448 lines
54 KiB
XML
448 lines
54 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4C9BE6FABD05D781E3F61E51958021E8">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E70B365369FFFBA084F8342A5525C7A0">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F1D0D669F6F4457345A539FB946EBA0A">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B92FB2505A1A5A30A14401D0A5608F5C" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="BBEC807DA2BF9E615B275F98AD4AD800">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A8ED0D2749C740CA42B089213C4B1473">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA6E0A09FF54FB77FC405D74" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064257" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700495" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064257" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA6E0A09FF54FB77FC405D74" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA6E0A09FF54FB77FC405D74" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6E0A0AFF54FB77FD1D5EF6" box="[151,652,1240,1267]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6E0A0AFF54FB77FD1D5EF6" blockId="93.[151,652,1240,1267]" box="[151,652,1240,1267]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA6E0A0AFF54FB77FD1D5EF6" bold="true" box="[151,652,1240,1267]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6E0A0AFF54FB77FD1D5EF6" ID-CoL="8BMQY" ID-ENA="562834" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[151,652,1240,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus" subGenus="Culiciomyia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFF54FB77FD1D5EF6" bold="true" box="[151,652,1240,1267]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFF54FB77FF4E5EF6" bold="true" box="[151,223,1240,1267]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFF33FB77FE125EF6" bold="true" box="[240,387,1240,1267]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Culiciomyia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFE57FB77FD9F5EF6" bold="true" box="[404,526,1240,1267]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">nebulosus</emphasis>
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Theobald
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6E0A0AFF54FAB2FEBB5C2F" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6E0A0AFF54FAB2FB4F5F94" blockId="93.[151,1437,1308,1578]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6E0A0AFECAFAB3FD8F5F30" ID-CoL="8BMQY" authority="Theobald, 1901 d" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[265,542,1308,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFECAFAB3FEE25F31" bold="true" box="[265,371,1308,1332]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">nebulosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFEB4FAB2FD8F5F30" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[375,542,1309,1333]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="i - xiv" refId="ref181554" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 d) Notes on a collection of mosquitoes from West Africa, and descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 4 (Appendix), i - xiv, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1901">Theobald, 1901d</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6E0A0AFCD9FAB2FC2E5F30" ID-CoL="8BMQY" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[794,959,1309,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFCD9FAB2FC2E5F30" box="[794,959,1309,1333]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Culex nebulosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFB91FAB2FB005F30" box="[1106,1169,1309,1333]" name="Benin" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Benin</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFB59FAB2FAB25F31" box="[1178,1315,1309,1333]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFAEFFAB2FA095F30" box="[1324,1432,1309,1333]" name="Cameroon" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFF04FA93FE5A5F51" box="[199,459,1340,1364]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFE15FA93FDA75F51" box="[470,566,1340,1364]" name="Comoros" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Comoros</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFD82FA93FD5C5F51" box="[577,717,1340,1364]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFD1BFA93FBD25F51" box="[728,1091,1340,1364]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFB8DFA93FB365F51" box="[1102,1191,1340,1364]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFB71FA93FB695F51" box="[1202,1272,1340,1364]" name="Gabon" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFAC7FA93FAD85F51" box="[1284,1353,1340,1364]" name="Ghana" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFA97FA93FA085F51" box="[1364,1433,1340,1364]" name="Kenya" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFF04FAF5FE825F77" box="[199,275,1370,1394]" name="Liberia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFEDFFAF5FE095F77" box="[284,408,1370,1394]" name="Madagascar" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFE61FAF5FE455F77" box="[418,468,1370,1394]" name="Serbia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Mali</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFE1DFAF5FD885F77" box="[478,537,1370,1394]" name="Niger" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Niger</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFDE0FAF5FDE35F77" box="[547,626,1370,1394]" name="Nigeria" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFDB8FAF5FCF35F77" box="[635,866,1370,1394]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFCAFFAF5FBFB5F77" box="[876,1130,1370,1394]" name="South Africa" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFBB7FAF5FB6B5F77" box="[1140,1274,1370,1394]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFAC0FAF5FAC75F77" box="[1283,1366,1370,1394]" name="Senegal" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFAA3FAF5FE985F95" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFED0FAD6FEE05F94" box="[275,369,1401,1425]" name="Tanzania" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFEB9FAD6FE215F94" box="[378,432,1401,1425]" name="Togo" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Togo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFE79FAD6FD9A5F94" box="[442,523,1401,1425]" name="Uganda" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFDD6FAD6FDCF5F95" box="[533,606,1401,1424]" name="Yemen" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Yemen</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFDABFAD6FD245F94" box="[616,693,1401,1425]" name="Zambia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFD01FAD6FC305F94" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[706,929,1401,1425]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFCF0FAD5FCF15F94" box="[819,864,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, listed in error from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFBB1FAD6FB455F94" box="[1138,1236,1401,1425]" name="Malaysia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6E0A0AFF54FA37FEBB5C2F" blockId="93.