480 lines
57 KiB
XML
480 lines
57 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E76F96CFF3296D93588E9A8758835A6A">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CBFCDA90118B75DC95F9D41C5DFDD097">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA640A00FF54FF38FA9B5D02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064241" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064241" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA640A00FF54FF38FA9B5D02" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA640A00FF54FF38FA9B5D02" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A00FF54FF38FD8A5AB4" blockId="87.[151,539,151,178]" box="[151,539,151,178]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA640A00FF54FF38FD8A5AB4" bold="true" box="[151,539,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FF54FF38FD8A5AB4" ID-CoL="8BMMB" ID-ENA="2579889" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[151,539,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens" subGenus="Culex">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF54FF38FD8A5AB4" bold="true" box="[151,539,151,178]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF54FF38FF4E5AB7" bold="true" box="[151,223,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF33FF38FEA95AB7" bold="true" box="[240,312,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE8AFF38FE0E5AB4" bold="true" box="[329,415,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pipiens</emphasis>
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Linnaeus
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA640A00FF54FF7AFB635B4C" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A00FF54FF7AFBD45B09" blockId="87.[151,1437,212,329]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FECFFF7BFD955AE8" authority="Coquillett, 1898" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[268,516,212,237]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FECFFF7BFEC65AE9" bold="true" box="[268,343,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE9CFF7AFD955AE8" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[351,516,213,237]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="301 - 340" refId="ref148965" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1898) Report on a collection of Japanese Diptera, presented to the U. S. National Museum by the Imperial University of Tokyo. Proceedings of the United Stated National Museum, 21 (1146), 301 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.21 - 1146.301" type="journal article" year="1898">Coquillett, 1898</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FCC7FF7AFC005AE8" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[772,913,213,237]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FCC7FF7AFC005AE8" box="[772,913,213,237]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex pallens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FB43FF7AFA995AE8" author="Tanaka, K." box="[1152,1288,213,237]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="9 - 42" refId="ref180863" refString="Tanaka, K. (2004) Studies on the pupal mosquitoes of Japan (10) Culex (Culex) (Diptera, Culicidae). Japanese Journal of Systematics Entomology, 10 (1), 9 - 42." type="journal article" year="2004">Tanaka 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FF04FF5BFE975B09" box="[199,262,244,268]" name="China" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FED3FF5BFEDD5B0E" box="[272,332,244,267]" name="Japan" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FE94FF5BFE365B09" box="[343,423,244,268]" name="Mexico" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FE72FF5BFDA35B0E" box="[433,562,244,268]" name="South Korea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">South Korea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FDFEFF5BFD545B09" box="[573,709,244,268]" name="United States of America" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">United States</collectingCountry>
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(continental) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FC9AFF5BFBAB5B09" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[857,1082,244,268]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC09FF5BFC665B09" box="[970,1015,244,268]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A00FF54FEBDFB635B4C" blockId="87.[151,1437,212,329]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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||
subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FECDFEBDFD905B2F" ID-CoL="8BMMB" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[270,513,274,298]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FECDFEBDFEC85B2F" bold="true" box="[270,345,274,298]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pipiens</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FEA0FEBDFD905B2F" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[355,513,274,298]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref165948" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1. Editio Decima. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
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||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FCC6FEBDFC055B2F" ID-CoL="8BMMB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[773,916,274,298]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FCC6FEBDFC055B2F" box="[773,916,274,298]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex pipiens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution: Temperate regions of Africa, Asia,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FF04FE9EFEB65B4C" box="[199,295,305,329]" name="Australia" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, Europe and North and South America (for specific country records, see
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FBCBFE9EFB775B4C" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[1032,1254,305,329]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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||
Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FBB5FE9DFB325B4C" box="[1142,1187,305,329]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA640A00FF54FEDFFA9B5D02" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A00FF54FEDFFAB35912" blockId="87.[151,1437,368,1799]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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Without question, the taxonomic status of
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FD42FEDEFC935B8F" box="[641,770,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FD42FEDEFC935B8F" box="[641,770,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and its allied forms has received more attention than any other culicine taxon. As pointed out in a review of the taxonomic history of the species (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FBA9FE3BFA9D5BAA" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[1130,1292,404,431]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="10 - 23" refId="ref158655" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2012) Culex pipiens Linnaeus: Species versus species complex - taxonomic history and perspective. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 28 (4 s), 10 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.2987 / 8756 - 971 X- 28.4.10" type="journal article" year="2012">Harbach 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the essence of decades of work conducted on
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||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FDD0FE16FD015BD7" box="[531,656,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FDD0FE16FD015BD7" box="[531,656,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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was to determine whether it is a single polytypic species or a species complex. As a starting point,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE1BFE73FD055BF2" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[472,660,476,503]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref154128" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1932 a) Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles [Brussels], 258 pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1932">Edwards (1932a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FD1EFE72FCC95BF3" box="[733,856,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FD1EFE72FCC95BF3" box="[733,856,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and its sister species
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FB87FE72FA0D5BF2" authority="Say, 1823" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[1092,1436,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FB87FE72FABB5BF2" box="[1092,1322,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FAF3FE72FA0D5BF2" author="Say, T." box="[1328,1436,477,503]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="9 - 54" refId="ref177138" refString="Say, T. (1823) Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3 (1), 9 - 54." type="journal article" year="1823">Say, 1823</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FF02FDAEFD8C581E" authority="Wiedemann, 1828" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[193,541,512,539]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatigans">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF02FDAEFED9581E" box="[193,328,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. fatigans</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE92FDAFFD8C581E" author="Wiedemann, C. R. W." box="[337,541,512,539]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref184622" refString="Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1828) Aussereuropaische zweifl ¸ gelige Insekten: als Fortsetzung des Meigenschen Werkes. Vol. 1. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xxxii + 608 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14603" type="book" year="1828">Wiedemann, 1828</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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) as separate species, and
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FC80FDAEFC50581F" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[835,961,512,539]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC80FDAEFC50581F" box="[835,961,512,539]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pallens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a variety of the former. In a review of the systematics of these nominal species, and taking into consideration evidence of hybridization in areas where the distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FE87FDE6FE2F5867" box="[324,446,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE87FDE6FE2F5867" box="[324,446,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FE30FDE6FD495866" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[499,728,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE30FDE6FD495866" box="[499,728,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlap,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FCFDFDE7FBA45866" author="Mattingly, P. F. & Rozeboom, L. E. & Knight, K. L. & Laven, H. & Drummond, F. H. & Christophers, S. R. & Shute, P. G." box="[830,1077,584,611]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="331 - 382" refId="ref169237" refString="Mattingly, P. F., Rozeboom, L. E., Knight, K. L., Laven, H., Drummond, F. H., Christophers, S. R. & Shute, P. G. (1951) The Culex pipiens complex. Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102 (7), 331 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1951. tb 00752. x" type="journal article" year="1951">
|
||
Mattingly
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC73FDE6FC4E5867" box="[944,991,584,610]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1951)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FBA9FDE7FAB45867" author="Mattingly, P. F." box="[1130,1317,584,610]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="257 - 261" refId="ref168918" refString="Mattingly, P. F. (1967) The systematics of the Culex pipiens complex. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 37, 257 - 261." type="journal article" year="1967">Mattingly (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that they should be considered members of a single polymorphic species comprised of subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FADAFDC2FAF95883" box="[1305,1384,621,646]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FADAFDC2FAF95883" box="[1305,1384,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FF54FD3EFEC058AE" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[151,337,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF54FD3EFEC058AE" box="[151,337,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several varieties, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FDB9FD3FFD5858AF" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[634,713,656,682]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FDB9FD3FFD5858AF" box="[634,713,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being one of them. Beginning with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FB91FD3FFB7C58AF" author="Belkin, J. N." box="[1106,1261,656,682]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref144816" refString="Belkin, J. N. (1962) The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae). Vols 1 & 2. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, xii + 608 pp., 412 figs." type="book" year="1962">Belkin (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FF76FD1AFE0D58CA" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[181,412,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF76FD1AFE0D58CA" box="[181,412,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate species gradually gained acceptance, resulting in the current recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FAB4FD1AFF7758F7" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FAB4FD1AFF7758F7" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FEE3FD76FD9958F6" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[288,520,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FEE3FD76FD9958F6" box="[288,520,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as closely related sister species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FC66FD77FC6558F7" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[933,1012,728,754]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC66FD77FC6558F7" box="[933,1012,728,754]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies of the former species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FF5CFD53FE315912" author="Smith, J. L. & Fonseca, D. M." box="[159,416,764,791]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="339 - 345" refId="ref178713" refString="Smith, J. L., Fonseca, D. M. (2004) Rapid assays for identification of members of the Culex (Culex) pipiens complex, their hybrids, and other sibling species (Diptera: Culicidae). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70 (4), 339 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.4269 / ajtmh. 2004.70.339" type="journal article" year="2004">Smith & Fonseca 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE68FD53FDD85912" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[427,585,764,791]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="10 - 23" refId="ref158655" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2012) Culex pipiens Linnaeus: Species versus species complex - taxonomic history and perspective. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 28 (4 s), 10 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.2987 / 8756 - 971 X- 28.4.10" type="journal article" year="2012">Harbach 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FD97FD52FCBC5912" author="Fonseca, D. M. & Smith, J. L. & Kim, H. - C. & Mogi, M." box="[596,813,764,791]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1197 - 1203" refId="ref155628" refString="Fonseca, D. M., Smith, J. L., Kim, H. - C. & Mogi, M. (2009) Population genetics of the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens reveals sex-linked asymmetric introgression by Culex quinquefasciatus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 9 (6), 1197 - 1203. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2009.06.023" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Fonseca
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FD76FD52FD745913" box="[693,741,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FCF4FD53FB8B5912" author="Aardema, M. L. & vonHoldt, B. M. & Fritz, M. L. & Davis, S. R." box="[823,1050,764,791]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="8" refId="ref142613" refString="Aardema, M. L., vonHoldt, B. M., Fritz, M. L. & Davis, S. R. (2020) Global evaluation of taxonomic relationships and admixture within the Culex pipiens complex of mosquitoes. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 020 - 3879 - 8" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Aardema
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC61FD52FC435913" box="[930,978,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FBE6FD53FA845912" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[1061,1301,764,791]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FB5EFD52FB5D5913" box="[1181,1228,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A00FF04FC8FFB405F0A" blockId="87.[151,1437,368,1799]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FF04FC8FFE2D593F" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[199,444,800,826]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pipiens" subSpecies="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF04FC8FFE2D593F" box="[199,444,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex pipiens pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been regarded as a subspecies since the studies of Japanese mosquitoes by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FA8FFC8FFEB3595A" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF54FCEAFF58595B" box="[151,201,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE9AFCEBFE6E595A" author="Tanaka, K." box="[345,511,836,863]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="9 - 42" refId="ref180863" refString="Tanaka, K. (2004) Studies on the pupal mosquitoes of Japan (10) Culex (Culex) (Diptera, Culicidae). Japanese Journal of Systematics Entomology, 10 (1), 9 - 42." type="journal article" year="2004">Tanaka (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Since then, genetic and molecular studies have shed light on the status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FA88FCEBFA0D595B" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[1355,1436,836,862]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FA88FCEBFA0D595B" box="[1355,1436,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in eastern Asia. A multilocus genotype analysis conducted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FCAAFCC6FBF15986" author="Fonseca, D. M. & Smith, J. L. & Kim, H. - C. & Mogi, M." box="[873,1120,872,899]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1197 - 1203" refId="ref155628" refString="Fonseca, D. M., Smith, J. L., Kim, H. - C. & Mogi, M. (2009) Population genetics of the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens reveals sex-linked asymmetric introgression by Culex quinquefasciatus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 9 (6), 1197 - 1203. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2009.06.023" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Fonseca
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC0CFCC6FB955987" box="[975,1028,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revealed the occurrence of hybridization between
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE55FC22FDBF59A3" box="[406,558,908,935]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Cx. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FE1EFC23FDBF59A3" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[477,558,908,934]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">pallens</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FDA0FC22FCDC59A2" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[611,845,909,935]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FDA0FC22FCDC59A2" box="[611,845,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FCACFC23FC2459A3" box="[879,949,908,934]" name="China" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FC7CFC23FBDB59A2" box="[959,1098,908,935]" name="South Korea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FB25FC22FAB859A2" box="[1254,1321,909,935]" name="Japan" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but not in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FF3FFC1EFEAE59CE" box="[252,319,945,971]" name="Japan" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE78FC1FFD0859CE" author="Ohashi, K. & Tsuda, Y. & Kasai, S. & Kawada, H. & Takagi, M." box="[443,665,944,971]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="67 - 72" refId="ref172218" refString="Ohashi, K., Tsuda, Y., Kasai, S., Kawada, H. & Takagi, M. (2014) Hybridization between sympatric populations of Culex pipiens pallens and Culex pipiens f. molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Nagasaki, Japan. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 65 (2), 67 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 65.67" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Ohashi
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FDD2FC1EFDD059CF" box="[529,577,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FCD5FC1EFC3F59CF" box="[790,942,944,971]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Cx. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FC9EFC1FFC3F59CF" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[861,942,944,970]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">pallens</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FC21FC1EFBCE59CF" box="[994,1119,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC21FC1EFBCE59CF" box="[994,1119,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybridize in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FA96FC1EFA0959CE" box="[1365,1432,945,971]" name="Japan" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but hybrids have lower fitness than the offspring of either parental taxon. Finally, recent detailed analyses of DNA sequence data conducted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE15FC57FD415E16" author="Aardema, M. L. & vonHoldt, B. M. & Fritz, M. L. & Davis, S. R." box="[470,720,1016,1043]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="8" refId="ref142613" refString="Aardema, M. L., vonHoldt, B. M., Fritz, M. L. & Davis, S. R. (2020) Global evaluation of taxonomic relationships and admixture within the Culex pipiens complex of mosquitoes. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 020 - 3879 - 8" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Aardema
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FD80FC56FDE45E17" box="[579,629,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which included sequence for specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FB7EFC57FA9F5E17" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[1213,1294,1016,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FB7EFC57FA9F5E17" box="[1213,1294,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FA91FC57FA095E17" box="[1362,1432,1016,1042]" name="China" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, cogently support the hypothesis that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FD81FBB3FD025E33" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[578,659,1052,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FD81FBB3FD025E33" box="[578,659,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a genetically distinct entity derived from ancestral hybridization between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FF3DFBEEFEEE5E5F" box="[254,383,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF3DFBEEFEEE5E5F" box="[254,383,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FE79FBEEFD395E5E" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[442,680,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE79FBEEFD395E5E" box="[442,680,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The authors note, however, that the “hypothesis warrants further examination.” The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FDC2FBCBFDC35E7B" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[513,594,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FDC2FBCBFDC35E7B" box="[513,594,1124,1150]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FDBFFBCBFD435E7B" box="[636,722,1124,1150]" name="Mexico" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FCF9FBCBFC425E7A" box="[826,979,1124,1151]" name="United States of America" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
must also be assessed. As indicated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FF54FB27FE395EA6" author="Mattingly, P. F. & Rozeboom, L. E. & Knight, K. L. & Laven, H. & Drummond, F. H. & Christophers, S. R. & Shute, P. G." box="[151,424,1160,1187]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="331 - 382" refId="ref169237" refString="Mattingly, P. F., Rozeboom, L. E., Knight, K. L., Laven, H., Drummond, F. H., Christophers, S. R. & Shute, P. G. (1951) The Culex pipiens complex. Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102 (7), 331 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1951. tb 00752. x" type="journal article" year="1951">
|
||
Mattingly
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FED1FB26FED95EA7" box="[274,328,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1951)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, some authors have conjectured that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FC51FB27FC725EA7" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[914,995,1160,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC51FB27FC725EA7" box="[914,995,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form was introduced into
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA640A00FAE7FB27FA095EA7" box="[1316,1432,1160,1186]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, presumably from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FE9DFB02FE305EC2" box="[350,417,1197,1223]" name="Japan" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Despite the concerns and implications of hybridization, we feel it is prudent at this time to accept the evidence for the genetic distinction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FD79FB7FFC9A5EEF" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[698,779,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FD79FB7FFC9A5EEF" box="[698,779,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FC5EFB7FFB025EEE" author="Aardema, M. L. & vonHoldt, B. M. & Fritz, M. L. & Davis, S. R." box="[925,1171,1232,1259]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="8" refId="ref142613" refString="Aardema, M. L., vonHoldt, B. M., Fritz, M. L. & Davis, S. R. (2020) Global evaluation of taxonomic relationships and admixture within the Culex pipiens complex of mosquitoes. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 020 - 3879 - 8" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Aardema
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FBC9FB7EFBAA5EEF" box="[1034,1083,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and hereby re-establish its original species status pending further investigation:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FCCAFB5BFB5B5F0B" authority="Coquillett, 1898" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[777,1226,1268,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens" subGenus="Culex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FCCAFB5BFB5B5F0B" bold="true" box="[777,1226,1268,1295]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FCCAFB5BFCDC5F0A" bold="true" box="[777,845,1268,1295]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC9DFB5BFC335F0A" bold="true" box="[862,930,1268,1295]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC70FB5BFB945F0A" bold="true" box="[947,1029,1268,1295]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FBCFFB5BFB5B5F0B" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[1036,1226,1268,1294]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="301 - 340" refId="ref148965" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1898) Report on a collection of Japanese Diptera, presented to the U. S. National Museum by the Imperial University of Tokyo. Proceedings of the United Stated National Museum, 21 (1146), 301 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.21 - 1146.301" type="journal article" year="1898">Coquillett, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A00FF04FAB6FC405FE2" blockId="87.[151,1437,368,1799]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
It is interesting to note that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FDC7FAB6FD155F37" box="[516,644,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FDC7FAB6FD155F37" box="[516,644,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FD7EFAB6FC3B5F36" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[701,938,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FD7EFAB6FC3B5F36" box="[701,938,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed as species in the Encyclopedia of Life, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FEC3FA92FEEE5F53" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[256,383,1340,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FEC3FA92FEEE5F53" box="[256,383,1340,1367]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not included; thus, it needs to be included with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FC27FA93FBEF5F53" box="[996,1150,1340,1366]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FC27FA93FBB45F53" box="[996,1061,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
listed therein. Oddly, the
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF54FACEFEAE5F7F" box="[151,319,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">nomen dubium</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FE8AFACFFD1E5F7E" authority="Kollar, 1832" authorityName="Kollar" authorityYear="1832" box="[329,655,1376,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE8AFACFFE675F7F" box="[329,502,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Culex molestus</emphasis>
|
||
Kollar, 1832
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FD02FACFFC365F7E" author="Pohl, J. E. & Kollar, V." box="[705,935,1376,1403]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref173384" refString="Pohl, J. E. & Kollar, V. (1832) Brasiliens vorz ¸ glich lastige Insecten. Besonderer Abdruck aus der Reise im Innern von Brasilien von Dr. Pohl [extracted from Pohl's " Reise im Innern von Brasilien "], Wien, 1832, 1 - 20, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1832">Pohl & Kollar 1832</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is listed as a species, probably mistakenly included instead of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FEB2FA2AFD335F9A" authority="Forskal, 1775" authorityName="Forskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[369,674,1412,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FEB2FA2AFE015F9A" box="[369,400,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE5DFA2BFD915F9B" box="[414,512,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">molestus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FDC5FA2BFD335F9A" author="Forskal, P." box="[518,674,1412,1439]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref155808" refString="Forskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskal. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Adjuncta est materia medica kahirina atque tabula maris Rubri geographica. ex officina M ˆ lleri, Hauniae, 164 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2154" type="book" year="1775">Forskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a recognized synonym and physiological variant (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FB14FA2BFAA85F9B" authorityName="Forskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[1239,1337,1412,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FB14FA2BFAA85F9B" box="[1239,1337,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">molestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FF54FA06FE875FC7" box="[151,278,1449,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FF54FA06FE875FC7" box="[151,278,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The list of mosquitoes in the Encyclopedia of Life was not compiled by mosquito taxonomic experts and does not, in many cases, reflect the current taxonomy of various taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA640A00FF04FA5FFA9B5D02" blockId="87.[151,1437,368,1799]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Thirty-six nominal taxa (disregarding the name
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FD16FA5FFCFF5C0F" box="[725,878,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">melanorhinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FCB7FA5FFC675C0E" author="Giles, G. M." box="[884,1014,1520,1547]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref156481" refString="Giles, G. M. (1900) A handbook of the gnats or mosquitoes, giving the anatomy and life history of the Culicidae. John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd, London, viii + 374 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 101828" type="book" year="1900">Giles, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which was proposed as a replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FEC8F9BAFDC65C2A" authority="Macquart, 1838" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1838" box="[267,599,1556,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FEC8F9BAFE075C2B" box="[267,406,1556,1583]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pallipes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE62F9BAFDC65C2A" author="Macquart, J." box="[417,599,1557,1583]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="9 - 225" refId="ref167372" refString="Macquart, J. (1838) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 2, 9 - 225, 25 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15792" type="journal article" year="1838">Macquart, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are currently recognized as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FB91F9BAFB455C2B" box="[1106,1236,1557,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FB91F9BAFB455C2B" box="[1106,1236,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We consider all synonymous taxa named from localities in Europe (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FD3AF997FCCA5C57" box="[761,859,1592,1618]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FCA9F996FC285C56" box="[874,953,1593,1619]" name="France" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FC0AF996FBA05C56" box="[969,1073,1593,1619]" name="Germany" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FBB2F997FB455C57" box="[1137,1236,1592,1618]" name="Portugal" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
), northern Africa (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FF5CF9F3FF665C73" box="[159,247,1628,1654]" name="Algeria" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FEC6F9F2FED95C72" box="[261,328,1629,1655]" name="Egypt" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FE41F9F3FE4B5C73" box="[386,474,1628,1654]" name="Tunisia" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FE2DF9F3FDD55C73" box="[494,580,1628,1654]" name="Mexico" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FD69F9F3FCD35C72" box="[682,834,1628,1655]" name="United States of America" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
to be synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FBEAF9F2FB385C73" box="[1065,1193,1629,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FBEAF9F2FB385C73" box="[1065,1193,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These include all of the synonyms listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FE62F92FFDC05C9E" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[417,593,1664,1691]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref158710" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2018) Culicipedia: Species-group, genus-group and family-group names in Culicidae (Diptera). CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, xviii + 378 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781786399052.0000" type="book" year="2018">Harbach (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FD4BF92FFC1E5C9E" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[648,911,1664,1691]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FCC1F92EFCA55C9F" box="[770,820,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FBCCF92EFE8A5CBB" authority="Dyar & Knab, 1909 a" authorityName="Dyar & Knab" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FBCCF92EFB3B5C9F" box="[1039,1194,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. comitatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FB72F92EFA0D5C9E" author="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[1201,1436,1664,1691]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="30 - 39" refId="ref152756" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1909 a) On the identity of Culex pipiens Linnaeus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11 (1), 30 - 39, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1909">Dyar & Knab, 1909a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA640A00FF5CF90BFE855CBB" box="[159,276,1700,1726]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FE92F90AFC465CBA" authority="Dyar & Knab, 1909 a" authorityName="Dyar & Knab" authorityYear="1909" box="[337,983,1700,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quinquefasciatus" subSpecies="dipseticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE92F90AFDAA5CBA" box="[337,571,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
race
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FDB4F90BFD765CBB" box="[631,743,1700,1726]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">dipseticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FD2EF90AFC465CBA" author="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[749,983,1700,1727]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="30 - 39" refId="ref152756" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1909 a) On the identity of Culex pipiens Linnaeus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11 (1), 30 - 39, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1909">Dyar & Knab, 1909a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FB87F90BFB0B5CBB" box="[1092,1178,1700,1726]" name="Mexico" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and California), which were listed as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FE19F966FCEA5CE6" authority="Coquillett, 1898" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[474,891,1736,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pipiens" subSpecies="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FE19F966FD275CE7" box="[474,694,1736,1763]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pipiens pallens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FD7CF967FCEA5CE6" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[703,891,1736,1763]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="301 - 340" refId="ref148965" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1898) Report on a collection of Japanese Diptera, presented to the U. S. National Museum by the Imperial University of Tokyo. Proceedings of the United Stated National Museum, 21 (1146), 301 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.21 - 1146.301" type="journal article" year="1898">Coquillett, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only a single nominal species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FB30F966FED65D02" authority="Theobald, 1907" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osakaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FB30F966FA835CE6" box="[1267,1298,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FAE0F967FA0D5CE7" box="[1315,1436,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">osakaensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA640A00FF54F943FED65D02" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[151,327,1772,1799]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref182007" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1907">Theobald, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA640A00FE95F942FE195D02" box="[342,392,1773,1799]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA640A00FE32F943FDAB5D03" box="[497,570,1772,1798]" country="Japan" name="Osaka" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Osaka</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Honshu Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA640A00FD35F942FCAB5D02" box="[758,826,1773,1799]" name="Japan" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
), is retained as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA640A00FB46F942FA925D03" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1898" box="[1157,1283,1772,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA640A00FB46F942FA925D03" box="[1157,1283,1772,1799]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Cx. pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |