723 lines
77 KiB
XML
723 lines
77 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BD96DC1960F97FC25CD7F96A6C6A6E19">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7B8EC8ADEE5BBE5DA30C78BF7C15D68F">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1D18F43569B47D0BEB991E64333F1171">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B40AB9B4E50ECCA83FFA78658AD3A348">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BF7E8476FCDDC4BCBF4C81142EFEA101">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA3C0A47FF54FE89FBB65C9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064162" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064162" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA3C0A47FF54FE89FBB65C9C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA3C0A47FF54FE89FBB65C9C" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA3C0A58FF54FE89FDFE5B45" box="[151,623,294,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF54FE89FDFE5B45" blockId="15.[151,623,294,321]" box="[151,623,294,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA3C0A58FF54FE89FDFE5B45" bold="true" box="[151,623,294,321]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FF54FE89FDFE5B45" ID-CoL="89VCR" ID-ENA="7163" authority="(Meigen)" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[151,623,294,321]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans" subGenus="Aedimorphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FF54FE89FDFE5B45" bold="true" box="[151,623,294,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FF54FE89FF4E5B44" bold="true" box="[151,223,294,321]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FF33FE89FE025B44" bold="true" box="[240,403,294,321]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Aedimorphus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FE67FE88FE665B44" bold="true" box="[420,503,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
(Meigen)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA3C0A58FF54FEC4FD9659CF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF54FEC4FE2B5BC4" blockId="15.[151,1437,363,970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FECAFEC4FD965B86" ID-CoL="89Z86" authority="(Patton, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[265,519,363,387]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FECAFEC4FEE55B86" bold="true" box="[265,372,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">arabiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FE42FEC4FD915B86" author="Patton, W. S." box="[385,512,363,387]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="623 - 637" refId="ref172752" refString="Patton, W. S. (1905) The culicid fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their haunts and habits. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16 (4), 623 - 637, 5 pls." type="journal article" year="1905">Patton, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FCC0FEC4FC3C5B86" authorityName="Patton" authorityYear="1905" box="[771,941,363,387]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FCC0FEC4FC3C5B86" box="[771,941,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex arabiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FB53FEC4FA9B5B86" author="White, G. B." box="[1168,1290,363,387]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="303 - 344" refId="ref184541" refString="White, G. B. (1975) Notes on a catalogue of Culicidae of the Ethiopian Region. Mosquito Systematics, 7 (4), 303 - 344." type="journal article" year="1975">White 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FF04FE25FE8B5BA7" box="[199,282,394,418]" name="Gambia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEEBFE25FE0B5BA7" box="[296,410,394,418]" name="Mauritania" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE64FE25FD9D5BA7" box="[423,524,394,418]" name="Mauritius" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDD9FE25FDF85BA7" box="[538,617,394,418]" name="Nigeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDB4FE25FC905BA7" box="[631,769,394,418]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCCDFE25FCF55BA7" box="[782,868,394,418]" name="Somalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCB1FE25FC685BA7" box="[882,1017,394,418]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBC4FE25FB1F5BA7" box="[1031,1166,394,418]" name="South Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB5FFE25FB4F5BA7" box="[1180,1246,394,418]" name="Sudan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB28FE25FAD85BA7" box="[1259,1353,394,418]" name="Tanzania" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FA95FE25FA0C5BA4" box="[1366,1437,394,417]" name="Yemen" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FF0DFE07FE3F5BC4" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[206,430,424,449]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FEFDFE06FEFA5BC5" box="[318,363,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF54FE68FADC5BFB" blockId="15.[151,1437,363,970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FECBFE68FD9E5BDA" authority="(Theobald, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[264,527,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nipponii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FECBFE68FECE5BDA" bold="true" box="[264,351,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">nipponii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FEA8FE68FD995BDA" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[363,520,455,479]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref182007" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1907">Theobald, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FCCAFE68FC2F5BDA" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1907" box="[777,958,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culicada" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nipponii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FCCAFE68FC2F5BDA" box="[777,958,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culicada nipponii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FB5CFE68FA035BDA" author="Bohart, R. M. & Ingram, R. L." box="[1183,1426,455,480]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref145782" refString="Bohart, R. M. & Ingram, R. L. (1946 b) Mosquitoes of Okinawa and islands in the central Pacific. Navmed 1055. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, Washington, D. C., 110 pp." type="book" year="1946">Bohart & Ingram 1946b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distribution: Georgia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE6EFE49FE785BF8" box="[429,489,486,509]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE30FE49FDC95BFB" box="[499,600,486,510]" name="Mongolia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDA1FE49FCEA5BFB" box="[610,891,486,510]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">People’s Republic of China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC46FE49FC5A5BFB" box="[901,971,486,510]" name="Russia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC16FE49FBC45BF8" box="[981,1109,486,510]" name="South Korea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FBA2FE49FAD35BFB" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[1121,1346,486,510]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FB11FE48FB6E5BFB" box="[1234,1279,486,510]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF54FDABFED3587C" blockId="15.[151,1437,363,970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FECDFDAAFDAE5819" authority="(Theobald, 1903a)" authorityName="Thoebald" authorityYear="1903" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[270,575,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nocturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FECDFDAAFEE85819" bold="true" box="[270,377,517,540]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">nocturnus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FE49FDABFDA95819" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[394,568,516,540]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref181601" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1903">Theobald, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FC86FDABFC7E5819" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[837,1007,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nocturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FC86FDABFC7E5819" box="[837,1007,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex nocturnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FB25FDABFA0D5818" author="Bohart, R. M. & Ingram, R. L." box="[1254,1436,516,541]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref145782" refString="Bohart, R. M. & Ingram, R. L. (1946 b) Mosquitoes of Okinawa and islands in the central Pacific. Navmed 1055. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, Washington, D. C., 110 pp." type="book" year="1946">Bohart & Ingram</bibRefCitation>
|
||
1946b). Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE65FD8CFD97583E" box="[422,518,547,571]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDD1FD8CFD08583E" box="[530,665,547,571]" name="Cook Islands" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cook Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Polynesia),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCE0FD8CFCD8583E" box="[803,841,547,571]" name="Fiji" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC96FD8CFC2B583E" box="[853,954,547,571]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC05FD8CFB86583E" box="[966,1047,547,571]" name="Kiribati" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kiribati</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBE0FD8CFB13583E" box="[1059,1154,547,571]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB4CFD8CFAA7583E" box="[1167,1334,547,571]" name="Northern Mariana Islands" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mariana Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FA81FD8CFA0D583E" box="[1346,1436,547,571]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
Islands,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEDFFDEDFE2D585F" box="[284,444,578,602]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE04FDEDFD93585F" box="[455,514,578,602]" name="Palau" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Palau</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDCFFDEDFD45585F" box="[524,724,578,602]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD1DFDEDFCB7585F" box="[734,806,578,602]" name="Samoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCF2FDEDFC4C585F" box="[817,989,578,602]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Timor,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBF1FDEDFBE5585F" box="[1074,1140,578,602]" name="Tonga" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tonga</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBBDFDEDFB56585F" box="[1150,1223,578,602]" name="Tuvalu" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tuvalu</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB12FDEDFAB5585C" box="[1233,1316,578,601]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FAF1FDEDFEA6587C" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FF04FDCEFF65587D" box="[199,244,608,632]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF54FDD0FD9659CF" blockId="15.[151,1437,363,970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FECCFDD0FD935892" ID-CoL="89VCR" authority="(Meigen, 1830)" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[271,514,639,663]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FECCFDD0FEC65893" bold="true" box="[271,343,639,662]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FEAAFDD0FE6D5892" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[361,508,639,663]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref169848" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweifl ¸ geligen Insekten. Vol. 6. Schulzische Buchhandlung, Hamm, iv + 401 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12464" type="book" year="1830">Meigen, 1830</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FCCAFDD0FC045892" ID-CoL="8837T" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1830" box="[777,917,639,663]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FCCAFDD0FC045892" box="[777,917,639,663]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FBF6FD2FFB315892" box="[1077,1184,639,663]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
]:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB79FDD0FAA85892" box="[1210,1337,639,663]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FA85FDD0FA085892" box="[1350,1433,639,663]" name="Albania" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FF04FD31FE8758B3" box="[199,278,670,694]" name="Algeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEDEFD31FEE958B3" box="[285,376,670,694]" name="Armenia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Armenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEBCFD31FE4E58B3" box="[383,479,670,694]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE25FD31FDA258B3" box="[486,563,670,694]" name="Austria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDF9FD31FD3D58B3" box="[570,684,670,694]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD76FD31FCBF58B3" box="[693,814,670,694]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCF5FD31FC1758B3" box="[822,902,670,694]" name="Belarus" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Belarus</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC4CFD31FC7858B3" box="[911,1001,670,694]" name="Belgium" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC32FD31FBA558B3" box="[1009,1076,670,694]" name="Belize" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBFEFD31FAA758B3" box="[1085,1334,670,694]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Bosnia and Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FAFCFD31FA0858B3" box="[1343,1433,670,694]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FF04FD13FEA358D1" box="[199,306,700,724]" name="Cambodia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEF8FD13FE1B58D1" box="[315,394,700,724]" name="Canada" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE51FD13FE7358D1" box="[402,482,700,724]" name="France" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Corsica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Crimean Peninsula,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD75FD13FC9258D1" box="[694,771,700,724]" name="Croatia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCCFFD13FC3E58D1" box="[780,943,700,724]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC7BFD13FB8858D1" box="[952,1049,700,724]" name="Denmark" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBE1FD13FBE058D1" box="[1058,1137,700,724]" name="Estonia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBBAFD13FB0E58D1" box="[1145,1183,700,724]" name="Fiji" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB6BFD13FB6958D1" box="[1192,1272,700,724]" name="Finland" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FAC2FD12FAD858D1" box="[1281,1353,701,724]" name="France" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FA91FD12FA0C58D1" box="[1362,1437,701,724]" name="Macedonia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Former</collectingCountry>
|
||
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDDCFD74FDE358F6" box="[543,626,731,755]" name="Gambia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDB9FD74FD5F58F6" box="[634,718,731,755]" name="Georgia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD15FD74FCA458F6" box="[726,821,731,755]" name="Germany" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCFDFD74FC1958F6" box="[830,904,731,755]" name="Greece" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC53FD74FC4158F6" box="[912,976,731,755]" name="Guam" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC1AFD74FBD858F6" box="[985,1097,731,755]" name="Guatemala" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB91FD74FB2658F6" box="[1106,1207,731,755]" name="Honduras" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB7CFD73FAA658F1" box="[1215,1335,732,756]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FAFCFD73FA0858F1" box="[1343,1433,732,756]" name="Hungary" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FF04FD55FF6F5917" box="[199,254,762,786]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEC8FD55FE335914" box="[267,418,762,786]" name="Indonesia Iran" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indonesia Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE6CFD55FE4B5914" box="[431,474,762,785]" name="Iraq" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE2BFD55FDCD5914" box="[488,604,762,786]" name="Italy Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Italy Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDAAFD55FD3E5917" box="[617,687,762,786]" name="Jordan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD7EFD55FCA75917" box="[701,822,762,786]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC81FD55FC025917" box="[834,915,762,786]" name="Kiribati" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kiribati</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC62FD55FC635914" box="[929,1010,762,785]" name="Kosovo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kosovo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBC3FD55FBA55914" box="[1024,1076,762,785]" name="Laos" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Laos</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB82FD55FB155917" box="[1089,1156,762,786]" name="Latvia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB52FD55FB4C5917" box="[1169,1245,762,786]" name="Liberia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB29FD55FAB95917" box="[1258,1320,762,786]" name="Libya" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FAF6FD55FA085917" box="[1333,1433,762,786]" name="Lithuania" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Macedonia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE8FFCB7FE3A5935" box="[332,427,792,816]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE7EFCB7FE6A5935" box="[445,507,792,816]" name="Malta" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Malta</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDCFFCB7FD295935" box="[524,696,792,816]" name="Northern Mariana Islands" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mariana Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD09FCB7FCAD5935" box="[714,828,792,816]" name="Mauritania" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC8EFCB7FC0C5935" box="[845,925,792,816]" name="Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC6DFCB7FBB25935" box="[942,1059,792,816]" name="Micronesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBF7FCB7FB035935" box="[1076,1170,792,816]" name="Moldova" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Moldova</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB67FCB7FA985935" box="[1188,1289,792,816]" name="Mongolia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FAD9FCB6FA095934" box="[1306,1432,793,817]" name="Serbia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FF04FC97FEB4594A" box="[199,293,824,847]" name="Morocco" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEF3FC97FE055955" box="[304,404,824,848]" name="Myanmar" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE5CFC98FE4F594A" box="[415,478,823,847]" name="Nepal" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE2AFC98FDF7594A" box="[489,614,823,847]" name="Netherlands" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDB2FC97FC80594A" box="[625,785,823,847]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCDFFC97FC39594A" box="[796,936,823,847]" name="New Zealand" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC70FC97FB975955" box="[947,1030,824,848]" name="Norway" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBD3FC98FBF8594A" box="[1040,1129,823,847]" name="Pakistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBB7FC97FAAD594A" box="[1140,1340,823,847]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FA85FC98FA0D594A" box="[1350,1436,823,847]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">People’s</collectingCountry>
|
||
Republic of China,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE56FCF9FD9B596B" box="[405,522,854,878]" name="Philippines" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDD5FCF9FDCE596B" box="[534,607,854,878]" name="Poland" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDAFFCF9FD55596B" box="[620,708,854,878]" name="Portugal" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD12FCF9FCBE596B" box="[721,815,854,878]" name="Romania" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCF8FCF9FC10596B" box="[827,897,854,878]" name="Russia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC4DFCF9FC47596B" box="[910,982,854,878]" name="Samoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC21FCF9FBFA596B" box="[994,1131,854,878]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBB4FCF9FB2B596B" box="[1143,1210,854,878]" name="Serbia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Serbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB04FCF9FAA1596B" box="[1223,1328,854,878]" name="Singapore" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FAFEFCF9FA09596B" box="[1341,1432,854,878]" name="Slovakia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FF04FCDBFEB35989" box="[199,290,884,908]" name="Slovenia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEF1FCDBFE725989" box="[306,483,884,908]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE30FCDBFDED5989" box="[499,636,884,908]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD4FFCDBFC825989" box="[652,787,884,908]" name="South Korea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCE0FCDBFCCE5989" box="[803,863,884,908]" name="Spain" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCACFCDBFC4B5989" box="[879,986,884,908]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC2AFCDBFBAD5989" box="[1001,1084,884,908]" name="Sweden" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB8FFCDBFB595989" box="[1100,1224,884,908]" name="Switzerland" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB15FCDBFAB25989" box="[1238,1315,884,908]" name="Taiwan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FAF1FCDBFA095989" box="[1330,1432,884,908]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FF04FC3CFEB559AE" box="[199,292,915,939]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEEDFC3BFEE159A9" box="[302,368,916,940]" name="Tonga" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tonga</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FEBAFC3CFE5359AE" box="[377,450,915,939]" name="Turkey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FE0FFC3CFDCA59AE" box="[460,603,915,939]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDA7FC3CFD3C59AE" box="[612,685,915,939]" name="Tuvalu" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tuvalu</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FD7BFC3CFC9D59AE" box="[696,780,915,939]" name="Ukraine" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FCD5FC3CFC5259AE" box="[790,963,915,939]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC0DFC3CFBC959AE" box="[974,1112,915,939]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FBA0FC3CFB4959AE" box="[1123,1240,915,939]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB22FC3BFAA659AE" box="[1249,1335,916,939]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FA83FC3CFA0959AE" box="[1344,1432,915,939]" name="Vietnam" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FF04FC1DFE9F59CC" box="[199,270,946,969]" name="Yemen" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FED8FC1DFE6A59CF" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[283,507,946,970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FE48FC1CFE2959CF" box="[395,440,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA3C0A47FF54FC57FBB65C9C" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF54FC57FAA75F0B" blockId="15.[151,1436,1016,1295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FF54FC57FE3B5E17" box="[151,426,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FF54FC57FEBE5E17" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[151,303,1016,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="vexans">Aedes vexans</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA3C0A58FEF4FC56FE3B5E17" box="[311,426,1016,1042]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, occurs worldwide except for South America. Since
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FBC5FC57FBB55E17" box="[1030,1060,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FBF0FC56FB6A5E17" box="[1075,1275,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FBF0FC56FBEE5E17" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1075,1151,1017,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="vexans">vexans</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA3C0A58FB4BFC56FB6A5E17" box="[1160,1275,1016,1042]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a common, medically important species, it has attracted worldwide interest. In summary, we think that two of the nominal subspecies have characteristics that adequately separate them from typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FC20FBEEFBBE5E5F" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[995,1071,1089,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FC20FBEEFBBE5E5F" box="[995,1071,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FB7DFBEEFA8A5E5F" box="[1214,1307,1089,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culicada" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nipponii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FB7DFBEEFA8A5E5F" box="[1214,1307,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">nipponii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FAE8FBEFFAFC5E5F" box="[1323,1389,1088,1114]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the eastern Palaearctic) and subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FD96FBCBFD5B5E7B" box="[597,714,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arabiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FD96FBCBFD5B5E7B" box="[597,714,1124,1150]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">arabiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(northeastern Africa and Arabia [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FB86FBCBFB705E7B" box="[1093,1249,1124,1150]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
?]). However, the third subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FE9CFB26FE5E5EA7" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1903" box="[351,463,1161,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nocturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FE9CFB26FE5E5EA7" box="[351,463,1161,1186]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">nocturnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Central Pacific and Australasia) has generated taxonomic inconsistency since there are no clear differences to distinguish it. There are regional keys to identify the four nominal subspecies from cooccurring species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FE42FB7FFE555EEF" box="[385,452,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FE42FB7FFE555EEF" box="[385,452,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but there are no keys to separate the subspecies from each other. A partial exception is
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FF54FB5BFEAC5F0B" author="Reinert, J. F." box="[151,317,1268,1294]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 218" refId="ref174584" refString="Reinert, J. F. (1973) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. - XVI. Genus Aedes Meigen, subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald in Southeast Asia. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 9 (5), 1 - 218." type="journal article" year="1973">Reinert (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who compared a worldwide concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FCC7FB5AFC355F0B" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[772,932,1269,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FCC7FB5AFC355F0B" box="[772,932,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">vexans vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the allopatric
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FBBEFB5AFAA75F0B" box="[1149,1334,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FBBEFB5AFB585F0B" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1149,1225,1269,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">vexans</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FB12FB5AFAA35F0B" box="[1233,1330,1269,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culicada" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nipponii">nipponii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF54FAF6FE3B5F71" blockId="15.[151,426,1369,1396]" box="[151,426,1369,1396]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FF54FAF6FE3B5F71" bold="true" box="[151,426,1369,1396]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FE94FAF5FE3B5F71" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[343,426,1370,1396]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FE94FAF5FE3B5F71" bold="true" box="[343,426,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF54FA34FC1E5CB4" blockId="15.[151,1437,1435,2037]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
To compare the nominal forms, we first define nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FC98FA34FC365FB1" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[859,935,1435,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FC98FA34FC365FB1" box="[859,935,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using a recent description from Europe, the continent of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA3C0A58FE8DFA10FEEF5FDC" box="[334,382,1471,1497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA3C0A58FE25FA10FDBE5FDC" box="[486,559,1471,1497]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Berlin</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FDF9FA10FD355FDC" box="[570,676,1471,1497]" name="Germany" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The nominotypical subspecies was described from a single female. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA3C0A58FF08FA4CFF6A5FF8" box="[203,251,1507,1533]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen is in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA3C0A58FC23FA4CFBA15FF8" box="[992,1072,1507,1533]" name="France" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There are descriptions for what has been called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FE92F9A8FE0C5C25" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[337,413,1543,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FE92F9A8FE0C5C25" box="[337,413,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from many parts of the world, but it is sensible to use a recent description from Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA3C0A58FF5CF984FEE45C40" author="Becker, N. & Petric, D. & Zgomba, M. & Boase, C. & Madon, M. & Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A." box="[159,373,1579,1605]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
|
||
Becker
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FF3BF984FEBB5C40" box="[248,298,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The caveat is that the provenance of specimens and/or literature used for this description are not documented. It will nevertheless serve as a basis for comparison with characters of subspecies and descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA3C0A58FF76F9DCFE905C89" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[181,257,1651,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA3C0A58FF76F9DCFE905C89" box="[181,257,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other parts of the world. The following is paraphrased from key characters (diagnoses) followed by more complete descriptions, a format often used by F. W. Theobald.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A58FF04F914FAC25D18" blockId="15.[151,1437,1435,2037]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Adult female.Tarsomeres with pale rings only; proboscis distinctly longer than forefemur; scutellum with narrow, curved, yellowish or pale scales; pale basal bands of tarsomeres very narrow, usually not exceeding 0.25 length of tarsomeres; abdominal terga with basal white bands constricted medially, giving them a bilobed appearance.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA3C0A47FF04F888FC2A5B18" blockId="15.[151,1437,1435,2037]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,1689]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tibiae dark-scaled dorsally, pale-scaled ventrally; narrow basal bands present on foretarsomeres 2 and 3, midtarsomeres 1–4 and on all hindtarsomeres. Proboscis and maxillary palpus dark-scaled, palpus with some apical white scales; head covered with narrow curved pale and dark decumbent scales and numerous dark brown erect forked scales which extend anteriorly to interocular space. Scutal integument dark brown, covered with narrow curved dark scales and narrow pale scales forming indistinct patches on anterior submedian, prescutellar and dorsocentral areas; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae well developed; postspiracular area with large patch of narrow curved or moderately broad pale scales; upper and lower mesokatepisternal scale-patches present. Wing veins covered with moderately broad dark scales and isolated pale scales at bases of costa and subcosta. Abdominal terga with basal white bands, distally dark-scaled; basal bands on terga III–VI distinctly narrowed medially, giving a bilobed appearance; sternum VIII with distinct apical V-shaped notch.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA230A47FF04FE88FC845838" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Adult male. Maxillary palpus about as long as proboscis; gonostylus attached at apex of gonocoxite, simple, not divided; gonostylus distinctly expanded apically; claspette elongate, well separated from base of gonocoxite; gonostylus gradually expanded toward apex; gonostylar claw articulated subapically, straight. Tergum IX strongly bilobed with 6–11 setae on each lobe. Gonocoxite long and moderately broad with scattered scales on lateral and ventral surfaces; basal and apical lobes absent; gonostylus widens toward apex; gonostylar claw straight, inserted on a small subapical tubercle; claspette moderately broad basally, apex slightly expanded and rounded, with crown of numerous spine-like setae, some curved apically; claspette filament absent; paraproct with pointed apex; aedeagus strongly sclerotized with lateral plates connected at base.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA230A47FF04FDE8FD265984" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Larva. Integument not covered with obvious spicules. Antenna less than half length of head, with numerous scattered spicules; seta 1-A 5–10 branched, inserted proximal to middle of antenna. Labral brush with median setae apically serrate (in contrast to unmodified setae in
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FCD6FD20FCA258AC" box="[789,819,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC82FD20FC0D58AD" box="[833,924,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">rossicus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC17FD20FC6358AC" box="[980,1010,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FBC3FD20FBCF58AD" authorityName=", Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1024,1118,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FBC3FD20FBCF58AD" box="[1024,1118,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Setae 5–7-C arranged in a triangular pattern, 5-C posterior to 6,7-C; 5-C 1–4-branched, 6-C 1- or 2-branched, 7-C 7–9 branched. Comb with 7–13 scales arranged in 1 or 2 irregular rows; scales with long median spicules and small spicules at base. Siphon index 2.3–3.0; pecten with 13–18 spines, apical 2 or 3 spines larger and unevenly spaced; basal spines with 1–3 lateral denticles; seta 1-S inserted beyond middle of siphon, with 3–8 short branches, length about half width of siphon at setal insertion. Saddle large but incomplete; seta 1-X with 1 or 2 branches; seta 4-X with 3 or 4 precratal setae; anal papillae distinctly longer than saddle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA230A47FF04FC24FD6B5FC4" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The notion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FE43FC24FE5D59A1" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[384,460,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FE43FC24FE5D59A1" box="[384,460,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a single species across Europe and North America was recently questioned in two studies.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FF37FC00FE4859CC" author="Krtinic, B. & Francuski, L. & Petric, E. & Milankov, V." box="[244,473,943,969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="154 - 162" refId="ref163228" refString="Krtinic, B., Francuski, L., Petric, E. & Milankov, V. (2013) Genetic diversity and differentiation between Palearctic and Nearctic populations of Aedimorphus (= Aedes) vexans (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera, Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology, 38 (1), 154 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1948 - 7134.2013.12021. x" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Krtinić
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FE8FFC00FE1759CC" box="[332,390,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used allozyme data to analyze two European populations (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FBB4FC00FB5159CC" box="[1143,1216,943,969]" name="Serbia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Serbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FB39FC00FAF559CC" box="[1274,1380,943,969]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and one North American population (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA230A47FDD1FC7CFD1959E8" box="[530,648,979,1005]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FD56FC7CFD4359E8" box="[661,722,979,1005]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
). They found unambiguous differences between European and North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FE90FC58FE0E5E15" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[339,415,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FE90FC58FE0E5E15" box="[339,415,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. “We observed that populations of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FCE8FC58FCC15E14" box="[811,848,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Am</emphasis>
|
||
. [as genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FC0DFC58FBF25E14" box="[974,1123,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Aedimorphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC0DFC58FBF25E14" box="[974,1123,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Aedimorphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FBB7FC58FB515E15" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1140,1216,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FBB7FC58FB515E15" box="[1140,1216,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Palearctic (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FF5CFBB4FE985E30" box="[159,265,1051,1077]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FEFDFBB4FE165E30" box="[318,391,1051,1077]" name="Serbia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Serbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and from the Nearctic (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FD55FBB4FD405E30" box="[662,721,1051,1077]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
) formed two genetically distinct populations that had no genetic exchange.” In other words, they are genetically separate species. Also, they cited
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FBF1FB90FA895E5C" author="Becker, N. & Petric, D. & Zgomba, M. & Boase, C. & Madon, M. & Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A." box="[1074,1304,1087,1113]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
|
||
Becker
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FB49FB90FB2D5E5C" box="[1162,1212,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who wrote that unlike invasive species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FDEDFBCCFD7C5E78" authorityName="Toto et al." authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Skuse" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[558,749,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FDEDFBCCFD7C5E78" box="[558,749,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Aedes albopictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which oviposits above the water line,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FB64FBCCFB625E79" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1191,1267,1123,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FB64FBCCFB625E79" box="[1191,1267,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lays eggs onto moist soil, which argues against it being an invasive species in North America. Since a single North American population was sampled, these results require verification.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FCF9FB04FB995EC0" author="Lilja, T. & Troell, K. & Kirik, H." box="[826,1032,1195,1221]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="282 - 289" refId="ref165766" refString="Lilja, T., Troell, K., Kirik, H. & Lindstr ˆ m, A. (2018) A distinct group of north European Aedes vexans as determined by mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 32 (3), 282 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mve. 12294" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Lilja
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FCBBFB04FC235EC0" box="[888,946,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, using the mitochondrial
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FAEDFB04FACF5EC0" box="[1326,1374,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">COI</emphasis>
|
||
gene and two nuclear genes found two sympatric genetically isolated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FCA2FB60FC3C5EED" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[865,941,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FCA2FB60FC3C5EED" box="[865,941,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FBDEFB60FBE75EEC" box="[1053,1142,1231,1257]" name="Sweden" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
and elsewhere in northern Europe. Considering
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FE48FB5CFE2A5F08" box="[395,443,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">COI</emphasis>
|
||
data only, including sequences in GenBank from other parts of the world, they found four distinct groupings: “Group 1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FDDAFAB8FDF45F35" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[537,613,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FDDAFAB8FDF45F35" box="[537,613,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variant,”
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FD15FAB8FD655F34" box="[726,756,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FCC0FAB8FCDE5F35" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[771,847,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FCC0FAB8FCDE5F35" box="[771,847,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FC94FAB8FC795F34" authority=", Ae." authorityName="Ae." box="[855,1000,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culicada" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nipponii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC94FAB8FC255F35" box="[855,948,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">nipponii</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC00FAB8FC705F34" box="[963,993,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FC2CFAB8FBAA5F35" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1007,1083,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC2CFAB8FBAA5F35" box="[1007,1083,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
North America and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FAE7FAB8FA0D5F35" box="[1316,1436,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FA93FAB8FA0D5F35" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1360,1436,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">vexans</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Europe. Given a lack of morphological vouchers for study and weak branch support in some cases,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FAE1FA94FF735F7C" author="Lilja, T. & Troell, K. & Kirik, H." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="282 - 289" refId="ref165766" refString="Lilja, T., Troell, K., Kirik, H. & Lindstr ˆ m, A. (2018) A distinct group of north European Aedes vexans as determined by mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 32 (3), 282 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mve. 12294" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Lilja
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FAA2FA94FA0C5F50" box="[1377,1437,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not attempt to interpret the taxonomic meaning of their findings, recommending further work. These two studies generate many uncertainties, but they suggest that North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FC27FA2CFBA15F99" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[996,1072,1411,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC27FA2CFBA15F99" box="[996,1072,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be a different species and that an unrecognized cryptic species occurs in Europe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA230A47FF04FA64FBB65C9C" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FEA5FA64FBEF5FE0" authority="(Meigen, 1830) (Wilkerson et al. 2021)" authorityName="Wilkerson et al." authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[358,1150,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans" subGenus="Aedimorphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FEA5FA64FE385FE0" box="[358,425,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FE78FA64FDC15FE0" box="[443,592,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Aedimorphus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FDA0FA64FD3E5FE1" box="[611,687,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vexans</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FD03FA64FCCE5FE0" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[704,863,1483,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref169848" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweifl ¸ geligen Insekten. Vol. 6. Schulzische Buchhandlung, Hamm, iv + 401 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12464" type="book" year="1830">Meigen, 1830</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FCBBFA64FBE75FE0" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[888,1142,1483,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC35FA64FBB85FE0" box="[1014,1065,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FB48FA64FF5E5C0C" authority="Macquart, 1834" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FB48FA64FAB05FE1" box="[1163,1313,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culex parvus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FAE9FA64FF5E5C0C" author="Macquart, J." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="8" refId="ref167320" refString="Macquart, J. (1834) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Dipteres. Tome premier. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 576 + 8 (explanation of plates) pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14274" type="journal article" year="1834">Macquart, 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA230A47FF22FA40FE825C0C" box="[225,275,1519,1545]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Bordeaux [Gironde],
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FDB9FA40FD5A5C0C" box="[634,715,1519,1545]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FD22FA40FBC95C0C" authority="Rondani, 1872" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1872" box="[737,1112,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="articulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FD22FA40FC375C0C" box="[737,934,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culex articulatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FC73FA40FBC95C0C" author="Rondani, C." box="[944,1112,1519,1545]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="29 - 31" refId="ref176422" refString="Rondani, C. (1872) Sulle specie Italiane del genere Culex Lin. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 4, 29 - 31." type="journal article" year="1872">Rondani, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA230A47FBA9FA40FB0D5C0C" box="[1130,1180,1519,1545]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FACFFA40FAD55C0C" box="[1292,1348,1519,1545]" name="Italy" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FA98FA40FE015C28" authority="Grassi, 1898" authorityName="Grassi" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FA98FA40FF6D5C28" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culex malariae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FEC0F9BCFE015C28" author="Grassi, B." box="[259,400,1555,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="163 - 177" refId="ref157342" refString="Grassi, B. (1898) Rapporti tra la malaria e peculiari insetti (zanzaroni e zanzare palustri). Rendiconti delle seduti delle Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Classe de scienze fisiche, matematische e naturali, 7 (2), 163 - 177." type="journal article" year="1898">Grassi, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA230A47FE5DF9BCFE415C28" box="[414,464,1555,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FDFAF9BCFDE05C28" box="[569,625,1555,1581]" name="Italy" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FD47F9BCFC665C28" authority="Theobald, 1901 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[644,1015,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FD47F9BCFCA55C28" box="[644,820,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culex sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FCF8F9BCFC665C28" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[827,1015,1555,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref181412" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp., pls. viii + I - XXXVII and A - E under separate cover. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA230A47FBC6F9BCFBA65C28" box="[1029,1079,1555,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: various, all in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FAFCF9BCFA045C28" box="[1343,1429,1555,1581]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
) [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FF62F998FE865C54" box="[161,279,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">montcalmi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FEDDF998FE465C54" author="Blanchard, R." box="[286,471,1590,1617]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref145575" refString="Blanchard, R. (1905) Les moustiques, histoire naturelle et medicale. F. R. de Rudeval, Imprimeur-Editeur, Paris, xiii + 673 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100899" type="book" year="1905">Blanchard, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is incorrectly listed as a replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FC2FF998FBC55C54" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[1004,1108,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FC2FF998FBC55C54" box="[1004,1108,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sylvestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FBBBF998FAFC5C54" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[1144,1389,1591,1617]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FB30F998FAB55C54" box="[1267,1316,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FF54F9F4FECC5C70" author="Townsend, B. C." box="[151,349,1627,1653]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="35 - 152" refId="ref182830" refString="Townsend, B. C. (1990) Culicidae. In: Townsend, B. C., Chainey, J. E., Crosskey, R. W., Pont, A. C., Lane, R. P., Boorman, J. P. T. & Crouch, C. A. (Eds.), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History), Natural History Museum, London, pp. 35 - 152." type="book chapter" year="1990">Townsend (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for more information];
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FDAFF9F4FC705C70" authority="Theobald, 1907" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1907" box="[620,993,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culicada" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FDAFF9F4FCB85C71" box="[620,809,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culicada minuta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FCF3F9F4FC705C70" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[816,993,1627,1653]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref182007" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1907">Theobald, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA230A47FC32F9F4FBB25C70" box="[1009,1059,1627,1653]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FB4DF9F4FB5D5C70" box="[1166,1228,1627,1653]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA230A47FB22F9F4FE4F5C9C" authority="Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1917" authorityName="Howard, Dyar & Knab" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurochrus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA230A47FB22F9F4FA0C5C70" box="[1249,1437,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Aedes eurochrus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA230A47FF54F9D0FE4F5C9C" author="Howard, L. O. & Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F." box="[151,478,1663,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="525 - 1064" refId="ref160521" refString="Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1917) The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Vol. 4. Systematic description (in two parts). Part II. Publication No. 159. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., pp. 525 - 1064." type="book chapter" year="1917">Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA230A47FE2FF9D0FD8F5C9C" box="[492,542,1663,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Popcum,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA230A47FD31F9D0FC275C9C" box="[754,950,1663,1689]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA230A47FC01F9D0FB8A5C9C" box="[962,1051,1663,1689]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |