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<document id="52E2BBC1BA16A4A14750DD281131EC69" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949596" ID-ZooBank="27C5E1BE-6443-463E-A75A-154D099A2762" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1729235909469" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia &amp; Menegola, Carla" docDate="2024" docId="503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0" docLanguage="en" docName="Zootaxa.5523.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5523 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Acarnus tupiniquim Ozga, Santos &amp; Menegola, 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="414" masterDocId="AC0FFFCE24568364FFC9FF807A30F51D" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="422" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="412" updateTime="1729236464128" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="AAE2C72A79D4F96CF1C89A2667EE84B7">Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B230B4ECE73ACA7119B2FC7D7CEBB0BC">Ozga, Aline Vasum</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FECF04AA7883A212C68A12A5468939E0">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 214, CEP 91501 - 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EC702673F3B22B389CFCBB86A7107E9E">Santos, George Garcia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F56D1AEBFCBFA04CF3AA1DBEF00772BF">Universidade Federal do Cariri, Instituto de Formação de Educadores, Rua Olegário Emídio de Araújo, s / n, CEP 63260 - 000, Brejo Santo, Ceará, Brasil. &amp; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Recursos Naturais (PPGDR), Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Centro de Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Pimenta, CEP 63105 - 000, Crato, Ceará, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="52594FDD86985822999E71B4F2455F8B">Menegola, Carla</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="16406770863A13A97051AFF8BD5D3C11">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 214, CEP 91501 - 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. &amp; Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Tramandaí, 976, CEP 95.625 - 000, Imbé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B1DEED768F4EA186F96686BC1DC12080">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="626C70ACB618BEB23DA6B89B689D95CA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F46E70290B85F411F06D67DBC48D547B">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A200B23E38AFC66E8717D461ABD95E58">2024-10-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DD6438B442E5971F17D6583F2858B0D3">5523</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CF0CD806B0322A698E88ED430FC1762A">4</mods:number>
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<treatment id="503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949623" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949623" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<subSubSection id="9085652B245D836FFF5EFD7B78EAF608" box="[151,730,762,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF5EFD7B78EAF608" blockId="11.[151,730,762,825]" box="[151,730,762,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<heading id="836881CC245D836FFF5EFD7B78EAF608" bold="true" box="[151,730,762,789]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF5EFD7B78EAF608" bold="true" box="[151,730,762,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245D836FFF5EFD7B7BBBF608" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,395,763,789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tupiniquim" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF5EFD7B7BBBF608" bold="true" box="[151,395,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Acarnus tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245D836FFE5BFD7B7BC0F608" box="[402,496,763,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Ozga &amp; Menegola
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B245D836FFF5EFC9F7BB0F624" box="[151,384,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="description">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF5EFC9F7BB0F624" blockId="11.[151,730,762,825]" box="[151,384,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
(
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFF56FC9F7B2AF624" box="[159,282,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6A–V</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="951D031B245D836FFEEDFC9F7B48F624" box="[292,376,799,825]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Table 4</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B245D836FFF5EFCE6781BF6D4" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF5EFCE6781BF6D4" blockId="11.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF5EFCE67BB1F69C" bold="true" box="[151,385,870,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="68F73CFD245D836FFE40FCE7781BF6D4" collectingDate="2004-08" collectionCode="UFBA, MUCIN" collectorName="W. Andrade &amp; Holme Dredge &amp; Van Veen Grab &amp; C. Menegola." country="Brazil" county="Marau" determinerName="Det. A. Ozga" elevation="16" latitude="-13.919111" location="Barra Grande" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-38.999805" municipality="Camamu Bay" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" specimenCode="UFBA 2453, MUCIN 0151" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="07248802245D836FFE40FCE77BC6F69C" box="[393,502,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="88399EDB245D836FFDC9FCE778B9F69C" box="[512,649,870,897]" collectionCode="UFBA" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">UFBA 2453</specimenCode>