[151,1437,1308,1578]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6E0A0AFECFFA38FDCF5FB5" authority="Theobald, 1901 c" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[268,606,1431,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFECFFA38FE3F5FAA" bold="true" box="[268,430,1431,1455]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFE75FA37FDCF5FB5" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[438,606,1432,1456]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6E0A0AFCA2FA37FBD35FB5" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[865,1090,1432,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFCA2FA37FBD35FB5" box="[865,1090,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Culex pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFB92FA37FA945FAA" author="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H." box="[1105,1285,1431,1456]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
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||
Stone
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFB57FA37FB525FB5" box="[1172,1219,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFAF9FA37FEA85FCB" author="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A." pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref162868" refString="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2 nd Edition. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight & Stone 1977</bibRefCitation>
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||
erroneously attributed subspecific status to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFD31FA19FC145FCB" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[754,901,1462,1486]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who actually treated the taxon as a variety; however, as explained by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFEADFA7AFD915FE8" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[366,512,1493,1517]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref158710" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2018) Culicipedia: Species-group, genus-group and family-group names in Culicidae (Diptera). CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, xviii + 378 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781786399052.0000" type="book" year="2018">Harbach 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6E0A0AFDC8FA7AFD395FE8" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[523,680,1493,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFDC8FA7AFD395FE8" box="[523,680,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is deemed to have subspecific rank). Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFB76FA7AFA8A5FE9" box="[1205,1307,1493,1516]" name="Botswana" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Botswana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFAE5FA7AFE215C09" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFE79FA5BFD9F5C09" box="[442,526,1524,1548]" name="Lesotho" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFDDBFA5BFDF95C09" box="[536,616,1524,1548]" name="Malawi" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFDB1FA5BFD5D5C09" box="[626,716,1524,1548]" name="Namibia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFD15FA5BFCB45C09" box="[726,805,1524,1548]" name="Nigeria" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFCEDFA5BFBBE5C09" box="[814,1071,1524,1548]" name="South Africa" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFBFBFA5BFB075C09" box="[1080,1174,1524,1548]" name="Tanzania" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6E0A0AFB63FA5BFA9D5C09" box="[1184,1292,1524,1548]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFADAFA5BFE8E5C2F" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFA49FA5BFF4A5C2F" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6E0A09FF54F9F7FC405D74" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6E0A0AFF54F9F7FB305DB2" blockId="93.[151,1437,1624,2011]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFF54F9F7FEB15C77" box="[151,288,1624,1650]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Culiciomyia</emphasis>
|
||
is a very difficult group taxonomically. Females are generally difficult to distinguish, some are indistinguishable, and the identification of species depends mainly on anatomical features of males and fourth-instar larvae. Nineteen species of the subgenus are currently recognized in the Afrotropical
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA6E0A0AFB9EF90FFB3F5CBF" box="[1117,1198,1696,1722]" country="Iraq" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFB7EF90FFA005CBE" author="Cornel, A. J. & Mayi, M. P. A. & Kowo, C. & Foncha, D. & Andongma, E. & Anong, D. N. & Elad, M. & Djomo, C. & Tchuinkam, T. & Brisco, K. K. & Sehgal, R." box="[1213,1425,1696,1723]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="451 - 506" refId="ref149309" refString="Cornel, A. J., Mayi, M. P. A., Kowo, C., Foncha, D., Andongma, E., Anong, D. N., Elad, M., Djomo, C., Tchuinkam, T., Brisco, K. K. & Sehgal, R. (2020) New species of Culex (Culiciomyia) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Talangaye Forest in Cameroon and descriptions and identification keys for males of the Afrotropiccal species of the subgenus. Zootaxa, 4858 (4), 451 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4858.4.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Cornel
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFAD0F90EFAD45CBF" box="[1299,1349,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The adults of both sexes and larvae are known for 12 of the species, albeit inadequately or incompletely described, only males are known for six species and one species is only known from the larval stage. As for most species of the subgenus, the adults and larva of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFDF3F8A2FCCF5D23" box="[560,862,1804,1831]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6E0A0AFDF3F8A2FD5D5D23" box="[560,716,1804,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="nebulosus">Cx. nebulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA6E0A0AFD11F8A2FCCF5D23" box="[722,862,1805,1830]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6E0A0AFBD3F8A3FB2C5D23" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1040,1213,1804,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFBD3F8A3FB2C5D23" box="[1040,1213,1804,1830]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known but have not been studied and described in detail. Their identification relies on subtle differences in the extent of scaling on areas of the thorax of adults, the development of the maxillary palpal comb scales of males and the form of the pecten spines and spiracular apodeme of larvae.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFD71F8D6FD7B5D96" bold="true" box="[690,746,1913,1939]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Note</emphasis>
|
||
. The palpal comb (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFC03F8D7FB1C5D96" author="Cornel, A. J. & Mayi, M. P. A. & Kowo, C. & Foncha, D. & Andongma, E. & Anong, D. N. & Elad, M. & Djomo, C. & Tchuinkam, T. & Brisco, K. K. & Sehgal, R." box="[960,1165,1912,1939]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="451 - 506" refId="ref149309" refString="Cornel, A. J., Mayi, M. P. A., Kowo, C., Foncha, D., Andongma, E., Anong, D. N., Elad, M., Djomo, C., Tchuinkam, T., Brisco, K. K. & Sehgal, R. (2020) New species of Culex (Culiciomyia) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Talangaye Forest in Cameroon and descriptions and identification keys for males of the Afrotropiccal species of the subgenus. Zootaxa, 4858 (4), 451 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4858.4.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Cornel
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFBD6F8D6FBD45D97" box="[1045,1093,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is a ventral row of long outstanding hair-like scales (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFE1BF833FDF55DB3" author="Belkin, J. N." box="[472,612,1948,1974]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref144816" refString="Belkin, J. N. (1962) The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae). Vols 1 & 2. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, xii + 608 pp., 412 figs." type="book" year="1962">Belkin 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) on the distal half of palpomere 3 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFC2DF833FB045DB2" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1006,1173,1948,1975]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6E0A09FF04F86FFB2D5958" blockId="93.[151,1437,1624,2011]" lastBlockId="94.[151,1437,151,1905]" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFF04F86FFE215DDE" author="Cornel, A. J. & Mayi, M. P. A. & Kowo, C. & Foncha, D. & Andongma, E. & Anong, D. N. & Elad, M. & Djomo, C. & Tchuinkam, T. & Brisco, K. K. & Sehgal, R." box="[199,432,1984,2011]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="451 - 506" refId="ref149309" refString="Cornel, A. J., Mayi, M. P. A., Kowo, C., Foncha, D., Andongma, E., Anong, D. N., Elad, M., Djomo, C., Tchuinkam, T., Brisco, K. K. & Sehgal, R. (2020) New species of Culex (Culiciomyia) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Talangaye Forest in Cameroon and descriptions and identification keys for males of the Afrotropiccal species of the subgenus. Zootaxa, 4858 (4), 451 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4858.4.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Cornel
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6E0A0AFEDDF86EFEC55DDF" box="[286,340,1984,2010]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
quoted
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6E0A0AFDD0F86FFD5B5DDE" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[531,714,1984,2011]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the development of the palpal comb scales of the typical form, but their photographic illustration differs slightly from Edwards’s line drawing. The palpal comb depicted by Edwards consists of a proximal set of 6 long spear-like scales separated by a small gap from a distal set comprised of 7 smaller, distally broader and apically hooked scales. In contrast, the proximal comb set illustrated by Cornel
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FF54FEACFF585B18" box="[151,201,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. consists of 7 scales of two sizes, a proximal group of 4 distinctly longer scales similar to those illustrated by Edwards and a distal group of 3 shorter, broader, apically pointed scales; a gap separates the proximal set from the distal set, which consists of 8 or 9 scales about the same length as the distal scales of the proximal set but developed as illustrated by Edwards. Variation in the composition of the palpal comb of the type form is further illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FF78FE3CFED95BA8" author="Jupp, P. G." box="[187,328,403,429]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref161745" refString="Jupp, P. G. (1996) Mosquitoes of southern Africa: Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, 156 pp." type="book" year="1996">Jupp (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: The proximal comb set consists of 7 scales separated by a gap from the distal set comprised of 8 scales, the scales of both sets are as illustrated by Edwards. In summary, the palpal comb of the type form consists of a proximal set of 6 or 7 lanceolate scales separated by a gap from a distal set of 7–9 distally broadened, apically hooked scales. The palpal comb of subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FD5DFE50FCDA581C" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[670,843,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FD5DFE50FCDA581C" box="[670,843,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never been illustrated; however,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FB2AFE50FA0D581C" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1257,1436,511,537]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that “Scales in distal part of palpal comb slightly different in shape from typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FB46FD8CFB645838" box="[1157,1269,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FB46FD8CFB645838" box="[1157,1269,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">nebulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being bluntly pointed but without strongly hooked tips.” During the course of this study, we had an opportunity to examine the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FF54FDC4FF685880" box="[151,249,619,645]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FEA2FDC4FD9F5880" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[353,526,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FEA2FDC4FD9F5880" box="[353,526,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and noted that the comb scales gradually grade from large scales proximally to smaller scales distally with little change in shape and no apparent gap or clear delimitation of proximal and distal sets. In addition to differences in the palpal comb scales, Edwards also noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FBD0FD1CFB5158C8" authority="Closely" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1043,1216,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FBD0FD1CFB5158C8" box="[1043,1216,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“Closely resembles typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FF2FFD78FECD58F4" box="[236,348,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FF2FFD78FECD58F4" box="[236,348,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">nebulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differs in both sexes in having much more numerous flat white scales on the mesepimeron; propleura [proepisternum] with a large patch of scales; lower mesepimeral bristle [seta] often accompanied by from one to three short hairs [small setae] (between it and the scales).” Edwards did not find any differences in the male genitalia of the two forms, but this is likely to be due to inattention to delicate structural detail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6D0A09FF04FCC8FA1A5F08" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,1905]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FF04FCC8FECA5984" author="Bram, R. A." box="[199,347,871,897]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 296" refId="ref146447" refString="Bram, R. A. (1967) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. II. The genus Culex in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 2 (1), 1 - 296." type="journal article" year="1967">Bram (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that species of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FDA0FCC8FD7D5984" box="[611,748,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Culiciomyia</emphasis>
|
||
are most reliably distinguished in the larval stage; for this reason, it is surprising that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FE0CFC24FD1059A0" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[463,641,906,933]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">Hopkins (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not treat the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FC6AFC24FBC759A0" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[937,1110,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FC6AFC24FBC759A0" box="[937,1110,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the omission of which may have lead
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FECBFC00FD8C59CC" author="Mattingly, P. F. & Lips, M." box="[264,541,942,969]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="311 - 343" refId="ref169191" refString="Mattingly, P. F. & Lips, M. (1953) Notes on the Culicini of the Katanga (Diptera, Culicidae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 47 (3 - 4), 311 - 343." type="journal article" year="1953">Mattingly & Lips (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to consider that larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FCFCFC00FC3E59CC" box="[831,943,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FCFCFC00FC3E59CC" box="[831,943,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">nebulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FC26FC00FB0359CC" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[997,1170,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FC26FC00FB0359CC" box="[997,1170,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were indistinguishable. As is the case with most species of Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FD0EFC7CFC9F59E8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[717,782,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FD0EFC7CFC9F59E8" box="[717,782,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FC6CFC7CFB8E59E8" box="[943,1055,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FC6CFC7CFB8E59E8" box="[943,1055,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">nebulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is superficially and inadequately described. For this reason, it was only possible for
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FD28FC58FC155E14" author="Peters, W." box="[747,900,1014,1041]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="81 - 90" refId="ref172863" refString="Peters, W. (1955). The mosquitoes of Liberia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Series B Taxonomy, 24 (5 - 6), 81 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1955. tb 01487. x" type="journal article" year="1955">Peters (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to compare larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FB44FC58FAA55E14" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1159,1332,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FB44FC58FAA55E14" box="[1159,1332,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FEA5FBB4FE075E30" box="[358,406,1051,1077]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FDADFBB4FCB25E30" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[622,803,1050,1077]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">Hopkins (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In doing so, Peters was only able to determine that the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FF3FFB90FE385E5C" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[252,425,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FF3FFB90FE385E5C" box="[252,425,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FDB6FB90FD345E5C" box="[629,677,1087,1113]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form in the development of the pecten spines and the spiracular apodeme (“stirrup-shaped piece”). The pecten spines of the former have a broad base and a single denticle as opposed to a narrower base and usually at least two denticles in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FC4CFB28FC2E5EA4" box="[911,959,1159,1185]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form. More striking is the development of the spiracular apodeme, which is much broader with the arms of the U-shaped distal end more widely separated and the narrower arm longer and differently shaped than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FCCBFB60FC245EEC" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[776,949,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FCCBFB60FC245EEC" box="[776,949,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As shown for two species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FF54FB5CFF495F08" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,216,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FF54FB5CFF495F08" box="[151,216,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Central America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FE00FB5CFDEA5F08" author="Strickman, D." box="[451,635,1267,1293]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="143 - 177" refId="ref180179" refString="Strickman, D. (1990) Culex pseudostigmatosoma, Cx. yojoae and Cx. aquarius: New Central American species in the subgenus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 21 (3), 143 - 177. [for 1989]" type="journal article" year="1990">Strickman 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the form of the spiracular apodeme is indicative of different species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6D0A09FF04FAB8FCAA5FE0" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,1905]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Collection records indicate that
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FD8BFAB8FCC85F35" box="[584,857,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FD8BFAB8FD295F34" box="[584,696,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="nebulosus">nebulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA6D0A09FD06FAB8FCC85F35" box="[709,857,1303,1328]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
probably occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Discounting records of subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FDD8FA94FD595F50" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[539,712,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FDD8FA94FD595F50" box="[539,712,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FD28FA94FCAE5F50" box="[747,831,1339,1365]" name="Nigeria" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FCB6FA94FAB45F50" box="[885,1317,1339,1365]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it appears that this form is prevalent in southeastern and southern countries of the continent where it is probably sympatric with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FEC2FA2CFEA05F98" box="[257,305,1411,1437]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form. This is supported by the occurrence of the adults of both forms in Elizabethville,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FA86FA2CFF735FC4" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Belgian Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FF33FA08FEE95FC4" author="Peters, W." box="[240,376,1446,1473]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="81 - 90" refId="ref172863" refString="Peters, W. (1955). The mosquitoes of Liberia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Series B Taxonomy, 24 (5 - 6), 81 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1955. tb 01487. x" type="journal article" year="1955">Peters 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), now known as Lubumbashi in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FD27FA08FB075FC4" box="[740,1174,1447,1473]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which is located in the southeast of the country adjacent to the border with
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FD1DFA64FCA65FE0" box="[734,823,1483,1509]" name="Zambia" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6D0A09FF04FA40FDAC5C70" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,1905]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Based on the forgoing analysis of morphological and distributional information, it seems highly likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FF54F9BCFE965C28" box="[151,263,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FF54F9BCFE965C28" box="[151,263,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">nebulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FEF9F9BCFE765C28" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[314,487,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FEF9F9BCFE765C28" box="[314,487,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are separate species; hence, the latter form is herewith formally returned to its original specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FE87F999FC235C55" authority="Theobald, 1901 c" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[324,946,1590,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus" subGenus="Culiciomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FE87F999FC235C55" bold="true" box="[324,946,1590,1617]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FE87F999FE195C54" bold="true" box="[324,392,1590,1617]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FE5BF999FDB55C54" bold="true" box="[408,548,1590,1617]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Culiciomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FDF7F999FD765C54" bold="true" box="[564,743,1590,1617]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FD2DF998FC235C55" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[750,946,1590,1617]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FC03F998FB245C54" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[960,1205,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FC03F998FB245C54" box="[960,1205,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Culex pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6D0A09FF04F9D0FC405D74" blockId="94.[151,1437,151,1905]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FF04F9D0FEEE5C9C" box="[199,383,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FF04F9D0FEEE5C9C" box="[199,383,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Culex nebulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a single synonym,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FD41F9D0FB925C9C" authority="Theobald, 1901 c" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[642,1027,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrochaetae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FD41F9D0FCD35C9C" box="[642,834,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Cx. nigrochaetae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FC8BF9D0FB925C9C" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[840,1027,1663,1689]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA6D0A09FBD6F9D0FBB95C9C" box="[1045,1064,1663,1689]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
only of
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FB46F9D0FB245C9C" box="[1157,1205,1663,1689]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series;
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FAC9F9D0FAAB5C9C" box="[1290,1338,1663,1689]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA6D0A09FF54F90CFF4F5CB8" box="[151,222,1699,1725]" country="Nigeria" name="Lagos" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Lagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FF2EF90CFED25CB8" box="[237,323,1699,1725]" name="Nigeria" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FE45F90CFDF25CB8" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[390,611,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudocinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FE45F90CFDF25CB8" box="[390,611,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Cx. pseudocinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has three synonyms,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FCA2F90CFB625CB8" authority="Theobald, 1901 c" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[865,1267,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freetownensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FCA2F90CFBBB5CB8" box="[865,1066,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Cx. freetownensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FBF7F90CFB625CB8" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1076,1267,1699,1725]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FAC6F90CFAA65CB8" box="[1285,1335,1699,1725]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Freetown,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FED7F968FE3F5CE4" box="[276,430,1735,1761]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FE05F968FCAF5CE4" authority="Theobald, 1901 d" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[454,830,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invenustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FE05F968FDFE5CE5" box="[454,623,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Cx. invenustus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FDB8F968FCAF5CE4" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[635,830,1735,1761]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="i - xiv" refId="ref181554" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 d) Notes on a collection of mosquitoes from West Africa, and descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 4 (Appendix), i - xiv, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1901">Theobald, 1901d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FC91F968FC155CE4" box="[850,900,1735,1761]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Degama,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA6D0A09FBAAF968FB6B5CE4" box="[1129,1274,1735,1761]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Rivers State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FAC9F968FAF15CE4" box="[1290,1376,1735,1761]" name="Nigeria" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FF54F944FDD05D00" authority="Theobald, 1909" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,577,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Pectinopalpus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FF54F944FE175D00" box="[151,390,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Pectinopalpus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6D0A09FE4CF944FDD05D00" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[399,577,1771,1797]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refId="ref182128" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1909) Descriptions of the new mosquitoes collected by Dr. Graham in Ashanti. Gold Coast Miscellaneous Publication No. 237. Great Britain Colonial Office. London, 31 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1909">Theobald, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FD91F944FD155D00" box="[594,644,1771,1797]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Obuasi,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA6D0A09FC8CF944FB955D00" box="[847,1028,1771,1797]" country="Ghana" name="Ashanti" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Ashanti Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6D0A09FBD2F944FBCE5D00" box="[1041,1119,1771,1797]" name="Ghana" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
). These four nominal forms are based on superficial descriptions of adults: The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FD2AF8A0FC885D2C" box="[745,793,1807,1833]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of the first three are females and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FA88F8A0FAEA5D2C" box="[1355,1403,1807,1833]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6D0A09FF54F89CFF4C5D48" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,221,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Pectinopalpus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6D0A09FF54F89CFF4C5D48" box="[151,221,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a male. Until reared specimens from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6D0A09FD0EF89CFD6C5D48" box="[717,765,1843,1869]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities of these nominal species are available for critical comparative study, they must remain synonyms of their senior synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |