions; placed</td>
</tr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF8FBF8B3F898" box="[166,1420,1813,1837]" gridrow="37" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F8FBF8B3F898" box="[973,1420,1813,1837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">in centre of dorsal capsule surface (Figs.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF8D7F8B3F8E4" box="[166,1420,1849,1873]" gridrow="38" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F8D7F8B3F8E4" box="[973,1420,1849,1873]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">12J-K)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF88FF8B3F8CF" box="[166,1420,1889,1914]" gridrow="39" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<th id="5038FC67B33B0041988DF88FFC95F8CF" box="[166,426,1889,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Operculum of eggs</th>
<td id="5038FC67B33B004199C1F88FFE94F8CF" box="[490,939,1889,1914]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Conical or peg-shaped (Fig. 12A-H)</td>
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F88FF8B3F8CF" box="[973,1420,1889,1914]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Flat with a central knob-like capitulum</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13E9951BB33B0041988DF86BF8B3F828" box="[166,1420,1925,1949]" gridrow="40" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="5038FC67B33B00419BE6F86BF8B3F828" box="[973,1420,1925,1949]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">(Figs. 12J-K)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B338FFB098ECFF79F866FD88" blockId="14.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09968FF79FF06FF04" authority="Gunther, 1935" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1935" box="[323,569,150,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Elicius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09968FF79FCAEFF04" box="[323,401,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Elicius</emphasis>
Günther, 1935
</taxonomicName>
(Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09AC0FF79F98FFF07" authority="Gunther, 1935: 16" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="16" authorityYear="1935" box="[747,1200,150,178]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Elicius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microbasileus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09AC0FF79FEE3FF04" box="[747,988,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Elicius microbasileus</emphasis>
Günther, 1935: 16
</taxonomicName>
) was described from a unique male from Mount Latimojong, South Sulawesi. Already Günther (1935: 16) was in doubt about the systematic position and relationships of this tiny species and placed it in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B92FF31F96EFF4C" authority="Brunner" authorityName="sensu Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[953,1105,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
with reservation. The author commented that the position of the genus within Platycaninae was just as incoherent as if it had been placed in the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB0993AFEC9FC98FEF4" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" box="[273,423,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
. However, detailed examination of the
<typeStatus id="726229FBB338FFB09B5AFEC9FEECFEF4" box="[881,979,295,321]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in the Museum für Naturkunde
<collectingRegion id="6F1D59BBB338FFB09D64FEC9F8A7FEF4" box="[1359,1432,295,321]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Berlin</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B338FFB098BCFEA5FDC0FED0" box="[151,255,331,357]" name="Germany" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Germany</collectingCountry>
(MNHU) proves that
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09A2FFEA5FF6DFED0" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1935" box="[516,594,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Elicius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09A2FFEA5FF6DFED0" box="[516,594,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Elicius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not a member of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B6FFEA5FED5FED0" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[836,1002,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09BDFFEA4F9B0FED0" bold="true" box="[1012,1167,330,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B338FFB09BDFFEA4F9B0FED0" box="[1012,1167,330,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(=
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09C97FEA5FDC7FE3F" authority="sensu Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">
Platycraninae
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09D75FEA5F8A3FED1" box="[1374,1436,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">sensu</emphasis>
Günther
</taxonomicName>
). This is seen by morphological features such as the ovoid head that has the large eyes positioned laterally, the genae not notably enlarged and lacks a lateral cervical furrow, the small gula, tectiform but entire anal segment, presence of a well-developed vomer, cylindrical cerci, and long antennae that are almost as long as the front legs. These features place
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB099AAFE35FCF0FE40" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1935" box="[385,463,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Elicius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB099AAFE35FCF0FE40" box="[385,463,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Elicius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09ABBFE35FE1DFE40" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" box="[656,802,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
to which it is here transferred. The enlarged head as well as the smooth and shiny body surface resemble certain Wallacean members of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09C3AFE11F8A3FDAC" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[1041,1436,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Paranecroscia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09C3AFE11F98AFDAD" box="[1041,1205,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Paranecroscia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09C96FE11F8A3FDAC" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[1213,1436,511,537]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and the genital morphology is similar to e.g.
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09AA5FDCDFE4DFD88" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" box="[654,882,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Moritasgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09AA5FDCDFE31FD89" box="[654,782,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Moritasgus</emphasis>
Günther
</taxonomicName>
, 19035, both members of the
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09C94FDCDF86AFD88" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" box="[1215,1365,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Necrosciinae">Necrosciinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B338FFB198ECFDA9FC8BFEA8" blockId="14.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,465]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB098ECFDA9FCB1FDD5" bold="true" box="[199,398,582,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Natural History:</emphasis>
Many papers have dealt with the biology (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09BBDFDA9F971FDD4" author="Franzman, B. A." box="[918,1102,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="63 - 64" refId="ref16752" refString="Franzman, B. A. (1974) A new subfamily of the Phasmatodea from Australia. News Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Queensland, 2 (5), 63 - 64." type="journal article" year="1974">Franzman, 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09C73FDA9F9C3FDD4" author="Bedford, G. O." box="[1112,1276,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="125 - 149" refId="ref15522" refString="Bedford, G. O. (1978) Biology and Ecology of the Phasmatodea. Annual Reviews of Entomology, 23, 125 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 23.010178.001013" type="journal article" year="1978">Bedford, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; Preston-Mafham, 1990;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09931FD85FCA2FD30" author="Rapp, G." box="[282,413,618,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="89 - 91" refId="ref18222" refString="Rapp, G. (1995) Eggs of the stick insect Graeffea crouanii La Guillou (Orthoptera, phasmidae). Mortality after exposure to natural enemies and high temperature. Journal of Applied Entomology, 119 (1 - 5), 89 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1995. tb 01249. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Rapp, 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB0998CFD85FFCEFD30" author="Cermak, M. &amp; Hasenpusch, J." box="[423,753,619,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref16305" refString="Cermak, M. &amp; Hasenpusch, J. (2000) Distribution, biology and conservation status of the peppermint stick insect, Megacrania batesii (Kirby) (Phasmatodea. Phasmatidae), in Queensland. Memoires of the Queensland Museum, 46, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">Cermak &amp; Hasenpusch, 2000</bibRefCitation>
), ecology, host plants and pest status (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09CE9FD85F873FD30" author="Baker, E. W." box="[1218,1356,618,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref15457" refString="Baker, E. W. (2015) The worldwide status of phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) as pest of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks. Agriculture and Food Security, 4 (22), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40066 - 015 - 0040 - 6" type="journal article" year="2015">Baker, 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09D7DFD85FC22FD1C" author="Deesh, A. D. &amp; Jokhan, A. &amp; Joshi, R. &amp; Khan, M. &amp; Jerard, B." pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref16669" refString="Deesh, A. D., Jokhan, A., Joshi, R., Khan, M. &amp; Jerard, B. (2020) Seasonal abundance and host plants of coconut stick insect (Graeffea crouanii Le Guillou) in coconut plantations of Fiji islands. Journal of Plantation Crops, 48 (1), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.25081 / jpc. 2020. v 48. i 1.6211" type="journal article" year="2020">
Deesh
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB098BCFD61FDEEFD1C" box="[151,209,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
), population dynamics and dispersal (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09AE6FD61FEE9FD1C" author="Kobayashi, S. &amp; Usui, R. &amp; Nomoto, K. &amp; Ushirokita, M. &amp; Denda, T. &amp; Izawa, M." box="[717,982,655,681]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="1025 - 1032" refId="ref17909" refString="Kobayashi, S., Usui, R., Nomoto, K., Ushirokita, M., Denda, T. &amp; Izawa, M. (2014) Does egg dispersal occur via the ocean in stick insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmida: Phasmatidae)? Ecological Research, 29 (6), 1025 - 1032. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11284 - 014 - 1188 - 4" type="journal article" year="2014">
Kobayashi
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09B7BFD61FEB5FD1C" box="[848,906,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
; Kobayahshi
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09C5AFD61F993FD1C" box="[1137,1196,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016) and chemical defensives (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09965FD5DFF24FD78" author="Smith, R. M. &amp; Brophy, J. J. &amp; Cavill, G. W. K. &amp; Davies, N. W." box="[334,539,691,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="727 - 735" refId="ref18592" refString="Smith, R. M., Brophy, J. J., Cavill, G. W. K., Davies, N. W. (1979) Iridodials and nepetalactone in the defensive secretion of the coconut stick insects, Graeffea crouani. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 5, 727 - 735. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00986557" type="journal article" year="1979">
Smith
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB099B2FD5DFCEEFD78" box="[409,465,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
, 1979
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09A0CFD5DFFC0FD78" author="Chow, Y. S. &amp; Lin, Y. M." box="[551,767,691,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="97 - 101" refId="ref16242" refString="Chow, Y. S. &amp; Lin, Y. M. (1986) Actinidine, a defensive secretion of stick insect, Megacrania alpheus Westwood (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). J ournal of Entomological Science, 21 (2), 97 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.18474 / 0749 - 8004 - 21.2.97" type="journal article" year="1986">Chow &amp; Lin, 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09B20FD5DFEE2FD78" author="Ho, H. Y. &amp; Chow, Y. S." box="[779,989,691,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref17544" refString="Ho, H. Y. &amp; Chow, Y. S. (1993) Chemical identification of defensive secretion of stick insect, Megacrania tsudai Shiraki. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19 (1), 39 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00987469" type="journal article" year="1993">Ho &amp; Chow, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09BC2FD5DF9D6FD78" author="Jones, B. R. &amp; Bulbert, M. W." box="[1001,1257,691,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="51 - 59" refId="ref17598" refString="Jones, B. R. &amp; Bulbert, M. W. (2020) Directed chemical spray of the peppermint stick insect (Megacrania batesii) is induced when predation risk is at its highest. Journal of Ethology, 38 (1), 51 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10164 - 019 - 00619 - 0" type="journal article" year="2020">Jones &amp; Bulbert, 2020</bibRefCitation>
) of members of this particular subfamily. Natural host plants comprise various palms of the families
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09C7CFD39F9F3FD44" box="[1111,1228,727,753]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09D2EFD39F8A6FD44" box="[1285,1433,727,753]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
. For example, the so-called “Peppermint Stick Insect”
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09AC6FD15F96DFCA0" authority="Kirby, 1896" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[749,1106,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batesii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09AC6FD15FEF7FCA0" box="[749,968,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Megacrania batesii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09BE6FD15F96DFCA0" author="Kirby, W. F." box="[973,1106,763,789]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="447 - 473" refId="ref17820" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1896) On some new or rare Phasmidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, 6 (6), 447 - 473. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 00546. x" type="journal article" year="1896">Kirby, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is reported to feed on
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09D61FD15FC18FC8D" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tectorius">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09D61FD15FC18FC8D" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Pandanus tectorius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB0991EFCF1FCFFFC8C" box="[309,448,799,825]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB0991EFCF1FCFFFC8C" box="[309,448,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">P. monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB099DDFCF1FFECFC8C" box="[502,723,799,825]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="soloms-laubachii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB099DDFCF1FFECFC8C" box="[502,723,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">P. soloms-laubachii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in coastal parts of North
<collectingRegion id="6F1D59BBB338FFB09BC4FCF1F949FC8C" box="[1007,1142,799,825]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Queensland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B338FFB09C54FCF1F9D9FC8C" box="[1151,1254,799,825]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09CDFFCF1FC76FCE8" author="Cermak, M. &amp; Hasenpusch, J." pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref16305" refString="Cermak, M. &amp; Hasenpusch, J. (2000) Distribution, biology and conservation status of the peppermint stick insect, Megacrania batesii (Kirby) (Phasmatodea. Phasmatidae), in Queensland. Memoires of the Queensland Museum, 46, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">Cermak &amp; Hasenpusch, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The closely related
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09A11FCADFE92FCE8" authority="Shiraki, 1933" authorityName="Shiraki" authorityYear="1933" box="[570,941,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsudai">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09A11FCADFE31FCE8" box="[570,782,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Megacrania tsudai</emphasis>
Shiraki, 1933
</taxonomicName>
also feeds on
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09C7BFCADF815FCE9" box="[1104,1322,835,861]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tectorius">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09C7BFCADF815FCE9" box="[1104,1322,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Pandanus tectorius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in similar habitats in
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B338FFB0993AFC89FC5CFC34" box="[273,355,871,897]" name="Taiwan" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09959FC89FF74FC37" author="Chow, Y. S. &amp; Lin, Y. M." box="[370,587,871,898]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="97 - 101" refId="ref16242" refString="Chow, Y. S. &amp; Lin, Y. M. (1986) Actinidine, a defensive secretion of stick insect, Megacrania alpheus Westwood (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). J ournal of Entomological Science, 21 (2), 97 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.18474 / 0749 - 8004 - 21.2.97" type="journal article" year="1986">Chow &amp; Lin, 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Several species, including
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09BA3FC89F814FC34" authority="(Le Guillou, 1841)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[904,1323,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crouanii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09BA3FC89F96FFC35" box="[904,1104,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Graeffea crouanii</emphasis>
(Le Guillou, 1841)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09D1CFC89FDCCFC10" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09D1CFC89F8A3FC35" box="[1335,1436,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">G. minor</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1868,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB099CBFC65FFC0FC10" authority="Sharp, 1898" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1898" box="[480,767,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lifouensis">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB099CBFC65FF52FC10" box="[480,621,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">G. lifouensis</emphasis>
Sharp, 1898
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B21FC65F919FC10" authority="(Gunther, 1937)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[778,1062,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leveri">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09B21FC65FE53FC10" box="[778,876,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">G. leveri</emphasis>
(Günther, 1937)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09C76FC65FCB5FC7C" authority="(Redtenbacher, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Acanthograeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="denticulata">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09C76FC65F8A3FC10" box="[1117,1436,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Acanthograeffea denticulata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB098B4FC41FCBEFC7C" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[159,385,943,969]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
feed predominantly on coconut (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B2FFC41FE90FC7C" box="[772,943,943,969]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09B2FFC41FE90FC7C" box="[772,943,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B96FC41F90BFC7C" box="[957,1076,943,969]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
) in their natural habitats. While
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB098BCFC3DFCE8FC58" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[151,471,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Acanthograeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="denticulata">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB098BCFC3DFCE8FC58" box="[151,471,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Acanthograeffea denticulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been recorded on a species of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09BBBFC3DF93FFC58" box="[912,1024,979,1005]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09BBBFC3DF93FFC58" box="[912,1024,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Pandanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Marianas (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09CEEFC3DF8AFFC58" author="Muniappan, R." box="[1221,1424,979,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="105 - 110" refId="ref18100" refString="Muniappan, R. (2002) Pests of coconut and their natural enemies in Micronesia. Micronesia, 6, 105 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300030248" type="journal article" year="2002">Muniappan, 2002</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB098BCFC19FC5EFBA5" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[151,353,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crouanii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB098BCFC19FC5EFBA5" box="[151,353,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Graeffea crouanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed to feed on sago (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B29FC19FEFFFBA5" box="[770,960,1015,1041]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Metroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sagu">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09B29FC19FEFFFBA5" box="[770,960,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Metroxylon sagu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09BE5FC19F979FBA4" box="[974,1094,1015,1041]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09C79FC19F9C9FBA4" author="Bedford, G. O." box="[1106,1270,1015,1041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="125 - 149" refId="ref15522" refString="Bedford, G. O. (1978) Biology and Ecology of the Phasmatodea. Annual Reviews of Entomology, 23, 125 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 23.010178.001013" type="journal article" year="1978">Bedford, 1978</bibRefCitation>
) and the grass
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB098BCFBF5FF3EFB80" box="[151,513,1051,1077]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Miscanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floridulus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB098BCFBF5FCB3FB80" box="[151,396,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Miscanthus floridulus</emphasis>
(Poaceae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B338FFB09A08FBF5FF75FB80" box="[547,586,1051,1077]" name="Fiji" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fiji</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09A72FBF5FFDBFB80" author="Lever, R. J. A. W." box="[601,740,1051,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="137 - 143" refId="ref18064" refString="Lever, R. J. A. W. (1947) Insect pests of some economic crops in Fiji. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 38 (1), 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1947">Lever, 1947</bibRefCitation>
). In captivity in Europe various palms of the
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09CF3FBF5F872FB80" box="[1240,1357,1051,1077]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
family are frequently accepted as substitutes by species of the genera
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B6CFBD1F933FBEC" authority="Brunner" authorityName="Brunner" box="[839,1036,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09B6CFBD1FE94FBEC" box="[839,939,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Graeffea</emphasis>
Brunner
</taxonomicName>
v. Wattenwyl, 1868 and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09D30FBD1FC20FBC8" authority="Kaup, 1871" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1871" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Ophicrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09D30FBD1F8A3FBEC" box="[1307,1436,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Ophicrania</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB098BCFB8DFC20FBC8" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[151,287,1123,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref17691" refString="Kaup, J. J. (1871) Neue Phasmidae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung, 15, 25 - 42, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18710150107" type="journal article" year="1871">Kaup, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. These include
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB099F8FB8DFE56FBC8" box="[467,873,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB099F8FB8DFFADFBC8" box="[467,658,1123,1149]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Dypsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lutescens">Dypsis lutescens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09AB4FB8DFE56FBC8" box="[671,873,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Howea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forestiana">Howea forestiana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B52FB8DF94AFBC8" box="[889,1141,1123,1149]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Trachycarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fortunei">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09B52FB8DF94AFBC8" box="[889,1141,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Trachycarpus fortunei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09CAEFB8DF854FBC9" box="[1157,1387,1123,1149]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Phoenix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canariensis">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09CAEFB8DF854FBC9" box="[1157,1387,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Phoenix canariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB098BCFB69FC56FB14" box="[151,361,1159,1185]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Livistona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB098BCFB69FC56FB14" box="[151,361,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Livistona australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but also bamboo (
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09A11FB69FE14FB15" box="[570,811,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Phyllostachyus aurea</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B11FB69FEA7FB14" box="[826,920,1159,1185]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
) was readily taken by
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09CBEFB69F829FB15" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1173,1302,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crouanii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09CBEFB69F829FB15" box="[1173,1302,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">G. crouanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in captivity (Bruno Kneubühler, pers. comm.). Although
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09AB1FB45FE4FFB70" authorityName="Shiraki" authorityYear="1933" box="[666,880,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsudai">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09AB1FB45FE4FFB70" box="[666,880,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Megacrania tsudai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
causes considerable damage to
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09CC9FB45F86DFB70" box="[1250,1362,1195,1221]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09CC9FB45F86DFB70" box="[1250,1362,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Pandanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
screw palms in
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B338FFB098D5FB21FC6FFB5C" box="[254,336,1231,1257]" name="Taiwan" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB099BBFB21FF59FB5F" author="Chow, Y. S. &amp; Lin, Y. M." box="[400,614,1231,1258]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="97 - 101" refId="ref16242" refString="Chow, Y. S. &amp; Lin, Y. M. (1986) Actinidine, a defensive secretion of stick insect, Megacrania alpheus Westwood (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). J ournal of Entomological Science, 21 (2), 97 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.18474 / 0749 - 8004 - 21.2.97" type="journal article" year="1986">Chow &amp; Lin, 1986</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09A8EFB21FE29FB5C" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[677,790,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batesii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09A8EFB21FE29FB5C" box="[677,790,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">M. batesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the same host plants in coastal parts of Northeast
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B338FFB09D4DFB21FDEEFAB8" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB098F5FB1DFF13FAB8" author="Cermak, M. &amp; Hasenpusch, J." box="[222,556,1267,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref16305" refString="Cermak, M. &amp; Hasenpusch, J. (2000) Distribution, biology and conservation status of the peppermint stick insect, Megacrania batesii (Kirby) (Phasmatodea. Phasmatidae), in Queensland. Memoires of the Queensland Museum, 46, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">Cermak &amp; Hasenpusch, 2000</bibRefCitation>
), these damages are not of economic importance. The so-called “Coconut Stick Insect”
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB098C5FAF9FC89FA85" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[238,438,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crouanii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB098C5FAF9FC89FA85" box="[238,438,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Graeffea crouanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
however, is for long known to defoliate coconut palms (
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09C1AFAF9F9E4FA84" box="[1073,1243,1303,1329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09C1AFAF9F9E4FA84" box="[1073,1243,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in many islands of the South Pacific and to be of great economic importance. Since coconut palms are one of the most important crops and the coconut industry is the most important agricultural commodity for many smaller islands throughout the Pacific, it plays important roles in the livelihoods of people in terms of food and nutrition security and economic aspects. Hence, a decrease in infestation of coconut palms by
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09B7DFA49FEE8FA75" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[854,983,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crouanii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09B7DFA49FEE8FA75" box="[854,983,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">G. crouanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mandatory for the survival and boost of the coconut industry (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09981FA25FF43FA50" author="Deesh, A. D. &amp; Swamy, B. N. &amp; Khan, G. M." box="[426,636,1483,1509]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="18 - 24" refId="ref16616" refString="Deesh, A. D., Swamy, B. N. &amp; Khan, G. M. (2013) Distribution of coconut stick insect, Graeffea crouanii and its parasitoids in selected islands of Fiji. Fiji Agriculture Journal, 53 (1), 18 - 24." type="journal article" year="2013">
Deesh
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB099D2FA25FF0EFA50" box="[505,561,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). The worst damage is mostly seen on old trees that are at least
<quantity id="6A213ABCB338FFB09D6DFA24F840FA50" box="[1350,1407,1482,1509]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
in height and in times of severe damage, frequently whole plants are defoliated and die (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09C7CFA01F9CAF9BF" author="Swaine, G." box="[1111,1269,1519,1546]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="75 - 77" refId="ref18736" refString="Swaine, G. (1969) The coconut stick insect Graeffea crouanii Le Guillou. Oleagineux, 24 (2), 75 - 77." type="journal article" year="1969">Swaine, 1969</bibRefCitation>
). For example, Paine (1968) reported a severe outbreak on the island of Taveuni,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B338FFB09BABF9FDFE98F998" box="[896,935,1555,1581]" name="Fiji" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fiji</collectingCountry>
in 1958-1959 and extending into 1961 with over 500 acres of coconut palms affected of which at least 50% of the older fronds were completely defoliated and almost 400 palms killed. Many species of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09A8CF9B5FE72F9C0" authority="Hennemann, 2020" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[679,845,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Megacraniinae">Megacraniinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09B7EF9B4FED2F9C0" bold="true" box="[853,1005,1626,1653]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="849EF630B338FFB09B7EF9B4FED2F9C0" box="[853,1005,1626,1653]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" rank="subFamily">subfam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
are found in coastal regions, which is mostly due to the distribution and occurrence of their host plants.
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09B55F991F9B6F92C" author="Kobayashi, S. &amp; Usui, R. &amp; Nomoto, K. &amp; Ushirokita, M. &amp; Denda, T. &amp; Izawa, M." box="[894,1161,1663,1689]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="1025 - 1032" refId="ref17909" refString="Kobayashi, S., Usui, R., Nomoto, K., Ushirokita, M., Denda, T. &amp; Izawa, M. (2014) Does egg dispersal occur via the ocean in stick insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmida: Phasmatidae)? Ecological Research, 29 (6), 1025 - 1032. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11284 - 014 - 1188 - 4" type="journal article" year="2014">
Kobayashi
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09BD5F991F909F92C" box="[1022,1078,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested a dispersal of eggs through seawater to be a possible distributional mechanism of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09BB0F94DF94EF908" authorityName="Shiraki" authorityYear="1933" box="[923,1137,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsudai">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09BB0F94DF94EF908" box="[923,1137,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Megacrania tsudai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and tested this hypothesis in laboratory conditions. The tests provided support for this assumption because eggs were shown to have specific characteristics that allow their survival when they float in the sea and that the hatching rates were not negatively affected. The same seawater resistance and dispersal by floating was reported for
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09C15F8E1F836F89D" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Le Guillou" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1086,1289,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crouanii">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09C15F8E1F836F89D" box="[1086,1289,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Graeffea crouanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the South West Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09918F8DDFCEDF8FB" author="Swaine, G." box="[307,466,1843,1870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="75 - 77" refId="ref18736" refString="Swaine, G. (1969) The coconut stick insect Graeffea crouanii Le Guillou. Oleagineux, 24 (2), 75 - 77." type="journal article" year="1969">Swaine, 1969</bibRefCitation>
). Members of the subfamily are also characteristic for having well developed bilateral prothoracic defensive glands, which have their openings at the anterior corners of the pronotum. From these the insects can spray good amounts of a white, milky and often strongly smelling and irritating secretion towards potential predators. The secretion does not effect human skin (Franzmann, 1974) but irritates the eyes on contact (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B338FFB09D69F871FCB4F868" author="Cermak, M. &amp; Hasenpusch, J." pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref16305" refString="Cermak, M. &amp; Hasenpusch, J. (2000) Distribution, biology and conservation status of the peppermint stick insect, Megacrania batesii (Kirby) (Phasmatodea. Phasmatidae), in Queensland. Memoires of the Queensland Museum, 46, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">Cermak &amp; Hasenpusch, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). In species of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB338FFB09A10F82DFFFBF869" authorityName="Hennemann" authorityYear="2020" box="[571,708,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB338FFB09A10F82DFFFBF869" box="[571,708,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Megacrania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the smell resembles peppermint (e.g. Franzmann, 1974) and in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB339FFB198BCFF79FC7CFF04" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[151,323,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Graeffea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leveri">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB339FFB198BCFF79FC7CFF04" box="[151,323,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Graeffea leveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the smell is described as lemon-like (Bruno Kneubühler, pers. comm). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the defensive secretion of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB339FFB19B7AFF55F919FF60" authorityName="Shiraki" authorityYear="1933" box="[849,1062,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Megacrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsudai">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB339FFB19B7AFF55F919FF60" box="[849,1062,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Megacrania tsudai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB19C61FF55F9A3FF60" box="[1098,1180,187,213]" name="Taiwan" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
have shown it’s major component to be actinidine but also to contain boschniakine and two stereoisomeres of 1-acetyl-3-methylcloptentane (
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B339FFB198FEFEEDFC98FEA8" author="Ho, H. Y. &amp; Chow, Y. S." box="[213,423,259,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref17544" refString="Ho, H. Y. &amp; Chow, Y. S. (1993) Chemical identification of defensive secretion of stick insect, Megacrania tsudai Shiraki. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19 (1), 39 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00987469" type="journal article" year="1993">Ho &amp; Chow, 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B339FFB198ECFEC8FC8BFE64" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AD669759B339FFB198ECFEC8FC8BFE64" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB339FFB198ECFEC8FC5CFEF5" bold="true" box="[199,355,294,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Distribution:</emphasis>
Oriental Region from
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB19A4DFEC9FF99FEF4" box="[614,678,295,321]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Japan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB19AF6FEC9FE10FEF4" box="[733,815,295,321]" name="Taiwan" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
in the north over Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB19C51FEC9F9DCFEF4" box="[1146,1251,295,321]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, Borneo and the
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB198BCFEA5FC2AFED0" box="[151,277,331,357]" name="Philippines" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Philippines</collectingCountry>
towards Wallacea, the Papuan subregion and NE-Australia, and throughout the South West Pacific in Melanesia, southern
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB19955FE81FCC0FE3C" box="[382,511,367,393]" name="Micronesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB19A21FE81FF88FE3C" box="[522,695,367,393]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and as far South East as
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB19BE1FE81F9B0FE3C" box="[970,1167,367,393]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
. One species is endemic to the
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B339FFB198F4FE7DFC68FE18" box="[223,343,403,429]" name="Seychelles" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
and one possibly extinct genus,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB339FFB19AECFE7DFED9FE18" authority="Kirby, 1896" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[711,998,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xenomaches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB339FFB19AECFE7DFE6AFE18" box="[711,853,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Xenomaches</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B339FFB19B76FE7DFED9FE18" author="Kirby, W. F." box="[861,998,403,429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="447 - 473" refId="ref17820" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1896) On some new or rare Phasmidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, 6 (6), 447 - 473. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 00546. x" type="journal article" year="1896">Kirby, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, was described from Rodrigues Island, both in the Indian Ocean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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