(Schizoholotype
<specimenCode id="88399EDB245D836FFC86FCE779DDF69C" box="[847,1005,870,897]" collectionCode="MUCIN" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">MUCIN 0151</specimenCode>
)
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245D836FFC34FCE77E74F69C" box="[1021,1092,871,897]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245D836FFB99FCE77EE4F69C" box="[1104,1236,871,897]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="31414E2C245D836FFB29FCE77F1CF69C" box="[1248,1324,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Maraú</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="3844ACDA245D836FFAFEFCE77AF5F6B8" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Camamu Bay</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="DD40607B245D836FFF18FC0B7B5BF6B8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0:DD40607B245D836FFF18FC0B7B5BF6B8" box="[209,363,907,933]" country="Brazil" county="Marau" latitude="-13.919111" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-38.999805" municipality="Camamu Bay" name="Barra Grande" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" stateProvince="Bahia">Barra Grande</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="BDAB5067245D836FFEBEFC0A7820F6B8" box="[375,528,906,933]" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" precision="1" seconds="08.8" value="-13.919111">13°55’08.8”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="BDAB5067245D836FFDDEFC0A788CF6B8" box="[535,700,906,933]" degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" precision="1" seconds="59.3" value="-38.999805">38°59’59.3”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="AC211060245D836FFD0EFC0B7909F6B8" box="[711,825,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" value="2004-08">
<collectingDate id="BC65E988245D836FFD0EFC0B7909F6B8" box="[711,825,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" value="2004-08">VIII.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<quantity id="1F679B45245D836FFC8DFC0B794FF6B8" box="[836,895,907,933]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" unit="m" value="16.0">
<elevation id="53B2D193245D836FFC8DFC0B794FF6B8" box="[836,895,907,933]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll.
<collectorName id="756A5376245D836FFC0AFC0B7E7AF6B8" box="[963,1098,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">W. Andrade</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="756A5376245D836FFB9FFC0B7ECBF6B8" box="[1110,1275,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Holme Dredge</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="756A5376245D836FFAFBFC0B7AE2F6D4" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Van Veen Grab</collectorName>
,
<determinerName id="2DFCDA64245D836FFF14FC2F7B5FF6D4" box="[221,367,943,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Det. A. Ozga</determinerName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="756A5376245D836FFE5AFC2F781BF6D4" box="[403,555,943,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">C. Menegola.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B245D836FFF0EFC52793AF6F0" box="[199,778,978,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF0EFC52793AF6F0" blockId="11.[151,1437,870,2013]" box="[199,778,978,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF0EFC527B71F6F0" bold="true" box="[199,321,978,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Unique
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245D836FFE6BFC537867F6F0" box="[418,599,979,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFE6BFC537BCFF6F0" box="[418,511,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Acarnus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
with tylostyles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B245D836FFF0EFC767EADF3FC" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="description">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF0EFC7678B0F160" blockId="11.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF0EFC767B69F10C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1014,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Description.</emphasis>
Encrusting, thin to massive sponge, with sediments, algae fragments and shells both on its surface and interior, measuring approximately 1.3 x
<quantity id="1F679B45245D836FFD44FB9B78F8F128" box="[653,712,1051,1077]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
. Surface hispid due to the presence of spicules and rough by the accumulation of sand grains. Firm consistency, however, easy to tear. Oscules and pores not visible. External and internal color beige after fixation (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFDD0FBE37843F160" box="[537,627,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF0EFB067BD9F048" blockId="11.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF0EFB067B05F1BD" bold="true" box="[199,309,1158,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Anisotropic reticulate skeleton (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFD66FB077939F1BC" box="[687,777,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
) with ascending bundles of tylotes, around which single spicules are arranged irregularly, in many directions, resulting in triangular, rectangular or differently shaped meshes. Equinate cladotylotes protrude from the spicular bundles, directed towards the base or surface of the sponge. Monaxonic megascleres (styles, tylotes, cladotylotes and tylostyles) are abundant and randomly arranged from choanosome to ectosome, as well as toxas and chelae microscleres. Cladotylotes found in reduced numbers when compared to the tylotes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF0EFADE7EADF3FC" blockId="11.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF0EFADE7B00F065" bold="true" box="[199,304,1374,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Spicules.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFEF6FADF7B86F064" box="[319,438,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6C–X</figureCitation>
)
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFE0CFADF7850F064" bold="true" box="[453,608,1375,1401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Megascleres:</emphasis>
styles (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFD7DFADF791CF064" box="[692,812,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6C–E</figureCitation>
), long and thick, straight and tapering from center to tip, with tapered end (370–653–900/ 7.5–10–15 µm). Tylotes (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFCE1FA0379AEF080" box="[808,926,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6F–H</figureCitation>
) long and thin, straight with microspiny tyles (270–400–560/ 2.5–5.6–7.5 µm). Tylostyles (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFD5EFA27793EF0DC" box="[663,782,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6I–M</figureCitation>
), short and thin, with a smooth tyle at the tip and tapering from the center to the end. Hastate tip (127.5–155.8–177.5/ 2.5–3.5–5 µm). Cladotylotes I (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFB7FFA4B7F63F0F8" box="[1206,1363,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6N, P, Q</figureCitation>
), long and thick, with spiny shaft and spines curved towards the base, cladome well developed at one end and presenting four clads (127.5–184.8–232.5/ 5–5.8– 7.5 µm). Cladotylotes II (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFCB1F9937E21F330" box="[888,1041,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6O, R, S</figureCitation>
), short and thin, with a spiny shaft and spines curved towards the base, a developed cladome with four clads at one end (65–80.5–100/ 2.5–2.8–5 µm).
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF5EF9DA7B08F369" bold="true" box="[151,312,1626,1652]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Microscleres:</emphasis>
toxas I (accolada) (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFDD3F9DB78A5F368" box="[538,661,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6T–U</figureCitation>
), long and thin, center smooth and straight and slightly curved, with tapered ends (200–239.3–310/ 2–2.1–2.5 µm). Toxas II (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFCC7F9FF79A1F384" box="[782,913,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6V–W</figureCitation>
), short and thin, smooth and very curved in the central region and slightly curved at the tip with tapered ends (47.5–66.8–80/ 0.8–1.3–1.6 µm). Toxa III (oxhorn) absent. Palmate isochelae (
<figureCitation id="40A42A25245D836FFE0CF947782FF3FC" box="[453,543,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetId="figure-70@12.[154,1433,273,1429]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. (Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 6X</figureCitation>
), small, with a well-developed tab (12.5–15.8–17.5 µm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B245D836FFF0EF96B78E7F234" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF0EF96B78E7F234" blockId="11.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF0EF96B7BDFF218" bold="true" box="[199,495,1771,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Ecology and bathymetry.</emphasis>
An agglomeration of biodetrital debris (fragments of shells and carapaces, calcareous nodules, etc.) inside the sponge, at a depth of
<specimenCount id="CE99FD29245D836FFD5EF88F78E7F234" box="[663,727,1807,1833]" count="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="generic">
<quantity id="1F679B45245D836FFD5EF88F78E3F234" box="[663,723,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B245D836FFF0EF8B278B4F26C" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D836FFF0EF8B278B4F26C" blockId="11.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF0EF8B27B51F251" bold="true" box="[199,353,1842,1868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Distribution.</emphasis>
Southwest Atlantic,
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245D836FFD87F8B378A6F250" box="[590,662,1843,1869]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Recorded from Northeast
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245D836FFC03F8B37E3EF250" box="[970,1038,1843,1869]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Brazil</collectingCountry>
on the southern coast of the
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245D836FFA92F8B37AFFF26C" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
(Camamu Bay, Maraú, Barra Grande).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9085652B245D8368FF0EF8FB7B76F5E4" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="413" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245D8368FF0EF8FB7B76F5E4" blockId="11.[151,1437,870,2013]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="413" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF0EF8FB7B7EF288" bold="true" box="[199,334,1915,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet is in homage to the Brazilian indigenous group
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFBACF8FA7EC5F289" bold="true" box="[1125,1269,1914,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Tupiniquins</emphasis>
that belong to the
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFF0DF81E7B62F2A5" bold="true" box="[196,338,1950,1976]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Tupi nation</emphasis>
and are also called
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245D836FFD8BF81E7E03F2A5" bold="true" box="[578,1075,1950,1977]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">tupinaquis, topinaquis and tupinanquins</emphasis>
. The Municipality of Camamu originated from a Tupiniquim village that was transformed into a parish in 1561, after the establishment of a Jesuit mission. They were the indigenous group encountered by the Portuguese squadron of Pedro Álvares Cabral, on
<date id="AC211060245A8368FF5EFF3B7B0CF5C8" box="[151,316,186,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" value="1500-04-22">April 22, 1500</date>
. They currently inhabit indigenous lands in the municipality of Aracruz, in the north of
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245A8368FB37FF3B7AE2F5E4" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Espírito Santo State</collectingRegion>
, in
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245A8368FF33FF5F7B72F5E4" box="[250,322,223,249]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="8CE06628245A8368FF5EFA2D7AE3F364" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949612" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13949612/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" startId="12.[151,250,1453,1477]" targetBox="[154,1433,273,1429]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245A8368FF5EFA2D7AE3F364" blockId="12.[151,1436,1453,1657]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FF5EFA2D7B25F0D8" bold="true" box="[151,277,1453,1477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FED7FA2D7BD8F0D8" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[286,488,1453,1477]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tupiniquim" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FED7FA2D7BD8F0D8" box="[286,488,1453,1477]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Acarnus tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FE38FA2D7873F0D8" bold="true" box="[497,579,1453,1477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245A8368FE38FA2D7873F0D8" box="[497,579,1453,1477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(Holotype UFBA 2453). A, preserved specimen; B, skeletal architecture; C, style; D and E, detail of the style; F, tylote; G and H, detail of the tylote; I and J, tylostyles; K, L and M, detail of the tylostyles; N, cladotylote I; O and P, detail of the cladotylote I; Q, cladotylote II; R and S, detail of the cladotylote II; T, toxa I; U, detail of the toxa I; V, toxa II; W, detail of the toxa II; X, palmate isochelae. Scales: A, 0.5 cm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, E, F, 10 µm; G, H, 3 µm; I, J, 10 µm; K, L, M, 1 µm; N, 20 µm; O, P, 3 µm; Q, 20 µm; R, S, 3 µm; T, 50 µm; U, 1 µm; V, 10 µm; W, 1 µm; X, 2 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="9085652B245A8369FF0EF94B7E73F7D0" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D82036A0245A8368FF0EF94B7F6BF268" blockId="12.[151,1437,1739,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FF0EF94B7B0BF3F8" bold="true" box="[199,315,1739,1765]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Remarks.</emphasis>
Concerning the spicule set,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FD41F94B7958F3F8" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[648,872,1739,1765]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tupiniquim" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FD41F94B7958F3F8" box="[648,872,1739,1765]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Acarnus tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FCBAF94B79E0F3F8" bold="true" box="[883,976,1739,1765]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245A8368FCBAF94B79E0F3F8" box="[883,976,1739,1765]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FB4EF94B7ED4F3F8" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1892" box="[1159,1252,1739,1765]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tortilis">
“
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FB5DF94B7ED4F3F8" box="[1172,1252,1739,1765]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">tortilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FB2AF94B7EDEF3F8" box="[1251,1262,1739,1765]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">”</emphasis>
group because it has spinate cladotylotes and lacks acanthostyles. The material studied differs from all congeneric species in its internal morphological characters, especially for having a
<typeStatus id="07248802245A8368FCEBF8947962F233" box="[802,850,1812,1838]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">type</typeStatus>
of tylostyle so far undocumented for the genus. The redefinition of
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FEF7F8B77BABF24C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[318,411,1847,1873]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FEF7F8B77BABF24C" box="[318,411,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Acarnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was necessary here to inclusion of this new species. In
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FBCBF8B77E48F24C" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" box="[1026,1144,1847,1873]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Acarnidae</taxonomicName>
, the presence of tylostyles were briefly mentioned in
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FE09F8DC7900F268" authority="(Carter, 1879)" baseAuthorityName="Carter" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[448,816,1883,1909]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fulliginosa">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FE09F8DC78BBF268" box="[448,651,1883,1909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Zyzzya fulliginosa</emphasis>
(Carter, 1879)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FCAFF8DB7F67F268" authority="(Levi &amp; Levi, 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Levi &amp; Levi" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[870,1367,1883,1909]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Cornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="virguliferum">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FCAFF8DB7E5AF268" box="[870,1130,1883,1909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Cornulum virguliferum</emphasis>
(Lèvi &amp; Lévi, 1983)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245A8369FF0EF8FF7F57F4B0" blockId="12.[151,1437,1739,2018]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
Specifically, when compared with Atlantic species (
<tableCitation id="951D031B245A8368FCD6F8FF7949F284" box="[799,889,1919,1945]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,243,522,548]" captionText="TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm)." pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Table 4</tableCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FC58F8FF7E1DF284" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[913,1069,1919,1945]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tupiniquim" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FC58F8FF7E1DF284" box="[913,1069,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">A. tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FBF1F8FF7EA5F284" bold="true" box="[1080,1173,1919,1945]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245A8368FBF1F8FF7EA5F284" box="[1080,1173,1919,1945]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
differs of
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245A8368FADDF8FF7FA5F284" box="[1300,1429,1919,1945]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nicoleae">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245A8368FADDF8FF7FA5F284" box="[1300,1429,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">A. nicoleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with records from the Caribbean to
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245A8368FDE0F823785DF2A0" box="[553,621,1955,1981]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245A8368FDB5F8237913F2A0" box="[636,803,1955,1981]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245A8368FCE7F8237E2EF2A3" box="[814,1054,1955,1982]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Norte" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Rio Grande do Norte</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245A8368FBE0F8237E85F2A0" box="[1065,1205,1955,1981]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245A8368FB25F8237FA0F2A0" box="[1260,1424,1955,1981]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
), due to absence of acanthostyles and presence of smooth styles, although both species have identical external morphological characters such as the ability to accumulate sediments and fragments of calcareous algae and shells adhered to the surface and inside the body. The new species differs from
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FC72FF3B7E5BF5C9" box="[955,1131,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FC72FF3B7E56F5C9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[955,1126,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="innominatus">A. innominatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which also occurs from the Caribbean to
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245B8369FEE7FF5F7B42F5E4" box="[302,370,223,249]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FE49FF5F7840F5E4" box="[384,624,223,249]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Norte" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Rio Grande do Norte</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FDB2FF5F793AF5E4" box="[635,778,223,249]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FCDAFF5F795FF5E4" box="[787,879,223,249]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Alagoas</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FC6CFF5F79DAF5E4" box="[933,1002,223,249]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Bahia</collectingRegion>
), in having spiny cladotylotes. Besides
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FF5EFE837B70F401" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,320,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="innominatus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FF5EFE837B70F401" box="[151,320,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. innominatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, besides hasving flat cladotylotes I, these have them are larger (230–300/ 6–12 µm) than in the new species (127.5–232/ 5–7.5 µm). But when compared to
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FCC0FEA77998F45C" box="[777,936,295,321]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FCC0FEA77998F45C" box="[777,936,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. deweerdtae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with records in the south Caribbean region, the new species differs by the presence of a tylostyle and by having larger and more robust styles (370–900/ 7.5–15 µm vs. 400–566/ 5–6 µm, respectively).
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FDA4FEEF797DF495" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[621,845,367,393]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tupiniquim" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FDA4FEEF797DF495" box="[621,845,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Acarnus tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FC9EFEEF7983F494" bold="true" box="[855,947,367,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245B8369FC9EFEEF7983F494" box="[855,947,367,393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
differs of
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FBE6FEEF7EABF494" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1892" box="[1071,1179,367,393]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tortilis">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FBE6FEEF7EABF494" box="[1071,1179,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. tortilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with records in north Atlantic, Azores, Canarias and Madeira, due to absence of amphitylotes and presence of three toxa categories.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF0EFE377E43F720" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
In comparison to endemic species of
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245B8369FDA5FE377883F4CC" box="[620,691,439,465]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, the set of spicules of
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FC79FE377EBEF4CD" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[944,1166,439,465]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tupiniquim" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FC79FE377EBEF4CD" box="[944,1166,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Acarnus tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FB5FFE377EC1F4CC" bold="true" box="[1174,1265,439,465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245B8369FB5FFE377EC1F4CC" box="[1174,1265,439,465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is closest to
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FA4DFE377AD9F4E9" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="toxeata">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FA4DFE377AD9F4E9" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. toxeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FF33FE5B7B0DF4E8" box="[250,317,475,501]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Bahia</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FEB1FE5B782EF4E8" box="[376,542,475,501]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
), because they have a single category of styles, two categories of cladotylotes (spinate) and isoquelae, but both differ in the size of the cladotylotes, larger in
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FBD7FE7F7EA0F705" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[1054,1168,511,537]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="toxeata">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FBD7FE7F7EA0F705" box="[1054,1168,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. toxeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(I 250–395/ 3–9 and II 56–162/ 3 µm) than in the new species (I 127.5–232.5/ 5–7.5 and II 65–100/ 2.5–5 µm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D82036A0245B8369FF0EFDC77E73F7D0" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
In comparison to other species known to
<collectingCountry id="A0887630245B8369FD56FDC778D6F77C" box="[671,742,583,609]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FD3AFDC77949F77C" baseAuthorityName="Boury-Esnault" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[755,889,583,609]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="radovani">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FD3AFDC77949F77C" box="[755,889,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. radovani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FC40FDC77E2AF77C" box="[905,1050,583,609]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FBEEFDC77F27F77C" box="[1063,1303,583,609]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Norte" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Rio Grande do Norte</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FA98FDC77AD8F798" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
States) due to absence of acanthostyles and presence of two cladotylotes categories. Meanwhile, it is set apart of
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FF3AFD0F7BA9F7B5" authorityName="Nascimento &amp; Pinheiro" authorityYear="2023" box="[243,409,655,681]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="microxeatus">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FF3AFD0F7BA9F7B5" box="[243,409,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">A. microxeatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="1A5BF842245B8369FE6EFD0F7874F7B4" box="[423,580,655,681]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Alagoas State</collectingRegion>
) due to absence of acanthostyles and microxeas. Finally,
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FB76FD0F7FACF7B5" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[1215,1436,655,681]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tupiniquim" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FB76FD0F7FACF7B5" box="[1215,1436,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Acarnus tupiniquim</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FF5EFD337AC1F7D0" bold="true" box="[151,241,691,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245B8369FF5EFD337AC1F7D0" box="[151,241,691,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
of
<taxonomicName id="1F9F4D23245B8369FEDFFD337BE1F7D0" authorityName="Ozga &amp; Santos &amp; Menegola" authorityYear="2024" box="[278,465,691,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Acarnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hooperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FEDFFD337BE1F7D0" box="[278,465,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Acarnus hooperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EAEBEAB2245B8369FE11FD337802F7D0" bold="true" box="[472,562,691,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F1D857C9245B8369FE11FD337802F7D0" box="[472,562,691,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
due to absence of acanthostyles and tylostyles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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