plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/16/1B/87/161B87CDBA600A03FF54F9C6FC4C5C0C.xml
maintenance f5c18e6bb1 added 16
2024-06-21 12:30:12 +02:00

338 lines
38 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="038513CABCB9D8ABC5451CDB731760FF" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. &amp; Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA600A03FF54F9C6FC4C5C0C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Culex (Culex) grahamii Theobald" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="85" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="84" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="462E88371EF071C3E7A04D683FB1B12A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="9983E00917083DB52F4291F10948561C">
<mods:title id="CBCD9331B5FA84674CF74AEEC2101ED8">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="1885E62F846E70E9FD762E256AF86610" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F7C074181D969A033B74E3CE7D675D16">
<mods:roleTerm id="0C4467B0F94D9998423FE139EA2CA05E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8A424558E0E8F2662A41FD3CEA8ED240">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="75EE2109B4B925C8F0E9F12258BE4E57" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1384-6972</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FF77A49C18ADA667C78AD618F91346F7" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B025BC045676480B9716F45019D08589" type="personal">
<mods:role id="12A1165B4438E7EBC0DFE653334C95DD">
<mods:roleTerm id="FE9FEBCB46B14C2A46B52840BECD5BAF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B677A1BA9632A470AF04A7EC4E6EF0FA">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="936FF7D1C607A8C02BE1D0230CD932D2" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6366-1357</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="13A561B62E150F00C617D67F2FAC91DA" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="BAF912913EC4F2CD8F9EC89693D7929F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="5E6408B6F77ED69C2B23F26AAF51E95B" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="1F80191BB06E18394879BD703FE343F3">
<mods:title id="9449935D282D0E1F10181483A2EAA433">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="555B987E4E928650DA14AEA58E5CA398">
<mods:date id="7323A7BB95DB0A8EF7215F65F7681929">2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="20D335FDABD4212EC48FB13C4F6F6137" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="3A0E5DD55CC6BCE0BE619B50E44FF5FF">2023-06-15</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="269CD71A0A413121C4D719571D1F1F81" type="volume">
<mods:number id="059D6E7490104C3A5517C99C80E34014">5303</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="F7FE267EA9EEAAFC06D77A53F0DBAA84" type="issue">
<mods:number id="D8360555ECD0F59D3B1FBCC24460FDB9">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="AB9252A62ECC78658A9429F68091B93F" unit="page">
<mods:start id="9F82B3A5C8F9760D2BDF01F73A2B1D35">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="73B6237176D1A50C3D2333BB4C4C6F62">184</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="C80D3FD6B6F684239590A95AF3136E89">
<mods:url id="E391C379795695E3868AE927854B1442">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="30074FC697151E1ABDF3B9BE7C8FC4D9">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D3D0DA4808C2AF3E4D877C3737A7B408" type="CLB-Dataset">53758</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8A262A360FB0B153B5655CF8E7009492" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="17F1D4598F7A0EEFB22E50E35F79A00A" type="GBIF-Dataset">55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="81AF0C9EA51B6041795411D523FAA348" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="754475F4210B3F52007EF2B6D2800364" type="Zenodo-Dep">8043342</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="30A0D24CEA57EBD6E724709345919E38" type="ZooBank">DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="161B87CDBA600A03FF54F9C6FC4C5C0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064233" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064233" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA600A03FF54F9C6FC4C5C0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA600A03FF54F9C6FC4C5C0C" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA600A04FF54F9C6FDA45C86" box="[151,565,1641,1668]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA600A04FF54F9C6FDA45C86" blockId="83.[151,565,1641,1668]" box="[151,565,1641,1668]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<heading id="C54581B7BA600A04FF54F9C6FDA45C86" bold="true" box="[151,565,1641,1668]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA600A04FF54F9C6FDA45C86" ID-CoL="8BMK7" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[151,565,1641,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grahamii" subGenus="Culex">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FF54F9C6FDA45C86" bold="true" box="[151,565,1641,1668]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FF54F9C6FF4E5C81" bold="true" box="[151,223,1641,1668]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Culex</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FF33F9C6FEA95C81" bold="true" box="[240,312,1641,1668]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Culex</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FE8AF9C6FE295C81" bold="true" box="[329,440,1641,1668]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">grahamii</emphasis>
Theobald
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA600A04FF54F901FB9A5D5A" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA600A04FF54F901FC095CE1" blockId="83.[151,1437,1709,1888]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA600A04FECCF902FDB15CC3" authority="Hamon, 1955" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[271,544,1709,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FECCF902FE195CC0" bold="true" box="[271,392,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">farakoensis</emphasis>
Hamon, 1955
</taxonomicName>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA600A04FCE4F901FB3C5CC3" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[807,1197,1710,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grahami">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FCE4F901FC525CC3" box="[807,963,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Culex grahami</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FC14F901FC625CC0" box="[983,1011,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">sic</emphasis>
] var.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FBFBF901FB3C5CC3" box="[1080,1197,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(subspecific status by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FF04F963FE5D5CE0" author="Harbach, R. E. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[199,460,1740,1765]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref158836" refString="Harbach, R. E. &amp; Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3" type="journal article" year="2007">Harbach &amp; Howard 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Distribution: Southern Mali (Hamon 1955).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA600A04FF54F944FB9A5D5A" blockId="83.[151,1437,1709,1888]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA600A04FECAF944FD9B5D06" ID-CoL="8BMK7" authority="Theobald, 1910" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[265,522,1771,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grahamii">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FECAF944FEF85D06" bold="true" box="[265,361,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">grahamii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FEADF944FD9B5D06" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[366,522,1771,1795]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refId="ref182172" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1910) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 5. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + (1) + 646 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1910">Theobald, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA600A04FCC6F944FC325D06" ID-CoL="8BMK7" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[773,931,1771,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grahamii">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FCC6F944FC325D06" box="[773,931,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Culex grahamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FC73F943FBAC5D06" box="[944,1085,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">nomen novum</emphasis>
for
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA600A04FBA5F944FA025D06" ID-CoL="32BQ9" authority="Graham, 1910" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1910" box="[1126,1427,1771,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pullatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FBA5F944FB695D06" box="[1126,1272,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Culex pullatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FB3EF944FA025D06" author="Graham, W. M." box="[1277,1427,1771,1795]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="264 - 273" refId="ref157289" refString="Graham, W. M. (1910) On new species of West-African Culicidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, Series 8, 5 (27), 264 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931008692764" type="journal article" year="1910">Graham, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]. Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FE8CF8A5FE0D5D27" box="[335,412,1802,1826]" name="Angola" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Angola</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FE64F8A5FE775D27" box="[423,486,1802,1826]" name="Benin" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Benin</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FE31F8A5FDEC5D24" box="[498,637,1802,1826]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FD4AF8A5FD645D27" box="[649,757,1802,1826]" name="Cameroon" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FCC3F8A5FB955D27" box="[768,1028,1802,1826]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FBCCF8A5FB0A5D27" box="[1039,1179,1802,1826]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FB65F8A5FEA35D44" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FEFEF887FE135D45" box="[317,386,1832,1856]" name="Ghana" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Ghana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FE48F887FE465D45" box="[395,471,1832,1856]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FE22F886FDB75D44" box="[481,550,1833,1857]" name="Kenya" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FDF3F887FDED5D45" box="[560,636,1832,1856]" name="Liberia" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Liberia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FD45F887FC935D45" box="[646,770,1832,1856]" name="Madagascar" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FCCFF887FCAF5D45" box="[780,830,1832,1856]" name="Serbia" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Mali</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FC8BF887FC065D45" box="[840,919,1832,1856]" name="Nigeria" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FC62F887FB185D44" box="[929,1161,1832,1857]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FB57F887FB765D45" box="[1172,1255,1832,1856]" name="Senegal" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Senegal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FB33F887FABE5D45" box="[1264,1327,1832,1856]" name="Sudan" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Sudan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FAA2F887FA0D5D45" box="[1377,1436,1832,1856]" name="South Sudan" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">South</collectingCountry>
Sudan,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FED0F8E8FE025D5A" box="[275,403,1863,1887]" name="Gambia" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">The Gambia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FE5EF8E7FE425D65" box="[413,467,1864,1888]" name="Togo" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Togo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FE1EF8E8FDBD5D5A" box="[477,556,1863,1887]" name="Uganda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Uganda</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FDFAF8E8FC895D5A" author="Knight, K. L. &amp; Stone, A." box="[569,792,1863,1887]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refId="ref162868" refString="Knight, K. L. &amp; Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2 nd Edition. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight &amp; Stone 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FCE2F8E8FB915D5A" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[801,1024,1863,1887]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FC53F8E7FC2C5D5A" box="[912,957,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA600A03FF54F822FC4C5C0C" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA600A03FF54F822FE1A5BD4" blockId="83.[151,1436,1933,2032]" lastBlockId="84.[151,1437,150,1545]" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FF54F822FED75DA2" author="Graham, W. M." box="[151,326,1933,1959]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="264 - 273" refId="ref157289" refString="Graham, W. M. (1910) On new species of West-African Culicidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, Series 8, 5 (27), 264 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931008692764" type="journal article" year="1910">Graham (1910)</bibRefCitation>
described the male and female of this species (as
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA600A04FC53F821FB8B5DA2" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1910" box="[912,1050,1933,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pullatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FC53F821FB8B5DA2" box="[912,1050,1933,1960]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Cx. pullatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from specimens collected in the vicinity of
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA600A04FED6F81DFECD5DC9" box="[277,348,1970,1996]" country="Nigeria" name="Lagos" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Lagos</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA600A04FEAAF81EFE2C5DCE" box="[361,445,1969,1995]" name="Nigeria" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FE0FF81EFD025DC9" author="Stone, A. &amp; Knight, K. L. &amp; Starcke, H." box="[460,659,1969,1996]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. &amp; Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
Stone
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FDD5F81DFDD85DCE" box="[534,585,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">et al</emphasis>
. 1959
</bibRefCitation>
; Townson 1990). The larva was described by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FB5DF81EFAD85DCE" author="Wesche, W." box="[1182,1353,1969,1995]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="7 - 50" refId="ref184495" refString="Wesche, W. (1910) On the larval and pupal stages of West African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1 (1), 7 - 50, 7 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300000043" type="journal article" year="1910">Wesché (1910)</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA600A04FAB5F81DFF605DEA" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pullatus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA600A04FAB5F81DFF605DEA" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Cx. pullatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from specimens collected around
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA600A04FDBAF879FD515DF5" box="[633,704,2006,2032]" country="Nigeria" name="Lagos" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Lagos</collectingRegion>
, described by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA600A04FCA2F87AFBE65DEA" author="Macfie, J. W. S. &amp; Ingram, A." box="[865,1143,2005,2032]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="409 - 442" refId="ref167219" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. &amp; Ingram, A. (1923) The early stages of West African mosquitos. - VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (4), 409 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530004551 X" type="journal article" year="1923">Macfie &amp; Ingram (1923)</bibRefCitation>
from specimens collected in the vicinity of Accra,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FE6CFF38FE695AB4" box="[431,504,151,177]" name="Ghana" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ghana</collectingCountry>
(as
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FDEAFF38FD3D5AB4" box="[553,684,151,177]" name="Ghana" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gold Coast</collectingCountry>
) and by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FCD2FF38FC2C5AB4" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[785,957,151,177]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FC0AFF39FB935AB4" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[969,1026,150,177]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
) from undisclosed localities, except for reference to specimens described by Macfie &amp; Ingram. Hamon (1955) described
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FB9CFF14FB715AD0" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[1119,1248,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FB9CFF14FB715AD0" box="[1119,1248,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from specimens collected “aux cascades de Farako, Cercle et Subdivision de Sikasso,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FC0CFF70FB1E5AFC" box="[975,1167,223,249]" name="Serbia" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Soudan Français</collectingCountry>
” (at Farako waterfalls, Sikasso Cercle and Subdivision,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FDCAFEACFD355B18" box="[521,676,259,285]" name="Serbia" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">French Sudan</collectingCountry>
=
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FD00FEACFD6C5B18" box="[707,765,259,285]" name="Serbia" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Mali</collectingCountry>
). Farako Waterfalls are located about
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA670A03FB65FEACFB7C5B18" box="[1190,1261,259,285]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
east of Sikasso in Sikasso Cercle, which is one of seven administrative subdivisions of the Sikasso Region of southern
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FAD6FE88FADC5B44" box="[1301,1357,295,321]" name="Serbia" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Mali</collectingCountry>
. Based on this, the
<typeStatus id="41098879BA670A03FEDDFEE4FEDF5B60" box="[286,334,331,357]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FE10FEE4FDC55B60" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[467,596,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FE10FEE4FDC55B60" box="[467,596,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that is listed as “Farako, Sikasso,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FC1DFEE4FBED5B60" box="[990,1148,331,357]" name="Serbia" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">French Sudan</collectingCountry>
” in the catalogs of
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FA9FFEE4FEB45B8C" author="Stone, A. &amp; Knight, K. L. &amp; Starcke, H." pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. &amp; Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
Stone
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FF54FEC0FF5B5B8C" box="[151,202,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
. (1959)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FEF1FEC0FDA95B8C" author="Knight, K. L. &amp; Stone, A." box="[306,568,367,393]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref162868" refString="Knight, K. L. &amp; Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2 nd Edition. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight &amp; Stone (1977)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FDB2FEC0FCE95B8C" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[625,888,367,393]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FD2FFEC0FC8E5B8C" box="[748,799,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
. (2021)
</bibRefCitation>
must be corrected to Farako Waterfalls, Sikasso Cercle,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FF33FE3CFEB45BA8" box="[240,293,403,429]" name="Serbia" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Mali</collectingCountry>
(formerly
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FE62FE3CFDD25BA8" box="[417,579,403,429]" name="Serbia" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">French Sudan</collectingCountry>
). The listing of
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FD3AFE3CFCDC5BA8" box="[761,845,403,429]" name="Nigeria" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
in the distribution given by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FB50FE3CFA0D5BA8" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[1171,1436,403,429]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FACCFE3CFAD35BA8" box="[1295,1346,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
. (2021)
</bibRefCitation>
appears to be in error.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA670A03FF04FE74FB615E5C" blockId="84.[151,1437,150,1545]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
Hamon (1955) provided a brief description of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FD19FE74FCCA5BF0" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[730,859,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FD19FE74FCCA5BF0" box="[730,859,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, stating that the adults are “almost identical to the typical form and probably not separable with certainty.
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA670A03FCC8FE50FCD4581C" box="[779,837,511,537]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Male</collectingRegion>
terminalia [genitalia] do not show any difference…” and the “general morphology [of the larva] is that of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FD20FD8CFCFE5838" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1910" box="[739,879,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grahami">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FD20FD8CFCFE5838" box="[739,879,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Cx. grahami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FCBCFD8CFC0F5839" box="[895,926,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">sic</emphasis>
] except for the eighth abdominal segment…” (translated from the French). Hamon recorded the following distinctions: Comb with 13–19 spine-like scales, siphon index 7.9–10.4, pecten with 6–9 simple spines, seta 1-S with about 16 setae (this is misleading as the illustration provided includes a ventral row of 12 setae beyond the pecten and a lateral row of 5 setae on the distal half of the siphon) with 2–4 branches and the 8 proximal setae at least as long as the diameter of the siphon; anal papillae 2.5–4.0 times as long as the saddle. Hamon stated that the dorsal pair of anal papillae were usually longer than the ventral pair, but the illustration shows the ventral pair are longer than the dorsal pair. In the typical form, these morphological traits, based on the descriptions of
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FD1BFCB0FC14593C" author="Wesche, W." box="[728,901,799,825]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="7 - 50" refId="ref184495" refString="Wesche, W. (1910) On the larval and pupal stages of West African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1 (1), 7 - 50, 7 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300000043" type="journal article" year="1910">Wesché (1910)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FC50FCB0FB21593C" author="Macfie, J. W. S. &amp; Ingram, A." box="[915,1200,799,825]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="409 - 442" refId="ref167219" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. &amp; Ingram, A. (1923) The early stages of West African mosquitos. - VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (4), 409 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530004551 X" type="journal article" year="1923">Macfie &amp; Ingram (1923)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FB2FFCB0FA09593C" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[1260,1432,799,825]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA670A03FF54FCEDFF425958" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[151,211,834,861]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
), are characterized as follows: Comb with 14–25 spine-like scales, siphon index 12–15, pecten also with 6–9 simple spines, seta 1-S with about 4 setae (6 are illustrated by Hopkins), minute, with 1–3 branches, one seta inserted within the pecten; anal papillae slightly longer than the saddle, usually equally long or dorsal pair slightly longer. Thus, only three of these characters are distinctive for
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FC97FC00FC4459CC" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[852,981,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FC97FC00FC4459CC" box="[852,981,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FC20FC00FB9759CD" box="[995,1030,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">i.e.</emphasis>
the significantly shorter siphon, the more numerous and longer siphonal setae all borne distal to the pecten and the greater length of the anal papillae. However, the comb scales illustrated for
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FD9DFC58FD4E5E14" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[606,735,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FD9DFC58FD4E5E14" box="[606,735,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to differ from those illustrated for the typical form. The lateral spicules progressively increase in length to the sides of the median apical spine in
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FBB7FBB4FB645E30" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[1140,1269,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FBB7FBB4FB645E30" box="[1140,1269,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
whereas in the typical form they comprise lateral fringes of equal length borne proximal to a stronger apical spine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA670A03FF04FBCCFC4C5C0C" blockId="84.[151,1437,150,1545]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
Hamon (1955) concluded the description of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FD24FBCCFCF95E78" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[743,872,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FD24FBCCFCF95E78" box="[743,872,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the following observation: “This species [
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FF62FB28FEB35EA4" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[161,290,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FF62FB28FEB35EA4" box="[161,290,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] was already known from various places of the A. O. F. [Afrique-Occidentale française (French West Africa)], but the only locality having given us larvae identical to the description of Hopkins is Danané (Forest Zone of lower
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FEC3FB60FE0C5EEC" box="[256,413,1231,1257]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
). All the larvae collected in the savannah zone: Agba-titoé (
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FB89FB60FB185EEC" box="[1098,1161,1231,1257]" name="Togo" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Togo</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA670A03FB5EFB60FB4A5EEC" box="[1181,1243,1231,1257]" country="Senegal" name="Thies" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Thiès</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FB2FFB60FADB5EEC" box="[1260,1354,1231,1257]" name="Senegal" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Senegal</collectingCountry>
), Bobo Dioulasso (
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FEDBFB5CFE375F08" box="[280,422,1267,1293]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Upper Volta</collectingCountry>
) [
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FE7EFB5CFDCD5F08" box="[445,604,1267,1293]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
] and in various sites of Casamance [
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA670A03FBC6FB5CFBF25F08" box="[1029,1123,1267,1293]" name="Senegal" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Senegal</collectingCountry>
] have in fact the color and chaetotaxy of the typical form but their siphon indexes rarely exceed 11 [translated from the French].” This indicates that the siphon index of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FE64FA94FDB95F50" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[423,552,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FE64FA94FDB95F50" box="[423,552,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be slightly greater than noted in the description, but it is still smaller than that of the typical form. This observation, the morphological distinctions noted above and the apparently close association with savannah strongly suggest that
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FD78FA2CFCAD5F98" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[699,828,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FD78FA2CFCAD5F98" box="[699,828,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely to be genetically distinct from
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FAC4FA2CFEB95FC5" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FAC4FA2CFA0C5F98" box="[1287,1437,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="grahamii">Cx. grahamii</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA670A03FF54FA08FEB95FC5" box="[151,296,1447,1472]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; accordingly, this nominal form is formally elevated to species status:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FBA5FA09FEA65FE1" authority="Hamon, 1955" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis" subGenus="Culex">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FBA5FA09FEA65FE1" bold="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FBA5FA09FB3B5FC4" bold="true" box="[1126,1194,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Culex</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FB7DFA09FA935FC4" bold="true" box="[1214,1282,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Culex</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FAD5FA09FA0D5FC4" bold="true" box="[1302,1436,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">farakoensis</emphasis>
Hamon, 1955
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA670A03FE85FA64FD805FE0" authorityName="Hamon" authorityYear="1955" box="[326,529,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farakoensis">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA670A03FE85FA64FD805FE0" box="[326,529,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Culex farakoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life, however the date of authorship for the former species needs to be corrected from 1954 to 1955.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink