667 lines
78 KiB
XML
667 lines
78 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="26974E4754046456B2B8B82391BFBF71">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FF771E11F266707D4F4C7477E9A87487">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9FD5AEE5B872092E494049F43C3B0FC1">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CC25F63A3D36C95E8D197F8E8789A059">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7DA8B23B7ECC264F268E73D8E24B7444">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA660A01FF54FD55FAFE5D48" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064239" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700503" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064239" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA660A01FF54FD55FAFE5D48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA660A01FF54FD55FAFE5D48" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA660A02FF54FD55FDD05910" box="[151,577,762,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA660A02FF54FD55FDD05910" blockId="85.[151,577,762,789]" box="[151,577,762,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA660A02FF54FD55FDD05910" bold="true" box="[151,577,762,789]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FF54FD55FDD05910" ID-CoL="8BMKP" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[151,577,762,789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus" subGenus="Culex">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF54FD55FDD05910" bold="true" box="[151,577,762,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF54FD55FF4E5910" bold="true" box="[151,223,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF33FD55FEA95910" bold="true" box="[240,312,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FE8AFD55FE525910" bold="true" box="[329,451,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">invidiosus</emphasis>
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Theobald
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA660A02FF54FC90FC175E48" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA660A02FF54FC90FBAA59B6" blockId="85.[151,1437,831,1101]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FEC8FC90FDB75952" ID-CoL="8BMKP" authority="Theobald, 1901 d" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[267,550,831,855]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FEC8FC90FEE45952" bold="true" box="[267,373,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">invidiosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FEBFFC90FDB75952" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[380,550,831,855]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="i - xiv" refId="ref181554" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 d) Notes on a collection of mosquitoes from West Africa, and descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 4 (Appendix), i - xiv, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1901">Theobald, 1901d</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FCE4FC90FC405952" ID-CoL="8BMKP" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[807,977,831,855]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FCE4FC90FC405952" box="[807,977,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex invidiosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, countries north of approximately
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<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA660A02FE7EFCF1FE665973" box="[445,503,862,886]" degrees="10" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" precision="55555" value="-10.0">10° S</geoCoordinate>
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latitude—including
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FD0EFCF1FC9D5973" box="[717,780,862,886]" name="Benin" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Benin</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FCDAFCF1FC345970" box="[793,933,862,886]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FC72FCF1FB8C5973" box="[945,1053,862,886]" name="Cameroon" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FBE9FCF1FB275973" box="[1066,1206,862,886]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FB01FCF1FEC25990" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FEA3FCD3FE375991" box="[352,422,892,916]" name="Gabon" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FE71FCD3FD945991" box="[434,517,892,916]" name="Gambia" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Gambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FDD1FCD3FDC65991" box="[530,599,892,916]" name="Ghana" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FDA0FCD2FD395990" box="[611,680,893,917]" name="Kenya" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FD77FCD3FC915991" box="[692,768,892,916]" name="Liberia" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FCCEFCD3FCAE5991" box="[781,831,892,916]" name="Serbia" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mali</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FC8FFCD3FC0A5991" box="[844,923,892,916]" name="Nigeria" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FC64FCD3FB065990" box="[935,1175,892,917]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FB67FCD2FA095991" box="[1188,1432,892,917]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">São Tomé and Príncipe</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FF04FC34FE8B59B6" box="[199,282,923,947]" name="Senegal" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FEE7FC34FE3859B6" box="[292,425,923,947]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FE70FC34FDA759B6" box="[435,566,923,947]" name="South Sudan" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FD83FC34FD1359B6" box="[576,642,923,947]" name="Sudan" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FD4FFC34FD7B59B6" box="[652,746,923,947]" name="Tanzania" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FD37FC34FCD259B6" box="[756,835,923,947]" name="Uganda" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FC8CFC34FBA159B6" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[847,1072,923,947]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FC03FC33FC7C59B6" box="[960,1005,923,947]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA660A02FF54FC15FD9E5E0A" blockId="85.[151,1437,831,1101]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FECEFC16FD8259D7" authority="Edwards, 1941" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[269,531,953,978]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FECEFC16FEE059D4" bold="true" box="[269,369,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FEB8FC15FD8259D7" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[379,531,954,978]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FCD4FC15FB2359D7" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[791,1202,954,978]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="invidiosus" subGenus="Culex" variety="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FCD4FC15FCC359D7" box="[791,850,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FCA7FC15FC0E59D7" box="[868,927,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FC72FC15FB8959D7" box="[945,1048,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FB92FC15FB2359D7" box="[1105,1202,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FF04FC77FE5E59F4" author="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M." box="[199,463,984,1009]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach & Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FDAAFC76FD4459F4" box="[617,725,985,1009]" name="Cameroon" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FD23FC77FBD859F4" box="[736,1097,984,1009]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FB97FC77FB3259F5" box="[1108,1187,984,1008]" name="Nigeria" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FB6EFC77FA0959F4" box="[1197,1432,984,1009]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FF04FC58FE875E0A" box="[199,278,1015,1039]" name="Uganda" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FEE0FC58FD955E0A" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[291,516,1015,1039]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FE57FC57FE515E0A" box="[404,448,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA660A02FF54FBB9FC175E48" blockId="85.[151,1437,831,1101]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FECBFBBAFD0C5E2B" authority="de Meillon & Lavoipierre, 1944" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[264,669,1045,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FECBFBBAFECE5E28" bold="true" box="[264,351,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FEA0FBB9FD0C5E2B" author="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M." box="[355,669,1046,1070]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="38 - 67" refId="ref151183" refString="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M. (1944) New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 7 (1), 38 - 67." type="journal article" year="1944">de Meillon & Lavoipierre, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FC56FBB9FA815E2B" authorityName="De Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[917,1296,1046,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="invidiosus" subGenus="Culex" subSpecies="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FC56FBB9FC415E2B" box="[917,976,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FC1EFBB9FB895E2B" box="[989,1048,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FBE6FBB9FB1D5E2B" box="[1061,1164,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FB79FBB9FA815E2B" box="[1210,1296,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FF04FB9BFDBB5E48" box="[199,554,1076,1101]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FDF4FB9BFCEA5E48" author="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M." box="[567,891,1076,1101]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="38 - 67" refId="ref151183" refString="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M. (1944) New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 7 (1), 38 - 67." type="journal article" year="1944">de Meillon & Lavoipierre 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA660A01FF54FBD4FAFE5D48" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA660A02FF54FBD4FDB65F4C" blockId="85.[151,1437,1147,2037]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Like many species of Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FDD6FBD4FDC75E90" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[533,598,1147,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FDD6FBD4FDC75E90" box="[533,598,1147,1173]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FDA0FBD4FC915E90" box="[611,768,1147,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FDA0FBD4FC915E90" box="[611,768,1147,1173]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very poorly known. It was last treated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FB20FBD4FA095E90" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1251,1432,1147,1173]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who distinguished
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FEAAFB30FE455EBC" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[361,468,1183,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FEAAFB30FE455EBC" box="[361,468,1183,1209]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FDC9FB30FD0F5EBC" box="[522,670,1183,1209]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="variety" variety="based">variety based</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA660A02FD06FB30FCA95EBC" box="[709,824,1183,1209]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="male">five males</specimenCount>
|
||
and a female from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA660A02FBCDFB30FBE75EBC" box="[1038,1142,1183,1209]" country="Uganda" name="Kampala" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Kampala</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FB43FB30FB465EBC" box="[1152,1239,1183,1209]" name="Uganda" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Mattingly 1956) that closely resembles the typical form except for the shape of seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FC53FB6CFC095ED8" box="[912,920,1219,1245]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">f</emphasis>
|
||
of the subapical lobe of the male gonocoxite. Three years later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FEA9FB48FD7B5F04" author="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M." box="[362,746,1255,1281]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="38 - 67" refId="ref151183" refString="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M. (1944) New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 7 (1), 38 - 67." type="journal article" year="1944">de Meillon & Lavoipierre (1944)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FCA9FB48FC585F04" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[874,969,1255,1281]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FCA9FB48FC585F04" box="[874,969,1255,1281]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FB73FB48FAC25F04" box="[1200,1363,1255,1281]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FB73FB48FAC25F04" box="[1200,1363,1255,1281]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a single male collected at Yangambi, a town located on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FCAEFAA4FC295F20" box="[877,952,1291,1317]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
River in the central region of present-day
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA660A02FF54FA80FDB35F4C" box="[151,546,1327,1353]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA660A02FF04FAFCFC1B5FF8" blockId="85.[151,1437,1147,2037]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
A review of the taxonomic history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FDBCFAFCFCB05F68" box="[639,801,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FDBCFAFCFCB05F68" box="[639,801,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
following its original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FB11FAFCFA0D5F68" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1234,1436,1363,1389]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref181504" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 c) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 391 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald (1901c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
begins with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FEDEFAD8FE4E5F94" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[285,479,1399,1425]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="241 - 268" refId="ref152982" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1911 b) The African species of Culex and allied genera. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2 (3), 241 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300001450" type="journal article" year="1911">Edwards (1911b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who indicated that it belonged to a group of species that are “very difficult to classify” because they lack “clearly marked distinctions.” Ironically, Edwards formally recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FB4DFA34FF715FDC" authority="Theobald, 1903 b" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euclastus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FB4DFA34FB3C5FB0" box="[1166,1197,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FB7FFA34FAB55FB0" box="[1212,1316,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">euclastus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FAE8FA34FF715FDC" author="Theobald, F. V." pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="i - xi" refId="ref181663" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 b) Report on a collection of mosquitoes or Culicidae, etc, from Gambia, and descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 10 (Appendix), i - xi, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1903">Theobald, 1903b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FF2FFA10FDF15FDC" authority="Theobald, 1909" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[236,608,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chloroventer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF2FFA10FE9A5FDC" box="[236,267,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FED9FA10FE395FDC" box="[282,424,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">chloroventer</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FE73FA10FDF15FDC" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[432,608,1471,1497]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref182128" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1909) Descriptions of the new mosquitoes collected by Dr. Graham in Ashanti. Gold Coast Miscellaneous Publication No. 237. Great Britain Colonial Office. London, 31 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1909">Theobald, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FD5AFA10FC535FDC" authority="Graham, 1910" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1910" box="[665,962,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FD5AFA10FD295FDC" box="[665,696,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FD04FA10FC885FDC" box="[711,793,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">aquilus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FCE2FA10FC535FDC" author="Graham, W. M." box="[801,962,1471,1497]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="264 - 273" refId="ref157289" refString="Graham, W. M. (1910) On new species of West-African Culicidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, Series 8, 5 (27), 264 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931008692764" type="journal article" year="1910">Graham, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FB41FA10FAB35FDC" box="[1154,1314,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FB41FA10FAB35FDC" box="[1154,1314,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and those names have remained as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FD85FA4CFD745FF8" box="[582,741,1507,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FD85FA4CFD745FF8" box="[582,741,1507,1533]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA660A02FF04F9A8FDEB5D18" blockId="85.[151,1437,1147,2037]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FF04F9A8FEE15C24" author="Wesche, W." box="[199,368,1543,1569]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="7 - 50" refId="ref184495" refString="Wesche, W. (1910) On the larval and pupal stages of West African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1 (1), 7 - 50, 7 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300000043" type="journal article" year="1910">Wesché (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FDB4F9A8FC865C24" box="[631,791,1543,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FDB4F9A8FC865C24" box="[631,791,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FC8BF9A8FC585C24" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1910" box="[840,969,1543,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FC8BF9A8FCF65C24" box="[840,871,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FCB4F9A8FC585C24" box="[887,969,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">aquilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and included it in a key to the larvae of African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FF37F984FEF25C40" box="[244,355,1579,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FEACF984FDA05C40" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[367,561,1579,1605]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="373 - 385" refId="ref153174" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1912 d) Revised keys to the known larvae of African Culicinae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3 (4), 373 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300002042" type="journal article" year="1912">Edwards (1912d)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
updated the key and illustrated the head and terminal abdominal segments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FF54F9E0FEA55C6C" box="[151,308,1615,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF54F9E0FEA55C6C" box="[151,308,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although Edwards was “unable to separate the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FC69F9E0FB845C6C" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[938,1045,1615,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FC69F9E0FB845C6C" box="[938,1045,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">C. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[now considered a valid species]… and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FF05F9DCFEC65C88" box="[198,343,1651,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF05F9DCFEC65C88" box="[198,343,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">C. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, and found that the characters given by Wesché were unreliable, he believed the two species were distinct because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FE92F938FE5A5CB4" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[337,459,1687,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FE92F938FE5A5CB4" box="[337,459,1687,1713]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be distinguished by the reddish thorax (brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FB81F938FB735CB4" box="[1090,1250,1687,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FB81F938FB735CB4" box="[1090,1250,1687,1713]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the banded abdominal segments of males. Despite treating them as separate species, he concluded that “It is therefore quite possible that the two are really only forms of one species; they generally occur together, but specimens bred from one batch of larvae exhibit little variation.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA660A02FF04F888FB205DF0" blockId="85.[151,1437,1147,2037]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FF04F888FEE85D44" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[199,377,1831,1857]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="63 - 81" refId="ref153338" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1914) New species of Culicidae in the British Museum, with notes on the genitalia of some African Culex. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 5 (1), 63 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300034568" type="journal article" year="1914">Edwards (1914)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
acknowledged that species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FD0BF888FC985D44" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[712,777,1831,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FD0BF888FC985D44" box="[712,777,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are most readily separated by features of the male genitalia, but indicted “As previously stated, I can detect no difference whatever between the hypopygia [genitalia] of this species [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FF35F8C0FE055D8C" box="[246,404,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF35F8C0FE055D8C" box="[246,404,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FE2FF8C0FDC75D8C" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[492,598,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FE2FF8C0FDC75D8C" box="[492,598,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">C. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” Despite this comment, Edwards treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FBE7F8C0FB505D8C" box="[1060,1217,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FBE7F8C0FB505D8C" box="[1060,1217,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species and surmized that it “is probably a purely West African species.” He illustrated the phallosomes and gonocoxites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FF54F818FEA65DD4" box="[151,311,1975,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF54F818FEA65DD4" box="[151,311,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA660A02FE85F818FD0E5DD4" authority="(Becker, 1903)" baseAuthorityName="Becker" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[326,671,1975,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FE85F818FEF45DD4" box="[326,357,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FEB7F818FE7E5DD5" box="[372,495,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">antennatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Becker, 1903)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as Cx.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FCC3F818FCC95DD4" box="[768,856,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">laurenti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FCA3F818FB885DD4" author="Newstead, R. & Dutton, J. E. & Todd, J. L." box="[864,1049,1975,2001]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="3 - 113" refId="ref171869" refString="Newstead, R., Dutton, J. E. & Todd, J. L. L (1907) Insects and other Arthropoda collected in the Congo Free State. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1 (1 - 5), 3 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1907.11719252" type="journal article" year="1907">Newstead, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA660A02FB80F818FAA25DD4" author="Newstead, R. & Dutton, J. E. & Todd, J. L." box="[1091,1331,1975,2001]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="3 - 113" refId="ref171869" refString="Newstead, R., Dutton, J. E. & Todd, J. L. L (1907) Insects and other Arthropoda collected in the Congo Free State. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1 (1 - 5), 3 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1907.11719252" type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Newstead
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FB7AF818FB7D5DD4" box="[1209,1260,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Cx.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA660A02FF54F874FE935DF0" box="[151,258,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">perfuscus</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA660A02FEC9F874FEF15DF0" box="[266,352,2011,2037]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
to show the close similarity of the genitalia of seemingly unrelated species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA650A01FF04FF38FD775BA8" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FF04FF38FE795AB4" author="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A." box="[199,488,151,177]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="104 - 112" refId="ref167105" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A. (1920) The early stages of West African mosquitos. V. - Culex decens, Theo. and Culex invidiosus, Theo. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 11 (2), 104 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300044515" type="journal article" year="1920">Macfie & Ingram (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted a detailed comparison of the pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FBFBFF38FB245AB4" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1080,1205,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBFBFF38FB245AB4" box="[1080,1205,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FB30FF38FA075AB4" box="[1267,1430,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB30FF38FA075AB4" box="[1267,1430,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but were unable to find differences to distinguish them. In summary, they stated: “The question then arises, are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FF54FF70FE975AFC" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,262,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FF54FF70FE975AFC" box="[151,262,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">C. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FE82FF70FE475AFC" box="[321,470,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FE82FF70FE475AFC" box="[321,470,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">C. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate species or are they varieties of a single mosquito. There are indeed certain differences in the adults, but the genitalia of the males are identical according to Edwards, the larvae cannot be separated [reiterated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FE60FE88FDD25B44" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[419,579,295,321]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FD8EFE89FD1B5B44" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[589,650,294,321]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], and the same remark applies to the pupae. Under these circumstances we think there can be little doubt that they should be regarded as varieties and not as distinct species; we propose to retain for the species the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FE36FEC0FDF35B8C" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[501,610,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FE36FEC0FDF35B8C" box="[501,610,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">C. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” Based on these findings,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FC54FEC0FBC95B8C" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[919,1112,367,393]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refId="ref154128" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1932 a) Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles [Brussels], 258 pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1932">Edwards (1932a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FB60FEC0FA845B8C" box="[1187,1301,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB60FEC0FA845B8C" box="[1187,1301,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FF75FE3CFEBE5BA8" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[182,303,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FF75FE3CFEBE5BA8" box="[182,303,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the three synonyms noted above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA650A01FF04FE18FE0E59A0" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FF04FE18FEED5BD4" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[199,380,439,465]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is the last reviser of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FCC8FE18FCDD5BD4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[779,844,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FCC8FE18FCDD5BD4" box="[779,844,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Afrotropical
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA650A01FBECFE18FB155BD4" box="[1071,1156,439,465]" country="Iraq" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
. He reiterated his earlier observation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FEE8FE74FE715BF0" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[299,480,475,501]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="373 - 385" refId="ref153174" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1912 d) Revised keys to the known larvae of African Culicinae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3 (4), 373 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300002042" type="journal article" year="1912">Edwards 1912d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that the adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FD03FE74FCF35BF0" box="[704,866,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FD03FE74FCF35BF0" box="[704,866,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FB9AFE74FB445BF0" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1113,1237,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB9AFE74FB445BF0" box="[1113,1237,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having brown instead of reddish mesonotal (scutal) scales and abdominal terga without pale bands, and added that the male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FEDEFD8CFE2A5838" box="[285,443,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FEDEFD8CFE2A5838" box="[285,443,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FD67FD8CFC8C5838" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[676,797,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FD67FD8CFC8C5838" box="[676,797,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FC05FD8CFC5F5838" box="[966,974,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">f</emphasis>
|
||
longer and distally expanded on one side and seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FF38FDE8FE985864" box="[251,265,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">h</emphasis>
|
||
with a kink at mid-length. He concluded that “Since it has now been found that small differences exist in the male terminalia [genitalia], supporting the more obvious differences in colouring, it may be more correct to treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FF2CFD20FE1258AC" box="[239,387,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FF2CFD20FE1258AC" box="[239,387,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">C. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species rather than as a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FC5DFD20FB9D58AC" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[926,1036,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FC5DFD20FB9D58AC" box="[926,1036,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">C. decens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” He then described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FB3EFD20FAF958AC" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[1277,1384,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB3EFD20FAF958AC" box="[1277,1384,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FF54FD1CFE8F58C8" box="[151,286,691,717]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="variety" variety="with">variety with</taxonomicName>
|
||
male genitalia that “Closely resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FCF2FD1CFC5258C8" box="[817,963,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FCF2FD1CFC5258C8" box="[817,963,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">C. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all respects except as regards the shape of appendage
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FEF5FD78FEAF58F4" box="[310,318,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">f</emphasis>
|
||
of the coxite lobe [gonocoxite subapical lobe]; this is greatly expanded at the tip, like a small flag; seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FF09FD54FF495910" box="[202,216,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">h</emphasis>
|
||
sinuous as in typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FE08FD54FDAC5910" box="[459,573,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FE08FD54FDAC5910" box="[459,573,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” In addition to the character of seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FC1DFD54FC775910" box="[990,998,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">f</emphasis>
|
||
, comparison of Edwards’s illustrations of the partial phallosomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FE27FCB0FDC7593C" box="[484,598,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FE27FCB0FDC7593C" box="[484,598,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FD4CFCB0FD6B593C" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[655,762,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FD4CFCB0FD6B593C" box="[655,762,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reveals a difference not noticed by Edwards,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FAC0FCB0FAB7593D" box="[1283,1318,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
the dorsal arms of the lateral plates are larger, distally tapered and project beyond the largest tooth of the lateral arm in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA650A01FAAFFCECFA0D5958" box="[1388,1436,835,861]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FE91FCC8FE2C5984" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[338,445,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FE91FCC8FE2C5984" box="[338,445,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsal arms are smaller, slightly enlarged distally and do not reach beyond the largest tooth of the lateral arm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA650A01FF04FC00FCC25EA4" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FF04FC00FE7F59CC" authorityName="De Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[199,494,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="invidiosus" subSpecies="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FF04FC00FE7F59CC" box="[199,494,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Culex invidiosus vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FD08FC00FBDA59CC" author="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M." box="[715,1099,943,969]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="38 - 67" refId="ref151183" refString="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M. (1944) New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 7 (1), 38 - 67." type="journal article" year="1944">de Meillon & Lavoipierre (1944)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as “agreeing with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FAE8FC00FF4959E8" authority="Theo." authorityName="Theo." class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FAE8FC00FA0C59CC" box="[1323,1437,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
Theo.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all respects the only differences to be found in the male terminalia [genitalia]”,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBBEFC7CFB3159E9" box="[1149,1184,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB19FC7CFB7359E8" box="[1242,1250,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">f</emphasis>
|
||
of the subapical lobe is not enlarged apically, seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FDDEFC58FDBA5E14" box="[541,555,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">h</emphasis>
|
||
is not sinuous and a unique double row of rather sharply bent setae is borne adjacent to the subapical lobe on the lateral surface of the gonocoxite. The authors pointed out that a similar double row of setae is present in an unnamed variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FD76FB90FBAF5E5C" authority="Theobald, 1909" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[693,1086,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatothoracis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FD76FB90FC195E5C" box="[693,904,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. ornatothoracis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FC4CFB90FBAF5E5C" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[911,1086,1087,1113]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refId="ref182128" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1909) Descriptions of the new mosquitoes collected by Dr. Graham in Ashanti. Gold Coast Miscellaneous Publication No. 237. Great Britain Colonial Office. London, 31 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1909">Theobald, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FBBAFB90FA8F5E5C" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1145,1310,1087,1113]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig.
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA650A01FA96FB90FA015E5C" box="[1365,1424,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.18" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" unit="g" value="118.0">118g</quantity>
|
||
), but because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FEE7FBCCFE125E78" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[292,387,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FEE7FBCCFE125E78" box="[292,387,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears an overall closer resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FC85FBCCFA8B5E78" authority=", de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" box="[838,1306,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FC85FBCCFC775E78" box="[838,998,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
, de Meillon & Lavoipierre
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
regarded it “as a subspecies of that species rather than of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FD5AFB28FCAE5EA4" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[665,831,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatothoracis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FD5AFB28FCAE5EA4" box="[665,831,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">ornatothoracis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA650A01FF04FB04FD7D5C70" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Based on many years of taxonomic work (REH) on species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FBEEFB04FBFF5EC0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1069,1134,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBEEFB04FBFF5EC0" box="[1069,1134,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FECBFB60FED85EEC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[264,329,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FECBFB60FED85EEC" box="[264,329,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is apparent that seemingly minor differences in features of the male genitalia are indicative of separate species. In the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FDC5FB5CFDE05F08" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[518,625,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FDC5FB5CFDE05F08" box="[518,625,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the typical form, differences now apparent in the development of the dorsal arms of the phallosome, supporting the previously noted differences in the form of setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FAC0FAB8FA9A5F34" box="[1283,1291,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">f</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FA87FAB8FAC35F34" box="[1348,1362,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">h</emphasis>
|
||
of the subapical lobe, it is more appropriate to treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FD63FA94FC9A5F50" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[672,779,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FD63FA94FC9A5F50" box="[672,779,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FBC5FA95FF5E5F7D" authority="Edwards, 1941" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus" subGenus="Culex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBC5FA95FF5E5F7D" bold="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBC5FA95FBDB5F50" bold="true" box="[1030,1098,1338,1365]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB9FFA95FB315F50" bold="true" box="[1116,1184,1338,1365]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB70FA95FAB05F50" bold="true" box="[1203,1313,1338,1365]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FAE9FA94FF5E5F7D" author="Edwards, F. W." pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The situation with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FE7AFAF0FD895F7C" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[441,536,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FE7AFAF0FD895F7C" box="[441,536,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very different. Based on the diagnostic presence of a unique double row of setae on the gonocoxite, coupled with the distinctive development of setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FC18FA2CFC725F98" box="[987,995,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">f</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBDAFA2CFBB65F98" box="[1049,1063,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">h</emphasis>
|
||
, it is surprising that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FAC8FA2CFAFB5F98" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[1291,1386,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FAC8FA2CFAFB5F98" box="[1291,1386,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not originally recognized as a distinct species; thus, it is hereby afforded specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FBB3FA09FE765FE1" authority="de Meillon & Lavoipierre, 1944" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis" subGenus="Culex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBB3FA09FE765FE1" bold="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBB3FA09FB255FC4" bold="true" box="[1136,1204,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB06FA09FA985FC4" bold="true" box="[1221,1289,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FADAFA09FAE85FC4" bold="true" box="[1305,1401,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FA43FA08FE765FE1" author="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M." pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="38 - 67" refId="ref151183" refString="de Meillon, B. & Lavoipierre, M. (1944) New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 7 (1), 38 - 67." type="journal article" year="1944">de Meillon & Lavoipierre, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FDF3FA64FD565FE0" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[560,711,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FDF3FA64FDDE5FE0" box="[560,591,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FD9FFA64FD565FE0" box="[604,711,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FD38FA64FC145FE0" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[763,901,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FD38FA64FC8B5FE0" box="[763,794,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FCE5FA64FC145FE0" box="[806,901,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed as species in the Encyclopedia of Life. The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FEE4FA40FE565C0C" box="[295,455,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FEE4FA40FE565C0C" box="[295,455,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is partially known (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FD65FA40FCD05C0C" author="Wesche, W." box="[678,833,1519,1545]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="7 - 50" refId="ref184495" refString="Wesche, W. (1910) On the larval and pupal stages of West African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1 (1), 7 - 50, 7 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300000043" type="journal article" year="1910">Wesché 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FC8FFA40FB915C0C" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[844,1024,1519,1545]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="373 - 385" refId="ref153174" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1912 d) Revised keys to the known larvae of African Culicinae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3 (4), 373 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300002042" type="journal article" year="1912">Edwards 1912d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FB64FA40FAAE5C0C" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[1191,1343,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB64FA40FAAE5C0C" box="[1191,1343,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FAB5FA40FF675C28" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FAB5FA40FF675C28" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unknown. Once the larvae of all three species are known and have been studied and compared in detail, it is likely that morphological differences will be found that support their recognition as separate species. Molecular data are also expected to support their specific status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA650A01FF04F9D0FAFE5D48" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Three nominal species are recognized as junior synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FC4AF9D0FBBA5C9C" box="[905,1067,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FC4AF9D0FBBA5C9C" box="[905,1067,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FBFFF9D0FA0D5C9C" authority="Theobald, 1903 b" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[1084,1436,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euclastus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBFFF9D0FB425C9C" box="[1084,1235,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. euclastus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FB1FF9D0FA0D5C9C" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1244,1436,1663,1689]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="i - xi" refId="ref181663" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 b) Report on a collection of mosquitoes or Culicidae, etc, from Gambia, and descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 10 (Appendix), i - xi, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1903">Theobald, 1903b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA650A01FF5CF90CFF405CB8" box="[159,209,1699,1725]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA650A01FEFCF90CFE0D5CB8" box="[319,412,1699,1725]" name="Gambia" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Gambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FE72F90CFCB95CB8" authority="Theobald, 1909" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1909" box="[433,808,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chloroventer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FE72F90CFDFF5CB8" box="[433,622,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. chloroventer</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FDB5F90CFCB95CB8" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[630,808,1699,1725]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refId="ref182128" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1909) Descriptions of the new mosquitoes collected by Dr. Graham in Ashanti. Gold Coast Miscellaneous Publication No. 237. Great Britain Colonial Office. London, 31 pp., 2 pls." type="book" year="1909">Theobald, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA650A01FCFAF90CFCFA5CB8" box="[825,875,1699,1725]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Accra,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA650A01FBEBF90CFB4D5CB8" box="[1064,1244,1699,1725]" country="Ghana" name="Ashanti" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Ashanti Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA650A01FB2AF90CFAA55CB8" box="[1257,1332,1699,1725]" name="Ghana" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FAB5F90CFE065CE4" authority="Graham, 1910" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FAB5F90CFF785CE4" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. aquilus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA650A01FF37F968FE065CE4" author="Graham, W. M." box="[244,407,1735,1761]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="264 - 273" refId="ref157289" refString="Graham, W. M. (1910) On new species of West-African Culicidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, Series 8, 5 (27), 264 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931008692764" type="journal article" year="1910">Graham, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA650A01FE6AF968FE4A5CE4" box="[425,475,1735,1761]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA650A01FD8FF968FD025CE4" box="[588,659,1735,1761]" country="Nigeria" name="Lagos" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Lagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA650A01FD62F968FD6B5CE4" box="[673,762,1735,1761]" name="Nigeria" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA650A01FC86F968FCE45CE4" box="[837,885,1735,1761]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FBC3F968FB335CE4" box="[1024,1186,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FBC3F968FB335CE4" box="[1024,1186,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the island town of Bonny in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA650A01FEC0F944FE1B5D00" box="[259,394,1771,1797]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Rivers State</collectingRegion>
|
||
in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA650A01FDD2F944FDF85D00" box="[529,617,1771,1797]" name="Nigeria" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.As there is no evidence that one or more of the three nominal forms might be conspecific with either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FE78F8A0FDC25D2C" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[443,595,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FE78F8A0FDC25D2C" box="[443,595,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. vexillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA650A01FDA2F8A0FD025D2C" box="[609,659,1807,1833]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA650A01FD38F8A0FCF25D2C" box="[763,867,1807,1833]" country="Uganda" name="Kampala" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Kampala</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA650A01FCAEF8A0FC575D2C" box="[877,966,1807,1833]" name="Uganda" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FC32F8A0FBEC5D2C" authorityName="de Meillon & Lavoipierre" authorityYear="1944" box="[1009,1149,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FC32F8A0FBEC5D2C" box="[1009,1149,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. vicinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA650A01FB49F8A0FB2D5D2C" box="[1162,1212,1807,1833]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Yangambi, Tshopo Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA650A01FEA1F89CFD7F5D48" box="[354,750,1843,1869]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
), they must remain as junior synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA650A01FB0AF89CFAF85D48" box="[1225,1385,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA650A01FB0AF89CFAF85D48" box="[1225,1385,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cx. invidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |