596 lines
72 KiB
XML
596 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="527A7D1BC56BD8D5C683668A74575F74" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA4B0A2DFF54F8D7FC805C0C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites) brevipalpis Theobald" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="123" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="3EB3EF2AA8DD5F98CFBBD53F497F52BA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="1D9095EA2A4C1EBC67D10DDE104E51B5">
|
||
<mods:title id="20035CFCA13EB8E30589A90CB5005351">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="0A1B6830F0ABCE508DCDA713BDE77457" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="09F9E2335497198360E972702CE0EB1A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="7AC3BC4854CE9C3001C49C699B0AB083">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="36305C5B981A4A5F5FC08CAA6D3A0102">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2556C810AB79B4FC7E1FC2189BD0DF28" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1384-6972</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="57CD54A7F1317027EE0F10696CEB7101" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="065D44C7D3CF550452C17B22AC25686C" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8CC30698095F49E0F129EC0D5F51A603">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="944AF5BA2B79EEED1F4D0847B3E6ED58">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5F369DF628EB68E44145D47FE510D092">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="634F7CCA1E18864EE44BAE02268CF0B8" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6366-1357</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2801291EF156A753727B5B9F34D84F2C" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="AADA99C6A8EF2339EC319EA1074FB42C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="6366FCA8D08261FD0E1AB94145331D51" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5DAF31996BDF83BC4D59D56E8AD8BE6E">
|
||
<mods:title id="C8DA855CE5B43ABC1D7113C240525E41">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="C5ADBA472098705D05CB4FF0BF70BFCE">
|
||
<mods:date id="36FCC57D5145684426F1552ECAE05870">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="D436E8C59119587AF1FB5238E4B9C9DD" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="C4ABFA672828D863FEB2DA02E6DD76B3">2023-06-15</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="9832BD9E66741BAE1F62A3485BE30F53" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="884527828426A9BF0B6886737B772416">5303</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="8AC64D7768CB251E3BFBEE91596DA123" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="E602838C69ECC1FAE0AD0F59CAEA9771">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="A39EE258099F3DC023A9B77AC166DDC6" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="767F052F7DCE85574FB983A25F65E3AB">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="65EA52D4515ABA92CC7E8C08D73087B9">184</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="D65F8BF2C05BF4CB4F7D636237EEE1B0">
|
||
<mods:url id="56F2AC04891FEBCD12E26390A9CFB830">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="F01D627DCBACB7825D1AD16E3E51C920">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8F598B5039E0F1FE26A7568465B022FD" type="CLB-Dataset">53758</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="90F6172E4A7DD4DF35CAAC964F0F8CB1" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="57FBC51359B65E2399F91C4BF4FE60A8" type="GBIF-Dataset">55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5A04E803A20823E80B209D655C504F3D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0376350CC07E41B15337FC3B977933BE" type="Zenodo-Dep">8043342</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5E703EDE07A1B52A92B0658574DD8692" type="ZooBank">DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="161B87CDBA4B0A2DFF54F8D7FC805C0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064291" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700339" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064291" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA4B0A2DFF54F8D7FC805C0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA4B0A2DFF54F8D7FC805C0C" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA4B0A2FFF54F8D7FCA15D96" box="[151,816,1912,1939]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF54F8D7FCA15D96" blockId="120.[151,816,1912,1939]" box="[151,816,1912,1939]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<heading id="C54581B7BA4B0A2FFF54F8D7FCA15D96" bold="true" box="[151,816,1912,1939]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" reason="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFF54F8D7FCA15D96" ID-CoL="8FGRL" ID-ENA="332059" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[151,816,1912,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis" subGenus="Toxorhynchites">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFF54F8D7FCA15D96" bold="true" box="[151,816,1912,1939]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFF54F8D7FEC05D96" bold="true" box="[151,337,1912,1939]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFEA0F8D7FD8C5D96" bold="true" box="[355,541,1912,1939]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFDEDF8D7FD235D96" bold="true" box="[558,690,1912,1939]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
Theobald
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA4B0A2FFF54F812FA0D5DD0" box="[151,1436,1981,2005]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF54F812FA0D5DD0" blockId="120.[151,1436,1981,2036]" box="[151,1436,1981,2005]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFED0F812FDBC5DD0" authority="Ribeiro, 1991" authorityName="Ribeiro" authorityYear="1991" box="[275,557,1981,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abyssinicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFED0F812FE1A5DD0" bold="true" box="[275,395,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">abyssinicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFE58F812FDBC5DD0" author="Ribeiro, H." box="[411,557,1981,2005]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref174912" refString="Ribeiro, H. 1991. Research on the mosquito subfamily Toxorhynchitinae (Diptera: Culicidae). I - The Afrotropical group brevipalpis (Adults) (1). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 2 (3), 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1991">Ribeiro, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4B0A2FFCFEF812FA075DD0" ID-CoL="92XTK" authorityName="Ribeiro" authorityYear="1991" box="[829,1430,1981,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="brevipalpis" subGenus="Toxorhynchites" subSpecies="abyssinicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFCFEF812FC475DD0" box="[829,982,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFC2CF812FB195DD0" box="[1007,1160,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4B0A2FFB63F812FA075DD0" box="[1184,1430,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">brevipalpis abyssinicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA4B0A2FFF04F873FDD95DF1" box="[199,584,2012,2036]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4B0A2FFF04F873FDD95DF1" blockId="120.[151,1436,1981,2036]" box="[199,584,2012,2036]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4B0A2FFE8CF873FE345DF1" box="[335,421,2012,2036]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4B0A2FFE71F873FDAD5DF1" author="Ribeiro, H." box="[434,572,2012,2036]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref174912" refString="Ribeiro, H. 1991. Research on the mosquito subfamily Toxorhynchitinae (Diptera: Culicidae). I - The Afrotropical group brevipalpis (Adults) (1). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 2 (3), 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1991">Ribeiro 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA4A0A2EFF54FF38FEBB5B80" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4A0A2EFF54FF38FE985B0E" blockId="121.[151,1437,150,389]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFED3FF39FDAA5AAA" ID-CoL="8FGRL" authority="Theobald, 1901 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[272,571,150,175]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFED3FF39FE135AAB" bold="true" box="[272,386,150,174]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFE4DFF38FDAA5AAA" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[398,571,151,175]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref181412" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp., pls. viii + I - XXXVII and A - E under separate cover. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFC86FF38FBCD5AAA" ID-CoL="8FGRL" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[837,1116,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFC86FF38FBCD5AAA" box="[837,1116,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Toxorhynchites brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFB3FFF38FAD85AAA" box="[1276,1353,151,175]" name="Angola" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFA9AFF38FA095AAA" box="[1369,1432,151,175]" name="Benin" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFF04FF1AFEC55AC8" box="[199,340,181,205]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFEA2FF1AFE5C5AC8" box="[353,461,181,205]" name="Cameroon" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFE19FF1AFD715AC8" box="[474,736,181,205]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFD2EFF1AFCE85AC8" box="[749,889,181,205]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFC45FF1AFB675AC8" box="[902,1270,181,205]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFAC1FF1AFAD65AC8" box="[1282,1351,181,205]" name="Ghana" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFA97FF19FA085ACB" box="[1364,1433,182,206]" name="Kenya" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFF04FF7BFE825AE9" box="[199,275,212,236]" name="Liberia" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFEDCFF7BFEFE5AE9" box="[287,367,212,236]" name="Malawi" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFEB8FF7BFD925AE9" box="[379,515,212,236]" name="Mozambique" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFDCCFF7BFDCF5AE9" box="[527,606,212,236]" name="Nigeria" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFDAAFF7BFD2D5AE9" box="[617,700,212,236]" name="Senegal" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFD0BFF7BFCDD5AE9" box="[712,844,212,236]" name="South Africa" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFC9BFF7BFC275AE9" box="[856,950,212,236]" name="Tanzania" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFC02FF7BFB835AE9" box="[961,1042,212,236]" name="Uganda" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFBDCFF7BFBFE5AE9" box="[1055,1135,212,236]" name="Zambia" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFBB9FF7BFB775AE9" box="[1146,1254,212,236]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFB36FF7BFA0D5AEE" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[1269,1436,212,236]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFAABFF7AFA075AE9" box="[1384,1430,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
2021).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4A0A2EFF54FEBEFEBB5B80" blockId="121.[151,1437,150,389]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFECEFEBEFE1B5B29" authority="Gr" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[269,394,273,300]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFECEFEBEFEF55B2C" bold="true" box="[269,356,273,297]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
Gr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
̧nberg, 1907—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFCD2FEBEFB985B2C" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[785,1033,273,297]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFCD2FEBEFB985B2C" box="[785,1033,273,297]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Toxorhynchites conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFB3FFEBEFA035B2C" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[1276,1426,273,297]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFE90FE9FFE715B42" box="[339,480,304,328]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFE2DFE9FFDCB5B4D" box="[494,602,304,328]" name="Cameroon" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFDABFE9FFD675B4D" box="[616,758,304,328]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFCC7FE9FFBE65B4D" box="[772,1143,304,328]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFB46FE9FFAD45B4D" box="[1157,1349,304,328]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFA91FE9FFA095B4D" box="[1362,1432,304,328]" name="Gabon" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFF04FEE0FE9D5B62" box="[199,268,335,359]" name="Ghana" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFED5FEE0FEF85B62" box="[278,361,335,359]" name="Gambia" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Gambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFEB0FEE0FE2E5B62" box="[371,447,335,359]" name="Liberia" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFE09FEE0FE6D5B62" box="[458,508,335,359]" name="Serbia" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Mali</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFDC5FEE0FDC45B62" box="[518,597,335,359]" name="Nigeria" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFD9CFEE0FCD85B62" box="[607,841,335,359]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFC90FEE0FC495B63" box="[851,984,335,359]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFC20FEE0FBF75B62" box="[995,1126,335,359]" name="South Sudan" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFBB2FEE0FB225B62" box="[1137,1203,335,359]" name="Sudan" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFB7EFEE0FA9D5B62" box="[1213,1292,335,359]" name="Uganda" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFADAFEE0FE8E5B80" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFA49FEE0FF4A5B80" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA4A0A2DFF54FE1CFC805C0C" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4A0A2EFF54FE1CFD2758A0" blockId="121.[151,1437,435,2010]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFF54FE1CFEF15BCB" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[151,352,435,462]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref181412" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp., pls. viii + I - XXXVII and A - E under separate cover. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald (1901a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFE1EFE1CFDCB5BC8" box="[477,602,435,461]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFE1EFE1CFDCB5BC8" box="[477,602,435,461]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA4A0A2EFD62FE1BFCBB5BC8" box="[673,810,435,462]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
||
collected in “Natal”, now known as
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA4A0A2EFB12FE1CFA155BC8" box="[1233,1412,435,461]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
|
||
, a coastal province of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFEB2FE78FD935BF4" box="[369,514,471,497]" name="South Africa" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFDC8FE78FC835BF7" author="Steffan, W. A. & White, G. B." box="[523,786,471,498]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="114 - 123" refId="ref179445" refString="Steffan, W. A. & White, G. B. (1981) The type specimens of Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae) at the British Museum (Natural History) and Oxford University. Mosquito Systematics, 13 (1), 114 - 123." type="journal article" year="1981">Steffan & White (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA4A0A2EFC76FE77FBCA5BF4" box="[949,1115,471,498]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
were originally “in Walker’s collection”, but “Since only one of the
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA4A0A2EFD90FE53FDEC5813" box="[595,637,508,534]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
mentioned by Theobald is now in the BM Collection [Natural History Museum, London], it is designated as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4A0A2EFD41FDB0FD7E583C" box="[642,751,543,569]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.” This is the specimen
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFC3DFDB0FB24583F" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1022,1205,543,570]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated was from Durban, which is considered to be the type locality even though the name of the city does not appear on the labels that accompany the specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFDFCFDC8FCD15887" author="Steffan, W. A. & White, G. B." box="[575,832,615,642]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="114 - 123" refId="ref179445" refString="Steffan, W. A. & White, G. B. (1981) The type specimens of Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae) at the British Museum (Natural History) and Oxford University. Mosquito Systematics, 13 (1), 114 - 123." type="journal article" year="1981">Steffan & White 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Edwards apparently gleaned the locality from other information associated with Walker’s collection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4A0A2EFF04FD00FEC35FBB" blockId="121.[151,1437,435,2010]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFE89FD00FE3858CC" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[330,425,687,713]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFE89FD00FE3858CC" box="[330,425,687,713]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described as a distinct species by Gŗnberg (1907) based on a female and a male captured on different dates at the Johan-Albrecht-Ĥhe station on the crater rim of Lake Barombi near Kumba in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA4A0A2EFF1FFD58FE385914" box="[220,425,759,785]" country="Cameroon" name="South-West" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Southwest Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFE0EFD57FDD45917" box="[461,581,760,786]" name="Cameroon" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The species was listed as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFBCAFD58FB175914" box="[1033,1158,759,785]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFBCAFD58FB175914" box="[1033,1158,759,785]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, without explanation, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFF54FCB4FEC35930" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[151,338,795,821]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref153077" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1912 b) A synopsis of the species of African Culicidae, other than Anopheles. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3 (1), 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300001656" type="journal article" year="1912">Edwards (1912b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFE9EFCB3FE335933" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[349,418,796,822]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref154128" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1932 a) Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles [Brussels], 258 pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1932">1932a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and remained so until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFD6BFCB4FCC85930" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[680,857,795,821]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the larva of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFBA0FCB4FB715930" box="[1123,1248,795,821]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFBA0FCB4FB715930" box="[1123,1248,795,821]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (as a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFF54FC90FE8F595C" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1827" box="[151,286,831,857]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFF54FC90FE8F595C" box="[151,286,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Megarhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and inadvertently referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFDBFFC90FD4A595C" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[636,731,831,857]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFDBFFC90FD4A595C" box="[636,731,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a variety: “The description and figures are of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFACFFCEFFF295985" authority="Gr" authorityName="Gr" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="brevipalpis" variety="conradti">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFAFEFC90FA0D595C" box="[1341,1436,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
Gr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
̧nberg.” The figures that Hopkins ascribed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFD0DFCCCFCBC5978" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[718,813,867,893]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFD0DFCCCFCBC5978" box="[718,813,867,893]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reproduced from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFBFDFCCCFACC597B" author="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A." box="[1086,1373,867,894]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="409 - 442" refId="ref167219" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A. (1923) The early stages of West African mosquitos. - VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (4), 409 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530004551 X" type="journal article" year="1923">Macfie & Ingram (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who described and illustrated the larva of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFDA1FC28FBAA59A4" box="[610,1083,903,930]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis" subGenus="Toxorhynchites">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFDA1FC28FD7859A4" box="[610,745,903,929]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Megarhinus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFD3CFC28FC3859A4" box="[767,937,903,929]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFC7DFC28FBAA59A4" box="[958,1083,903,929]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” from specimens collected at localities in present-day
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFE70FC04FD9159C0" box="[435,512,939,965]" name="Ghana" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Nsawam and Sekondi (the twin city of Sekondi-Takoradi). They prefaced their description as follows: “A figure showing the paddles and the last three abdominal segments of the pupa of this mosquito has been published, together with a few words of explanation, by Bacot (Yellow Fever Commission, West Africa, Reports, iii, p. 145); and a larva, presumed to be that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFC61FBB7FBD55E34" box="[930,1092,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFC61FBB7FBD55E34" box="[930,1092,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">M. brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been briefly described by Edwards (Bull. Ent. Res. iii, p. 375). Neither of these authors, however, has given sufficient details to distinguish the species, and indeed it seems not unlikely that the characters mentioned by them are mainly generic. As we have in our possession specimens of both larvae and pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFD38FB2BFC0F5E98" box="[763,926,1155,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFD38FB2BFC0F5E98" box="[763,926,1155,1181]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">M. brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we have taken the opportunity of examining them in detail.” The specimens were apparently identified to species, in the absence of associated adults, with the help of G. A. K. Marshall, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and F. W. Edwards, British Museum. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFB30FB64FA0C5EE0" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1267,1437,1227,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFB30FB64FA0C5EE0" box="[1267,1437,1227,1253]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Africa were so very poorly known at the time that the identification of the specimens as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFB67FB40FA925F0C" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[1188,1283,1263,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFB67FB40FA925F0C" box="[1188,1283,1263,1289]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFAECFB40FEA85F2B" author="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A." pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="409 - 442" refId="ref167219" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A. (1923) The early stages of West African mosquitos. - VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (4), 409 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530004551 X" type="journal article" year="1923">Macfie & Ingram (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was probably presumptive, based on its known distribution in West Africa. Incidentally, we note that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFF54FA98FED95F54" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[151,328,1335,1361]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is wrongly credited with the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFCF8FA98FC0B5F54" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[827,922,1335,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFCF8FA98FC0B5F54" box="[827,922,1335,1361]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies in all subsequently published mosquito catalogs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFEB1FAF3FDA45F73" author="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H." box="[370,565,1371,1398]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
|
||
Stone
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFE79FAF3FE7D5F70" box="[442,492,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFD82FAF4FCA75F73" author="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A." box="[577,822,1371,1398]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref162868" refString="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2 nd Edition. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight & Stone 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFC81FAF4FBA45F73" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[834,1077,1371,1398]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFC7FFAF3FC7F5F70" box="[956,1006,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) when in fact the author clearly referred to it as a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFE1AFAD0FDC75F9C" box="[473,598,1407,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFE1AFAD0FDC75F9C" box="[473,598,1407,1433]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It appears that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFCCCFAD0FCFF5F9C" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[783,878,1407,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFCCCFAD0FCFF5F9C" box="[783,878,1407,1433]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first formally recognized as a subspecies by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFF54FA0CFEDF5FBB" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[151,334,1443,1470]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4A0A2EFF04FA68FAA85D68" blockId="121.[151,1437,435,2010]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Removal of the records listed for the presence of subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFC42FA68FC715FE4" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[897,992,1479,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFC42FA68FC715FE4" box="[897,992,1479,1505]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFBC4FA68FBDB5FE4" box="[1031,1098,1479,1505]" name="Benin" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFB47FA68FB4E5FE4" box="[1156,1247,1479,1505]" name="Senegal" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which were not corroborated in the study of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFE21FA44FD1C5C03" author="Ribeiro, H." box="[482,653,1515,1542]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref174912" refString="Ribeiro, H. 1991. Research on the mosquito subfamily Toxorhynchitinae (Diptera: Culicidae). I - The Afrotropical group brevipalpis (Adults) (1). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 2 (3), 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1991">Ribeiro (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and discounting the separate contradictory records for the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFF7BF9A0FE865C2C" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[184,279,1551,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFF7BF9A0FE865C2C" box="[184,279,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4A0A2EFEBEF9BFFE3C5C2F" box="[381,429,1552,1578]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFD82F9A0FCF35C2C" box="[577,866,1551,1577]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFCACF9BFFC295C2F" box="[879,952,1552,1578]" name="Kenya" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFC30F9A0FBDB5C2C" box="[1011,1098,1551,1577]" name="Nigeria" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it would appear that the two forms are largely sympatric in the tropical rain forest region of central Africa, mainly in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFB41F99CFEBD5C77" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It must be borne in mind that all country records for both forms are based solely on differences in the amount of white scaling in the caudolateral tufts of abdominal tergum VI of females (nearly or completely white in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4A0A2EFF02F90FFF605CBF" box="[193,241,1696,1722]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form; all black or with a few anterior white setae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFC8AF930FC395CBC" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[841,936,1695,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFC8AF930FC395CBC" box="[841,936,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the presence or absence of basal white scaling on foretarsomere 2 of males and females (present in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4A0A2EFC98F96BFC1A5CDB" box="[859,907,1732,1758]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form; absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFB83F96CFB0E5CD8" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[1088,1183,1731,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFB83F96CFB0E5CD8" box="[1088,1183,1731,1757]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It must also be noted that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFF0BF948FEFF5D07" author="Ribeiro, H." box="[200,366,1767,1794]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref174912" refString="Ribeiro, H. 1991. Research on the mosquito subfamily Toxorhynchitinae (Diptera: Culicidae). I - The Afrotropical group brevipalpis (Adults) (1). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 2 (3), 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1991">Ribeiro (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found “intermediate forms” (sex not mentioned) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFC76F948FB9B5D04" box="[949,1034,1767,1793]" name="Angola" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFBD5F948FB3E5D07" box="[1046,1199,1767,1794]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFB79F948FA9F5D04" box="[1210,1294,1767,1793]" name="Nigeria" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFA86F948FA0D5D04" box="[1349,1436,1767,1793]" name="Uganda" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
with black and white scale-tufts on abdominal tergum VI, which he considered to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFB86F8A4FB535D20" box="[1093,1218,1803,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFB86F8A4FB535D20" box="[1093,1218,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
x
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFB1FF8A4FAAA5D20" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[1244,1339,1803,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFB1FF8A4FAAA5D20" box="[1244,1339,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybrids. Because the two forms are otherwise distinct throughout their ranges, we believe the “intermediate forms” may be morphological variants of one or the other form or, perhaps more likely, a currently unrecognized species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4A0A2DFF04F8D7FB9E5AFC" blockId="121.[151,1437,435,2010]" lastBlockId="122.[151,1437,151,1545]" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
In the same paper,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4A0A2EFE66F8D8FDDF5D97" author="Ribeiro, H." box="[421,590,1911,1938]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref174912" refString="Ribeiro, H. 1991. Research on the mosquito subfamily Toxorhynchitinae (Diptera: Culicidae). I - The Afrotropical group brevipalpis (Adults) (1). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 2 (3), 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1991">Ribeiro (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFC8DF8D8FC5E5D94" authorityName="Ribeiro" authorityYear="1991" box="[846,975,1911,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abyssinicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFC8DF8D8FC5E5D94" box="[846,975,1911,1937]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">abyssinicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a single male collected in the former Keffa (or Kaffa) Province of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4A0A2EFDE8F834FD1C5DB0" box="[555,653,1947,1973]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which is now a Zone in the South West Region of the country. Ribeiro distinguished
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFEF5F810FE265DDC" authorityName="Ribeiro" authorityYear="1991" box="[310,439,1983,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abyssinicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFEF5F810FE265DDC" box="[310,439,1983,2009]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">abyssinicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4A0A2EFDC3F810FC845DDC" box="[512,789,1983,2009]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4A0A2EFDC3F810FDEC5DDC" box="[512,637,1983,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="brevipalpis">brevipalpis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA4A0A2EFD45F86FFC845DDC" box="[646,789,1984,2009]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by the absence of white scales on foretarsomere 2 (also entirely dark-scaled in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFE5DFF38FE6C5AB4" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[414,509,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFE5DFF38FE6C5AB4" box="[414,509,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFD96FF38FD255AB4" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[597,692,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFD96FF38FD255AB4" box="[597,692,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the white-scaled tufts of abdominal tergum VI (as in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA490A2DFAAFFF38FA0D5AB4" box="[1388,1436,151,177]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form) and from both
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFE44FF14FD0B5AD1" box="[391,666,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFE44FF14FD955AD0" box="[391,516,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="brevipalpis">brevipalpis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA490A2DFDCFFF14FD0B5AD1" box="[524,666,187,212]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFD11FF14FCA05AD0" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[722,817,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFD11FF14FCA05AD0" box="[722,817,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of fewer (8 and 10) setae on the ninth tergal lobes of the male genitalia (15–20 setae on each lobe in the other forms).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA490A2DFF04FEACFC825864" blockId="122.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFF04FEACFEE85B18" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[199,377,259,285]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, after revealing he used the illustrations of the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFC1DFEACFBAC5B18" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[990,1085,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFC1DFEACFBAC5B18" box="[990,1085,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFB1AFEACFF735B44" author="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A." pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="409 - 442" refId="ref167219" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A. (1923) The early stages of West African mosquitos. - VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (4), 409 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530004551 X" type="journal article" year="1923">Macfie & Ingram (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to represent the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFDC1FE88FDEE5B44" box="[514,639,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFDC1FE88FDEE5B44" box="[514,639,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stated that “The larva of the typical form has not been distinguished, but is known to be very similar and probably indistinguishable.” He did not indicate the source of this knowledge.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFF54FEC0FED75B8C" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[151,326,366,393]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">Hopkins (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
repeated verbatim his 1936 treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFCC4FEC0FC155B8C" box="[775,900,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFCC4FEC0FC155B8C" box="[775,900,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for the sentences from the last paragraph quoted above, which he changed to read “The descriptions and figures are of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFC3DFE3CFB275BAA" authority="Gr" authorityName="Gr" box="[1022,1206,403,431]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="brevipalpis" subSpecies="conradti">
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFBF3FE3CFB1E5BA8" box="[1072,1167,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
Gr
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
̧nberg, but the larva of the typical form is not distinguishable (E. C. C.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFD0DFE18FC2B5BD4" author="van Someren, E. C. C." box="[718,954,439,465]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="177 - 186" refId="ref183317" refString="van Someren, E. C. C. (1946 b) Ethiopian Culicidae. Tribe Megarhinini - notes and descriptions. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 97 (7), 177 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1946. tb 00373. x" type="journal article" year="1946">van Someren, 1946b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).” This is a delusive statement because
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFAB7FE18FECD5BF0" author="van Someren, E. C. C." pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="177 - 186" refId="ref183317" refString="van Someren, E. C. C. (1946 b) Ethiopian Culicidae. Tribe Megarhinini - notes and descriptions. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 97 (7), 177 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1946. tb 00373. x" type="journal article" year="1946">van Someren (1946b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
actually stated that the larva of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA490A2DFD38FE74FCBA5BF0" box="[763,811,475,501]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form is “Indistinguishable from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFB3BFE74FED7581C" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="brevipalpis" subSpecies="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFB3BFE74FA0D5BF0" box="[1272,1436,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">M. brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFF24FE50FED7581C" box="[231,326,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFDC4FE50FCBA581C" author="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A." box="[519,811,511,537]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="157 - 188" refId="ref167168" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A. (1922) On the genital armature of the female mosquito. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 16 (2), 157 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1922.11684308" type="journal article" year="1922">Macfie and Ingram (1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFCF8FE50FCE9581C" author="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A." box="[827,888,511,537]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="409 - 442" refId="ref167219" refString="Macfie, J. W. S. & Ingram, A. (1923) The early stages of West African mosquitos. - VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13 (4), 409 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530004551 X" type="journal article" year="1923">1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFC01FE50FBEB581C" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[962,1146,511,537]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" refId="ref160197" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1936) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, (vi) + 250 pp." type="book" year="1936">Hopkins (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.” Obviously this chain of presuppositions obscures the fact that the larva of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFD05FD8CFC475839" box="[710,982,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFD05FD8CFCD25838" box="[710,835,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="brevipalpis">brevipalpis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA490A2DFC89FD8CFC475839" box="[842,982,547,572]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is essentially unknown and has not been the subject of detailed comparative morphological study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA490A2DFF04FDC4FCC85EC0" blockId="122.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
If it is not obvious from the analyses of the previous three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFC20FDC4FB1C5880" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[995,1165,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFC20FDC4FB1C5880" box="[995,1165,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it should be noted that species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFED3FD20FE2B58AC" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[272,442,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFED3FD20FE2B58AC" box="[272,442,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generally very poorly known taxonomically, extremely similar in all life stages and troublesome to identify. Most species have been distinguished based on pale scaling of the tarsi, which is often different in males and females of the same species, and the color of scales on areas of the thorax and abdomen, which may be variable or dependent on lighting and interpretation. Additionally, as pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFB7FFD54FF75593C" author="Steffan, W. A. & Evenhuis, N. L." pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="421 - 446" refId="ref179382" refString="Steffan, W. A. & Evenhuis, N. L. (1985) Classification of the subgenus Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae) I. Australasian, eastern Palaearctic, and Oriental species-groups. Journal of Medical Entomology, 22 (4), 421 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 22.4.421" type="journal article" year="1985">Steffan & Evenhuis (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, “Species that are easily distinguishable in one stage may be entirely indistinguishable, or separable by only a single character, in another stage. …Because of the subtleties involved in distinguishing among the different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFF7AFCC8FEF25984" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[185,355,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFF7AFCC8FEF25984" box="[185,355,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in various stages, accurate identification necessitates well-preserved and prepared specimens of both sexes in each stage. Adults with associated pupal and larval skins [exuviae]… provide the most useful taxonomic information.” Unfortunately, individually reared adults with associated larval and pupal exuviae are lacking for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFEE3FC7CFE5B59E8" box="[288,458,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFEE3FC7CFE5B59E8" box="[288,458,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Tx. brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its currently recognized subspecies. Nevertheless, we believe that the available morphological and distributional information is sufficient to formally recognize the three nominal forms as separate species: The nominotypical species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFD9DFBB5FA9D5E31" authority="Grunberg, 1907" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[606,1292,1050,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti" subGenus="Toxorhynchites">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFD9DFBB5FA9D5E31" bold="true" box="[606,1292,1050,1077]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFD9DFBB5FC815E30" bold="true" box="[606,784,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFCE2FBB5FC425E30" bold="true" box="[801,979,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFC26FBB5FBD45E30" bold="true" box="[997,1093,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
Grünberg, 1907
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have largely allopatric distributions that overlap in central Africa, without demonstrable evidence of introgression, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFF54FBCDFCC85E79" authority="Ribeiro, 1991" authorityName="Ribeiro" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,857,1122,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abyssinicus" subGenus="Toxorhynchites">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFF54FBCDFCC85E79" bold="true" box="[151,857,1122,1149]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFF54FBCDFED85E78" bold="true" box="[151,329,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFE9DFBCDFD815E78" bold="true" box="[350,528,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFDE6FBCDFD385E78" bold="true" box="[549,681,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">abyssinicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFD77FBCDFCC85E79" author="Ribeiro, H." box="[692,857,1122,1148]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref174912" refString="Ribeiro, H. 1991. Research on the mosquito subfamily Toxorhynchitinae (Diptera: Culicidae). I - The Afrotropical group brevipalpis (Adults) (1). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 2 (3), 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1991">Ribeiro, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is diagnosed by a unique combination of characters and appears to be isolated from populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFCDBFB28FC315EA4" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[792,928,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFCDBFB28FC315EA4" box="[792,928,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Tx. conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFC6DFB28FB2C5EA4" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[942,1213,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFC6DFB28FB2C5EA4" box="[942,1213,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFB31FB28FA0D5EA4" authorityName="Ribeiro" authorityYear="1991" box="[1266,1436,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abyssinicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFB31FB28FA0D5EA4" box="[1266,1436,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Tx. abyssinicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are both currently listed as species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA490A2DFF04FB60FC805C0C" blockId="122.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFF04FB60FE695EEC" box="[199,504,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFF04FB60FE695EEC" box="[199,504,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a single synonym,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFCCDFB60FBEA5EEC" authority="Theobald, 1903 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[782,1147,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marshallii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFCCDFB60FC3F5EEC" box="[782,942,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Tx. marshallii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFC7BFB60FBEA5EEC" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[952,1147,1231,1257]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from an adult male from Salisbury,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA490A2DFE44FB5CFDB05F08" box="[391,545,1267,1293]" country="Zimbabwe" name="Mashonaland West" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Mashonaland</collectingRegion>
|
||
, a region in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA490A2DFCCDFB5CFC175F08" box="[782,902,1267,1293]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
which today is divided into four provinces. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA490A2DFF54FAB8FF565F34" box="[151,199,1303,1329]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFE8AFAB8FE2D5F34" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[329,444,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marshallii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFE8AFAB8FE2D5F34" box="[329,444,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">marshallii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is within the allopatric range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFCE9FAB8FC435F34" box="[810,978,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipalpis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFCE9FAB8FC435F34" box="[810,978,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Tx. brevipalpis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and should be retained as a synonym of that species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFEE4FA94FDA75F50" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[295,566,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFEE4FA94FDA75F50" box="[295,566,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Toxorhynchites conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two synonyms,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFCD9FA94FBF15F50" authority="Enderlein, 1931" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1931" box="[794,1120,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schultzei">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFCD9FA94FC375F50" box="[794,934,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Tx. schultzei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFC6EFA94FBF15F50" author="Enderlein, G." box="[941,1120,1339,1365]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="123 - 125" refId="ref154536" refString="Enderlein, G. (1931) Zwei neue Toxohynchites aus dem Kongogebiete. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 94 (3 / 4), 123 - 125." type="journal article" year="1931">Enderlein, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA490A2DFBACFA94FB305F50" box="[1135,1185,1339,1365]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “Franẑsisch Äquatorial-Afrika, Mongumba am Ubangi-Fluβ”—Mongoumba is a town on the Ugangi River in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA490A2DFB32FAF0FE905F98" name="Central African Republic" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFE87FA2CFD095F98" authority="Enderlein, 1931" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1931" box="[324,664,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tessmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFE87FA2CFE4F5F99" box="[324,478,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Tx. tessmanni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA490A2DFE26FA2CFD095F98" author="Enderlein, G." box="[485,664,1411,1437]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="123 - 125" refId="ref154536" refString="Enderlein, G. (1931) Zwei neue Toxohynchites aus dem Kongogebiete. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 94 (3 / 4), 123 - 125." type="journal article" year="1931">Enderlein, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA490A2DFD64FA2CFD485F98" box="[679,729,1411,1437]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA490A2DFC8EFA2CFB825F98" box="[845,1043,1411,1437]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Spanisch-Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Uam-Gebiet: Alen Benito”—Alen Benito [?Benito River; Alen is a mountain], Uam area [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA490A2DFD3FFA08FCFB5FC4" box="[764,874,1447,1473]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Rio Muni</collectingCountry>
|
||
mainland], Equatorial Africa). These two nominal forms are each based on a single adult female. Their
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA490A2DFD33FA64FCB15FE0" box="[752,800,1483,1509]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities are located in the allopatric range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA490A2DFAF5FA64FA045FE0" authorityName="Grunberg" authorityYear="1907" box="[1334,1429,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA490A2DFAF5FA64FA045FE0" box="[1334,1429,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they should be retained as synonyms of that species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |