724 lines
81 KiB
XML
724 lines
81 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C99924F97B385F6C8ABD210B4FC82A52">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6FDF105E235EF350207158CBDB80FBFD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F54AF292013AD5BC27E022B05B5F625B">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E27C7648A04FF43B49DB77E580B50519" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7BD73DEAC2B32F422BF4B1F1B717EEC3">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B82B3D191905DA2DBD41912A7A47EE77" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="249937547193BC51382A1D97119BF871">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B6B0B812555D967BB682A0BB1D49A85A">
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<mods:date id="C2B284A7990A5F287C422A46ECB405D5">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="70B62F9212383F9569317EDC8AD96CB0">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C51F5CF5C51D6238498F41C79F0AC131">5303</mods:number>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA0C0A15FF54FBCDFE3F58F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064206" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064206" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA0C0A15FF54FBCDFE3F58F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA0C0A15FF54FBCDFE3F58F4" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA0C0A68FF54FBCDFDFE5E78" box="[151,623,1122,1149]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0C0A68FF54FBCDFDFE5E78" blockId="63.[151,623,1122,1149]" box="[151,623,1122,1149]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA0C0A68FF54FBCDFDFE5E78" bold="true" box="[151,623,1122,1149]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0C0A68FF54FBCDFDFE5E78" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" box="[151,623,1122,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami" subGenus="Cellia">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FF54FBCDFDFE5E78" bold="true" box="[151,623,1122,1149]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FF54FBCDFE875E78" bold="true" box="[151,278,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
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(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FEE4FBCDFEFE5E78" bold="true" box="[295,367,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Cellia</emphasis>
|
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)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FE43FBCDFE665E78" bold="true" box="[384,503,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
Edwards
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA0C0A68FF54FB08FED35F5C" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0C0A68FF54FB08FE675EDB" blockId="63.[151,1436,1191,1369]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0C0A68FECEFB08FD855EBA" authority="Leleup, 1957" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[269,532,1191,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FECEFB08FE125EBA" bold="true" box="[269,387,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0C0A68FE4EFB08FD855EBA" author="Leleup, N." box="[397,532,1191,1215]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="69" refId="ref165240" refString="Leleup, N. (1957) Anopheles garnhami sbsp. basilewskyi, sous-espece nouvelle de tres haute altitude (2.900 M.). Folia Scientifica Africae Centralis, 3 (3), 69." type="journal article" year="1957">Leleup, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0C0A68FCD5FB08FB365EBA" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[790,1191,1191,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FCD5FB08FC7D5EBA" box="[790,1004,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Anopheles garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
sbsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FBF1FB08FB365EBA" box="[1074,1191,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FA82FB08FA0D5EBA" box="[1345,1436,1191,1215]" name="Tanzania" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Mount Meru) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0C0A68FEA5FB69FE7A5EDB" author="Leleup, N." box="[358,491,1222,1246]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="69" refId="ref165240" refString="Leleup, N. (1957) Anopheles garnhami sbsp. basilewskyi, sous-espece nouvelle de tres haute altitude (2.900 M.). Folia Scientifica Africae Centralis, 3 (3), 69." type="journal article" year="1957">Leleup 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0C0A68FF54FB4BFED35F5C" blockId="63.[151,1436,1191,1369]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0C0A68FECFFB4BFD9C5EF9" authority="Edwards, 1930" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1930" box="[268,525,1252,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FECFFB4BFEE25EF9" bold="true" box="[268,371,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0C0A68FEBBFB4BFD9C5EF9" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[376,525,1252,1276]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="287 - 306" refId="ref154088" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1930) Mosquito notes. - IX. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 21 (3), 287 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300021805" type="journal article" year="1930">Edwards, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0C0A68FCC5FB4BFC465EF9" authority="Edwards, 1930" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1930" box="[774,983,1252,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FCC5FB4BFC465EF9" box="[774,983,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Anopheles garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FBABFB4BFB2F5EF9" box="[1128,1214,1252,1276]" name="Burundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Burundi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FB05FB4BFEDF5F1E" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
(eastern),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FE7FFAACFD955F1E" box="[444,516,1283,1307]" name="Eritrea" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FDCDFAACFDF65F1E" box="[526,615,1283,1307]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FDB1FAABFD265F19" box="[626,695,1284,1308]" name="Kenya" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FD01FAACFC875F1E" box="[706,790,1283,1307]" name="Lesotho" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FCE2FAACFCE05F1E" box="[801,881,1283,1307]" name="Malawi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FCBFFAACFB955F1E" box="[892,1028,1283,1307]" name="Mozambique" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FBD3FAACFBF75F1E" box="[1040,1126,1283,1307]" name="Rwanda" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FBB2FAACFB565F1E" box="[1137,1223,1283,1307]" name="Somalia" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FB12FAACFAC75F1E" box="[1233,1366,1283,1307]" name="South Africa" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FAA2FAACFE975F3F" name="South Sudan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(southeastern),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FE6AFA8DFD965F3F" box="[425,519,1314,1338]" name="Tanzania" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FDD2FA8DFDF35F3F" box="[529,610,1314,1338]" name="Uganda" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FDAEFA8DFD485F3F" box="[621,729,1314,1338]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
(derived from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0C0A68FCB0FA8DFB135F3F" author="Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B." box="[883,1154,1314,1338]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 343" refId="ref156929" refString="Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343." type="journal article" year="1968">Gillies & de Meillon 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 52;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FB1FFA8DFABE5F3F" box="[1244,1327,1314,1338]" name="Somalia" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0C0A68FAADFA8DFEA65F5C" author="Irish, S. R. & Kyalo, D. & Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M." pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="401 - 449" refId="ref161299" refString="Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Irish
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FF04FAEEFF655F5D" box="[199,244,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA0C0A15FF54FA28FE3F58F4" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0C0A68FF54FA28FC635C50" blockId="63.[151,1437,1415,1729]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BA0C0A68FF54FA28FF4B5FC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363310" country="Kenya" elevation="2" location="Kericho" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Kericho">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0C0A68FF54FA28FEDB5FA4" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[151,330,1415,1441]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="287 - 306" refId="ref154088" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1930) Mosquito notes. - IX. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 21 (3), 287 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300021805" type="journal article" year="1930">Edwards (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the nominotypical subspecies based on specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FBF2FA28FBEF5FA4" box="[1073,1150,1415,1441]" name="Kenya" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0C0A68FB4BFA28FB745FA4" box="[1160,1253,1415,1441]" country="Kenya" name="Kericho" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Kericho</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0C0A68FB33FA28FADF5FA4" box="[1264,1358,1415,1441]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="6.0">
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<elevation id="159FD1E8BA0C0A68FB33FA28FADF5FA4" box="[1264,1358,1415,1441]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="6.0">6,000 ft.</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(2♂♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA0C0A68FF54FA04FF5E5FCD" box="[151,207,1451,1480]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="female">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FF66FA03FF5E5FCD" bold="true" box="[165,207,1452,1480]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">♀♀</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BA0C0A68FF2BFA04FEFD5FC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363302" box="[232,364,1451,1480]" country="Kenya" location="Saiwa" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kericho">
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA0C0A68FF2BFA04FEBD5FC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA0C0A15FF54FBCDFE3F58F4:9B6D6000BA0C0A68FF2BFA04FEBD5FC0" box="[232,300,1451,1477]" country="Kenya" name="Saiwa" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Kericho">Saiwa</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA0C0A68FE83FA04FEF05FCD" box="[320,353,1451,1480]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="female">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FE8FFA03FEF05FCD" bold="true" box="[332,353,1452,1480]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">♀</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BA0C0A68FEB8FA04FD775FC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363304" box="[379,742,1450,1480]" country="Kenya" elevation="2" location="Londiani" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA0C0A68FEB8FA04FE725FC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA0C0A15FF54FBCDFE3F58F4:9B6D6000BA0C0A68FEB8FA04FE725FC0" box="[379,483,1451,1477]" country="Kenya" name="Londiani" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Londiani</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FE2CFA04FDAA5FC0" box="[495,571,1451,1477]" name="Kenya" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0C0A68FD84FA05FD365FC0" box="[583,679,1450,1477]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="7.5">
|
||
<elevation id="159FD1E8BA0C0A68FD84FA05FD365FC0" box="[583,679,1450,1477]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="7.5">7,500 ft.</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA0C0A68FD79FA04FD4A5FCD" box="[698,731,1451,1480]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="female">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FD05FA03FD4A5FCD" bold="true" box="[710,731,1452,1480]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">♀</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BA0C0A68FD37FA04FBC15FC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363307" box="[756,1104,1451,1480]" country="Kenya" elevation="2" location="Uasin Gishu" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="11" stateProvince="Uasin Gishu">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0C0A68FD37FA04FC155FC0" box="[756,900,1451,1477]" country="Kenya" name="Uasin Gishu" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Uasin Gishu</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0C0A68FC53FA04FC7E5FC0" box="[912,1007,1451,1477]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="6.0">
|
||
<elevation id="159FD1E8BA0C0A68FC53FA04FC7E5FC0" box="[912,1007,1451,1477]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="6.0">6,000 ft.</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA0C0A68FBC3FA04FBD45FCD" box="[1024,1093,1451,1480]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="female">
|
||
11
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FBD8FA03FBD45FCD" bold="true" box="[1051,1093,1452,1480]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">♀♀</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; locality not specified (3♂♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA0C0A68FF54FA60FF5E5FE9" box="[151,207,1487,1516]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="female">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FF66FA7FFF5E5FE9" bold="true" box="[165,207,1488,1516]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">♀♀</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BA0C0A68FF25FA60FD7D5FEC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363306" box="[230,748,1487,1516]" country="Kenya" elevation="2" location="Karambo" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Uasin Gishu">
|
||
and additionally from
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA0C0A68FE1FFA60FDD65FEC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA0C0A15FF54FBCDFE3F58F4:9B6D6000BA0C0A68FE1FFA60FDD65FEC" box="[476,583,1487,1513]" country="Kenya" name="Karambo" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Uasin Gishu">Karambo</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0C0A68FD91FA60FD3E5FEC" box="[594,687,1487,1513]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="6.0">
|
||
<elevation id="159FD1E8BA0C0A68FD91FA60FD3E5FEC" box="[594,687,1487,1513]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="ft" value="6.0">6,000 ft.</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA0C0A68FD03FA60FD705FE9" box="[704,737,1487,1516]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="female">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FD0FFA7FFD705FE9" bold="true" box="[716,737,1488,1516]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">♀</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BA0C0A68FD3BFA60FB285C08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363301" collectorName="Edwards & Kericho" country="Rwanda" location="London" municipality="Natural History Museum" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCount="25" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
a village in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0C0A68FCBBFA60FC465FEC" box="[888,983,1487,1513]" name="Rwanda" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0C0A68FC22FA60FB355FEC" author="Townsend, B. C." box="[993,1188,1487,1513]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="35 - 152" refId="ref182830" refString="Townsend, B. C. (1990) Culicidae. In: Townsend, B. C., Chainey, J. E., Crosskey, R. W., Pont, A. C., Lane, R. P., Boorman, J. P. T. & Crouch, C. A. (Eds.), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History), Natural History Museum, London, pp. 35 - 152." type="book chapter" year="1990">Townsend (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found 22 of the above
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA0C0A68FF54FA5DFEA35C08" box="[151,306,1522,1549]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">25 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E69ACA1BA0C0A68FE4BFA5CFD385C08" box="[392,681,1523,1549]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Natural History Museum</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA0C0A68FD74FA5CFC805C08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA0C0A15FF54FBCDFE3F58F4:9B6D6000BA0C0A68FD74FA5CFC805C08" box="[695,785,1523,1549]" country="Rwanda" municipality="Natural History Museum" name="London" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">London</location>
|
||
, and referred to them as “
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0C0A68FB81FA5CFB3A5C08" box="[1090,1195,1523,1549]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
”.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA0C0A68FB00FA5CFAB95C08" box="[1219,1320,1523,1549]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Edwards</collectorName>
|
||
, however, clearly referred to the specimens from
|
||
<collectorName id="3347530DBA0C0A68FD9DF9B8FD295C34" box="[606,696,1559,1585]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Kericho</collectorName>
|
||
as including the type specimens, but did not state what sort of specimens, which leaves designation of a
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0C0A68FDAFF994FD475C50" box="[620,726,1595,1621]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, if needed, for the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0C0A68FF04F9F0FE235CC4" blockId="63.[151,1437,1415,1729]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
As a basis for comparison to the forms treated here, we quote portions of Edwards’s (1930) original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0C0A68FF76F92CFEB35C98" box="[181,290,1667,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FF76F92CFEB35C98" box="[181,290,1667,1693]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the specimens from the localities listed above. All are from highland locations in the general vicinity of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0C0A68FED1F908FE3E5CC4" box="[274,431,1703,1729]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0C0A68FED1F908FEDB5CC4" box="[274,330,1703,1729]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Lake</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0C0A68FE92F908FE3E5CC4" box="[337,431,1703,1729]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0C0A68FF34F95EFCA15D9D" blockId="63.[199,1384,1776,2017]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA0C0A68FF34F95EFE9A5D0D" box="[247,267,1777,1800]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FED5F95FFEDC5D0D" box="[278,333,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Head</emphasis>
|
||
with the usual [?] dense upright scales, pale yellowish in middle, black at sides; frontal tuft long and pure white.... Palpi... [with] scales on first segment shaggy; a very narrow white ring at tip of first segment [palpomere], a somewhat broader one embracing tip of second and base of third, tip of third and whole of fourth white; third and fourth segments [palpomeres] together about equalling third in length, fourth short, scarcely more than one-third as long as third [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FE96F82EFEFC5D9D" box="[341,365,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
. maxillary palpus with three white rings]….
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0C0A17FF34F80BFD105AD6" blockId="63.[199,1384,1776,2017]" lastBlockId="64.[199,1384,150,823]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0C0A68FF34F80BFED15DB9" box="[247,320,1956,1980]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
as seen from above greyish in middle (for about one-third of its width), sides of mesonotum [scutum] very broadly dark brown, but extreme margins again narrowly grey; a small dark brown area immediately in front of scutellum in middle. Median greyish area of mesonotum densely covered with narrow scales (about 6–8 times as long as broad), mostly creamy-white in colour....
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34FF70FBE05B1E" blockId="64.[199,1384,150,823]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FF34FF70FEC65AF2" box="[247,343,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
brownish above, lateral and posterior margins of tergites [terga] dark brown; sternites [sterna] with large and rather conspicuous whitish-grey basal lateral patches. No scales; hairs [setae] pale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34FE88FD4F5B66" blockId="64.[199,1384,150,823]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FF34FE88FEB65B3B" box="[247,295,295,318]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
blackish; coxae and trochanters pale; tips of femora and tibiae and of first two or three tarsal segments [tarsomeres] of all legs very narrowly creamy-white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34FEC0FDD858CE" blockId="64.[199,1384,150,823]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Wings....
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA730A17FEA3FEC0FE0B5B82" box="[352,410,367,391]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Costa</collectingRegion>
|
||
mainly black, with three or four yellowish spots; first very small (sometimes scarcely distinguishable), placed just before base of cubital fork [sector pale and accessory sector pale spots joined on costa (C), subcosta (Sc) and vein R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FE35FE69FE6C5BD1" attach="left" box="[502,509,454,468]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">1</subScript>
|
||
]; second larger and always distinct, above stem of radial fork [subcostal pale spot on C, Sc and R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FE82FE45FED95BFD" attach="left" box="[321,328,490,504]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">1</subScript>
|
||
]; third small (often absent), above middle of radial fork [preapical pale spot on C and R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FB0BFE45FB5E5BFD" attach="left" box="[1224,1231,490,504]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">1</subScript>
|
||
]; fourth small, close to tip [apical pale spot at ends of veins R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FD55FDA1FD0C5819" attach="left" box="[662,669,526,540]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">1</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FD1DFDA1FD745819" attach="left" box="[734,741,526,540]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">2</subScript>
|
||
]. First vein [R] pale at base, and with three pale yellowish spots corresponding with those on costa, otherwise black. Radial fork [veins R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FC60FD9DFC3B5845" attach="left" box="[931,938,562,576]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">2</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FC28FD9DFC635845" attach="left" box="[1003,1010,562,576]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">3</subScript>
|
||
] mainly black. Third vein [R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FADBFD9CFABE5844" attach="left" box="[1304,1327,563,577]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">4+5</subScript>
|
||
] pale except narrowly at base and tip. No dark area on fifth vein [CuA] at base of fork [mcu]. Sixth vein [1A] with three dark areas, basal one short (sometimes absent). Small fringe-spots present opposite tips of all veins except sixth [pale fringe spot also illustrated at the middle of cell 1A]. Base of radial fork [R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA730A17FC04FD30FC5C58A8" attach="left" box="[967,973,671,685]" fontSize="6" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">s</subScript>
|
||
?] much proximal to that of the median. Knob [capitellum] of halteres black....
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34FD77FC865932" blockId="64.[199,1384,150,823]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">♂. …club [fused setae on dorsal lobe of the claspette] long and rather narrow; claspette with long apical hair [seta], but apparently without accessory hair; innermost of the four spines [parabasal setae] of the coxite [gonocoxite] stout on basal half, very slender and curved on apical half.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF04FCCAFD1E59A6" blockId="64.[151,1437,869,1327]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
A great deal of variability is reported for “typical”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA730A17FC88FCCAFC29597A" box="[843,952,869,895]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FC88FCCAFC29597A" box="[843,952,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from throughout its considerable range (approximately
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA730A17FE8AFC26FE2659A6" box="[329,439,905,931]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="4.8">4,800 km</quantity>
|
||
). Examples follow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF04FC02FC7A59EE" blockId="64.[151,1437,869,1327]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA730A17FF04FC02FECD59C2" author="Evans, A. M." box="[199,348,941,967]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref155212" refString="Evans, A. M. (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. - Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, x, 404 pp." type="book" year="1938">Evans (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
separated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA730A17FE10FC02FDD159C2" box="[467,576,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FE10FC02FDD159C2" box="[467,576,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into “typical” and “atypical” forms and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA730A17FBC3FC02FAA659C2" author="Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B." box="[1024,1335,941,967]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 343" refId="ref156929" refString="Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343." type="journal article" year="1968">Gillies & de Meillon (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
resolved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA730A17FF54FC7EFE9559EE" box="[151,260,977,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FF54FC7EFE9559EE" box="[151,260,977,1003]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in two places in their keys to adult females (Sections VIII and X).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF04FC5AFD765E9A" blockId="64.[151,1437,869,1327]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Apparently, there is bionomical variability of possible consequence. Horsfall (1955) noted: “
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA730A17FB7CFC5AFA165E0A" author="de Meillon, B." box="[1215,1415,1013,1039]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 272" refId="ref151100" refString="de Meillon, B. (1947) The Anophelini of the Ethiopian geographical region. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 10 (49), 1 - 272." type="journal article" year="1947">De Meillon (1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a) [1947 herein] noted that variations in reported sites appear in the literature. The form in southern Africa does not inhabit houses, and, similarly, D. B. Wilson (1938) [not seen by us] regards the form in Tanganyika [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA730A17FACFFB92FAE65E52" box="[1292,1399,1085,1111]" name="Tanzania" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
] as no inhabitant of houses. Symes (1931) [not seen by us], on the other hand, found large numbers of adults in huts in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA730A17FF54FB2AFF715E9A" box="[151,224,1157,1183]" name="Kenya" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
where goats as well as humans were housed.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF04FB06FE245F2A" blockId="64.[151,1437,869,1327]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BA730A17FF04FB06FE235F2A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363303" country="Ethiopia" location="Dessie" municipality="Africa" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Adis Abeba">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA730A17FF04FB06FE1B5EC6" author="Corradetti, A." box="[199,394,1193,1219]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="141 - 146" refId="ref149475" refString="Corradetti, A. (1940) Note sull' Anopheles garnhami d'Abissinia. Rivista di Parassitologia, 4 (3), 141 - 146." type="journal article" year="1940">Corradetti (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described variation of the nominotypical subspecies throughout its range in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E69ACA1BA730A17FB1CFB06FAB65EC6" box="[1247,1319,1193,1219]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Africa</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
to include specimens from
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BA730A17FE8CFB62FE0D5EE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA0C0A15FF54FBCDFE3F58F4:9B6D6000BA730A17FE8CFB62FE0D5EE2" box="[335,412,1229,1255]" country="Ethiopia" municipality="Africa" name="Dessie" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Adis Abeba">Dessiè</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA730A17FE64FB62FD985EE2" box="[423,521,1229,1255]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA730A17FCE3FB62FCE55EE2" box="[800,884,1229,1255]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="400.0">400 km</quantity>
|
||
north of the capital
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA730A17FB91FB62FB725EE2" box="[1106,1251,1229,1255]" country="Ethiopia" name="Adis Abeba" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Addis Ababa</collectingRegion>
|
||
and about
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA730A17FA9EFB62FF2A5F0E" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="1.3">1,300 km</quantity>
|
||
north of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA730A17FE8EFB5EFEEC5F0E" box="[333,381,1265,1291]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA730A17FE3CFB5EFDFD5F0E" box="[511,620,1265,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FE3CFB5EFDFD5F0E" box="[511,620,1265,1291]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He explained the variation as follows (translated from the Italian, some intervening text omitted)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34FAF0FC7D5FBA" blockId="64.[199,1384,1375,2011]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
During my research on malaria in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA730A17FD97FAF0FD255F72" box="[596,692,1375,1399]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Abissinia</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA730A17FD03FAF0FC8A5F72" box="[704,795,1375,1399]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
] I had occasion to observe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA730A17FBF2FAF0FB2C5F72" box="[1073,1213,1375,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FBF2FAF0FBDC5F73" box="[1073,1101,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FB99FAF0FB2C5F72" box="[1114,1213,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Dessiè and in some surrounding areas around this city. The study of the Ethiopian material caused me to observe that the variability of some characters is considerably wider than it had previously been described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34FA64FC5A5FE7" blockId="64.[199,1384,1375,2011]" box="[247,971,1483,1507]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
[Heading] Morphological variability of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA730A17FD48FA64FC9B5FE6" box="[651,778,1483,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FD48FA64FC9B5FE6" box="[651,778,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">A. garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Dessiè area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34FA40FD7E5C4B" blockId="64.[199,1384,1375,2011]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FF34FA40FEBF5C02" box="[247,302,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Adult</emphasis>
|
||
. ...In the wings the sector pale spot is complete or incomplete (limited to the subcosta and the 1st longitudinal vein [Sc, vein R] and totally absent on the costa). The subapical dark spot may be complete, incomplete or absent [reflects presence and/or size of preapical pale spot]....
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34F9F4FAF35CBE" blockId="64.[199,1384,1375,2011]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FF34F9F4FEBD5C77" box="[247,300,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. Considerable variability is observed in the bristles B [seta 5] of segments V–VII, they may appear simple [single], with a small lateral branch, or divided into various branches. Consistency may not be observed in this respect in the various segments of the same nymph [pupa] and sometimes not even in the two halves of the same segment....
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34F968FB565CDB" blockId="64.[199,1384,1375,2011]" box="[247,1223,1735,1759]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
[Heading] Considerations on the systematic value of the morphological variants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA730A17FB80F968FB535CDA" box="[1091,1218,1735,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FB80F968FBC35CDB" box="[1091,1106,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA730A17FB9CF968FB535CDA" box="[1119,1218,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34F944FD915D4E" blockId="64.[199,1384,1375,2011]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">From the study of the literature hitherto known on this anopheline it is evident that the limits of variability of the characters presented by the species appear markedly different in different parts of Africa. Knowledge in this regard can be summarized as follows:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A17FF34F8F8FB535DB2" blockId="64.[199,1384,1375,2011]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
1) Kenyan material (typical). Wing length mm. 5–5.5 (5.5–
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA730A17FC92F8F9FCE95D6A" box="[849,888,1878,1903]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA730A17FCBDF8F8FB905D6A" box="[894,1025,1879,1903]" country="Kenya" name="Uasin Gishu" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Uasin Gishu</collectingRegion>
|
||
). Female palpi with 3 spots. Strong variability in the wing spots, and absence of basal spots on the costa. Bristle B [seta 5] of the pupa on segments VI–VII with 3–7 branches. Absence of small accessory tergal plates on the abdominal segments of the larva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA730A16FF34F86CFC155AD6" blockId="64.[199,1384,1375,2011]" lastBlockId="65.[199,1384,150,571]" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
2). Material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA730A17FE6CF86CFE6F5DDE" box="[431,510,1987,2011]" name="Uganda" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Mt. Elgon). Female palpi with 4 spots. Strong variability in wing spots and absence of basal spots on the costa. Bristle B [seta 5] of the pupa on segments V–VII sometimes simple [single]. Absence of small accessory tergal plates on the abdominal segments of the larva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA720A16FF34FF70FAB25B3A" blockId="65.[199,1384,150,571]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
3)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FED7FF70FE375AF2" authorityName="Evans & de Meillon" authorityYear="1933" box="[276,422,223,247]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="garnhami" variety="walshi">
|
||
Variety
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FEA7FF70FE375AF2" box="[356,422,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA720A16FE76FF70FDAF5AF2" box="[437,574,223,247]" name="South Africa" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Wing length about
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA720A16FCD6FF70FCC55AF3" box="[789,852,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Female palpi with 4 spots. Very little variability in the wing spots: little tendency for sector [pale] and subapical [pale] spots to disappear; presence of basal spots on the costa. Marked tendency for the development of small accessory tergal plates on segments VI–VII of the larva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA720A16FF34FEE4FAC25BCA" blockId="65.[199,1384,150,571]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">4) Dessiè material. Wing length: males mm. 3.4‒4.1; female mm. 3.7–4.5. Female palpi with 3 spots. Strong variability in the wing spots and absence of basal [pale] spots on the costal vein. Strong variability in the characters of the bristle B [seta 5] of the pupa. Presence of small plates on the metathorax of the larva. Strong variability regarding the presence or absence of accessory tergal plates on abdominal segments of the larva from [segment] IV onwards.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA720A16FF34FE74FE14583E" blockId="65.[199,1384,150,571]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
From these observations [there is] the need to extend the research on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FC77FE74FBA25BF6" box="[948,1075,475,499]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FC77FE74FBA25BF6" box="[948,1075,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A. garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the various African regions in order to determine the limits of variability of the species in the various zones from the study of sufficient material from each locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA720A16FF04FDC6FA995C4A" blockId="65.[151,1437,617,2011]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FE8AFDC6FE5B5886" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[329,458,617,643]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FE8AFDC6FE5B5886" box="[329,458,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FD51FDC6FCBE5881" author="Leleup, N." box="[658,815,617,644]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="69" refId="ref165240" refString="Leleup, N. (1957) Anopheles garnhami sbsp. basilewskyi, sous-espece nouvelle de tres haute altitude (2.900 M.). Folia Scientifica Africae Centralis, 3 (3), 69." type="journal article" year="1957">Leleup (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from a subalpine prairie characterized by the monotypic plant genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FEE0FD21FE1258A2" box="[291,387,654,679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Hagenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FEE0FD21FE1258A2" box="[291,387,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Hagenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FE55FD21FD4958A2" authority="(Bruce)" baseAuthorityName="Bruce" box="[406,728,653,679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Hagenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="abyssinica">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FE55FD21FDE758A2" box="[406,630,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Hagenia abyssinica</emphasis>
|
||
(Bruce)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is found at high elevations in Afromontane regions in East Africa]. The collection site was a marsh at
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA720A16FD6EFD1EFC9958CE" box="[685,776,689,715]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="2.9">2,900 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation on a vegetated volcanic mountain (Mount
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA720A16FA95FD1EFA0558CE" box="[1366,1428,689,715]" country="Kenya" name="Meru" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Meru</collectingRegion>
|
||
) isolated by a large arid area.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FE2DFD7AFD0058EA" author="Leleup, N." box="[494,657,725,751]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="402 - 404" refId="ref165277" refString="Leleup, N. (1960) Diptera Culicidae: gen. Anopheles. Mission zoologique de l'I. R. S. A. C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). Annales du Musee royal du Congo Belge, Tervueren, Belgique Serie in 8 ° - Sciences Zoologiques, 81, 402 - 404." type="journal article" year="1960">Leleup (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-published the brief 1957 description and provided further detail and illustrations of a wing, dorsal lobe of the claspette and aedeagal leaflets. The type series consists of a female
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA720A16FF54FCB2FF6D5932" box="[151,252,797,823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, a male
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA720A16FE9BFCB2FE235932" box="[344,434,797,823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA720A16FE2AFCB2FDED5932" box="[489,636,797,823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="female">seven female</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA720A16FD70FCB2FCB95932" box="[691,808,797,823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="male">three male</specimenCount>
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA720A16FCECFCB2FC0F5932" box="[815,926,797,823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
. The author was unable to preserve immature stages for study. Leleup reported several unambiguous diagnostic characters that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FB71FCEEFAA2595E" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[1202,1331,833,859]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FB71FCEEFAA2595E" box="[1202,1331,833,859]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the nominotypical form: Wings lack pale fringe spots, except for the pale scales of the apical pale spot, and pale spots at the bifurcation of R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA720A16FEB0FC34FEEA59AC" attach="left" box="[371,379,923,937]" fontSize="6" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">2</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA720A16FE07FC34FE5D59AC" attach="left" box="[452,460,923,937]" fontSize="6" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">3</subScript>
|
||
and at the base of M
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA720A16FD74FC34FD4059AC" attach="left" box="[695,721,923,937]" fontSize="6" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">3+4</subScript>
|
||
(crossvein mcu) (pale spots present in the nominotypical form); the dorsal lobe of the claspette with a distinctly broadened club with a shorter accessory seta (longer narrow club with a longer accessory seta in nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FD5CFC7EFC9D59EE" box="[671,780,977,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FD5CFC7EFC9D59EE" box="[671,780,977,1003]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); aedeagal leaflets about equal in number but thinner with less serration in
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FE91FC5AFE4B5E0A" box="[338,474,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FE91FC5AFE465E0A" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[338,471,1013,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">basilewskyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FE21FC5AFD125E0A" author="Leleup, N." box="[482,643,1013,1039]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="402 - 404" refId="ref165277" refString="Leleup, N. (1960) Diptera Culicidae: gen. Anopheles. Mission zoologique de l'I. R. S. A. C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). Annales du Musee royal du Congo Belge, Tervueren, Belgique Serie in 8 ° - Sciences Zoologiques, 81, 402 - 404." type="journal article" year="1960">Leleup (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
summarized the purported differences by stating: “All zoologists will agree in admitting that when all the individuals of an isolated colony offer common characteristics differentiating them from the typical form, it is indeed a subspecies and not of a simple variety [translated from the French].”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FA9FFB92FEB25E79" author="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H." pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
|
||
Stone
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FF54FBCDFF405E7E" box="[151,209,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1959)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FE9FFBCEFE705E7E" author="Lips, M." box="[348,481,1121,1147]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="289 - 306" refId="ref166070" refString="Lips, M. (1960) Anopheles du Congo. 3. Faune des grottes et des anfractuosites. References - recoltes - repartition et importance medicale actuelle. Rivista di Parassitologia, 21 (4), 289 - 306." type="journal article" year="1960">Lips (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FDB1FBCEFD625E7E" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[626,755,1121,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FDB1FBCEFD625E7E" box="[626,755,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FC1FFBCEFA8A5E7E" author="Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B." box="[988,1307,1121,1147]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 343" refId="ref156929" refString="Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343." type="journal article" year="1968">Gillies & de Meillon (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered variation throughout the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FDC9FB2AFDE65E9A" box="[522,631,1157,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FDC9FB2AFDE65E9A" box="[522,631,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and concluded that “…it appears impossible to define
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FB11FB2AFAC25E9A" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[1234,1363,1157,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FB11FB2AFAC25E9A" box="[1234,1363,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in any satisfactory way, and it must be regarded simply as a variant at below the subspecific level.” Given the inconclusive and poorly documented variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FDF1FB62FD0E5EE2" box="[562,671,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FDF1FB62FD0E5EE2" box="[562,671,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
over such a large range, we think Gilles & de Meillon’s decision to synonymize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FEE5FB5EFE365F0E" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[294,423,1265,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FEE5FB5EFE365F0E" box="[294,423,1265,1291]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FE2BFB5EFDC45F0E" box="[488,597,1265,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FE2BFB5EFDC45F0E" box="[488,597,1265,1291]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was incorrect. Overlapping characters are not a valid criterion to combine different forms. This opinion was shared by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FD41FABAFCFC5F2A" author="Brunhes, J. & Le Goff, G. & Manga, L. & Geoffroy, B." box="[642,877,1301,1327]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="397 - 405" refId="ref147225" refString="Brunhes, J., Le Goff, G., Manga, L. & Geoffroy, B. (1998) Anopheles afrotropicaux. - IV. Mises au point sur le complexe Anopheles moucheti, rehabilitation d' An. garnhami basilewskyi (Diptera: Culicidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 34 (4), 397 - 405." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Brunhes
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FD26FAB9FC845F2A" box="[741,789,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1998)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who resurrected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FBEFFABAFB3C5F2A" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[1068,1197,1301,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FBEFFABAFB3C5F2A" box="[1068,1197,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FF54FA96FE955F56" box="[151,260,1337,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FF54FA96FE955F56" box="[151,260,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stating that “The geographical isolation of this population, the absence of apparent sympatry, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FAB5FA96FE955F72" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FAB5FA96FE955F72" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">An. garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the concern not to attribute to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FD4EFAF2FCB75F72" box="[653,806,1373,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FD4EFAF2FCB75F72" box="[653,806,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">An. garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
too large a set of characters [great variability], lead us to consider
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FF3FFA2EFE555F9E" box="[252,452,1409,1435]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
An. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FE80FA2EFE555F9E" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[323,452,1409,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">basilewskyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as a valid taxon. It has been very frequently argued that mountain species are genetically isolated from each other, as are island populations. The gene flow these populations receive is probably much reduced, which causes faster speciation. The many morphological variations observed in the orophilic [thriving in mountainous or subalpine regions]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FD86FA42FD2B5C02" baseAuthorityName="Harrison" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[581,698,1517,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FD86FA42FD2B5C02" box="[581,698,1517,1543]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would, in this hypothesis, be the consequence of a
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FAC6FA43FD985C2E" bold="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">speciation in progress or already carried out</emphasis>
|
||
[emphasis ours]. As
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FD30F9BEFC275C2E" author="Corradetti, A." box="[755,950,1553,1579]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="141 - 146" refId="ref149475" refString="Corradetti, A. (1940) Note sull' Anopheles garnhami d'Abissinia. Rivista di Parassitologia, 4 (3), 141 - 146." type="journal article" year="1940">Corradetti (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested, all available information should be re-examined on orophilic species and in particular for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FCDAF99AFC225C4A" box="[793,947,1589,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FCDAF99AFC225C4A" box="[793,947,1589,1615]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">An. garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[translated from the French].”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA720A16FF04F9F6FC3D5CDA" blockId="65.[151,1437,617,2011]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
We also consider the distinct differences found for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FCC5F9F6FC165C76" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[774,903,1625,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FCC5F9F6FC165C76" box="[774,903,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with its apparent isolation on a volcanic mountain surrounded by a large arid area, to provide more than sufficient evidence of an independently evolving species and therefore accord
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FE22F90EFDF35CBE" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[481,610,1697,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FE22F90EFDF35CBE" box="[481,610,1697,1723]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FCD0F90FFA895CBE" authority="Leleup, 1957" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[787,1304,1696,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi" subGenus="Cellia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FCD0F90FFA895CBE" bold="true" box="[787,1304,1696,1723]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FCD0F90FFC1D5CBE" bold="true" box="[787,908,1696,1723]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FC5DF90FFC735CBE" bold="true" box="[926,994,1696,1723]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Cellia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FC37F90FFBE65CBE" bold="true" box="[1012,1143,1696,1723]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FBBCF90EFA895CBE" author="Leleup, N." box="[1151,1304,1697,1723]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="69" refId="ref165240" refString="Leleup, N. (1957) Anopheles garnhami sbsp. basilewskyi, sous-espece nouvelle de tres haute altitude (2.900 M.). Folia Scientifica Africae Centralis, 3 (3), 69." type="journal article" year="1957">Leleup, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FAEBF90EFE895CDA" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FAEBF90EFE895CDA" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Anopheles basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA720A16FF04F946FCB05D6A" blockId="65.[151,1437,617,2011]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FF04F946FE215D06" box="[199,432,1769,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FF04F946FE215D06" box="[199,432,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Anopheles garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has one synonym,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FD4BF946FB445D06" authority="Evans & de Meillon, 1933" authorityName="Evans & de Meillon" authorityYear="1933" box="[648,1237,1769,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="garnhami" variety="walshi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FD4BF946FCB35D06" box="[648,802,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">An. garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FC9AF946FC335D06" box="[857,930,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FC6AF946FB445D06" author="Evans, A. M. & de Meillon, B." box="[937,1237,1769,1795]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="271 - 282" refId="ref155250" refString="Evans, A. M. & de Meillon, B. (1933) Notes on Anopheles demeilloni (transvaalensis) and Anopheles garnhami in South Africa, with descriptions of new varieties of these species. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 27 (2), 271 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1933.11684759" type="journal article" year="1933">Evans & de Meillon, 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From its original description, it is “Only known up to the present from Drakensberg,
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA720A16FC4BF8A2FBDA5D22" box="[904,1099,1805,1831]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" metricValueMax="1.2192" metricValueMin="0.9144" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="ft" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3,000 to 4,000 ft.</quantity>
|
||
, near Tzaneen, Transvaal, and Tzaneen itself,
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA720A16FE81F89EFE335D4E" box="[322,418,1841,1867]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.254239999999999" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="ft" value="2.38">2,380 ft.</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA720A16FE6EF89EFD9D5D4E" box="[429,524,1841,1868]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mi" value="15.0">15 miles</quantity>
|
||
from the mountains, where a few specimens have been collected. Cotype ♂♂ and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FF54F8F9FF505D77" bold="true" box="[151,193,1878,1906]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA720A16FF54F8F9FF505D77" box="[151,193,1878,1906]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from Magoeba’s Kloof, Tzaneen, North Transvaal...”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA720A15FF04F8D6FEEE5BF0" blockId="65.[151,1437,617,2011]" lastBlockId="66.[151,1437,151,753]" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FF04F8D6FD915D96" author="Evans, A. M. & de Meillon, B." box="[199,512,1913,1939]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="271 - 282" refId="ref155250" refString="Evans, A. M. & de Meillon, B. (1933) Notes on Anopheles demeilloni (transvaalensis) and Anopheles garnhami in South Africa, with descriptions of new varieties of these species. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 27 (2), 271 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1933.11684759" type="journal article" year="1933">Evans & de Meillon (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and contrasted
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FCE4F8D6FCE15D96" box="[807,880,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
to the “
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA720A16FC08F8D6FC6C5D96" box="[971,1021,1913,1939]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FBB3F8D6FB4C5D96" box="[1136,1245,1913,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FBB3F8D6FB4C5D96" box="[1136,1245,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, some illustrated wing spot characters of their “
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA720A16FDA2F832FD025DB2" box="[609,659,1949,1975]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form” do not entirely agree with the original description of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA720A16FAF9F832FF745DDE" author="Edwards, F. W." pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="287 - 306" refId="ref154088" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1930) Mosquito notes. - IX. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 21 (3), 287 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300021805" type="journal article" year="1930">Edwards (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Present on the South African “
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA720A16FD8BF86EFDEB5DDE" box="[584,634,1985,2011]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form”, not found on nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA720A16FBD5F86EFB125DDE" box="[1046,1155,1985,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA720A16FBD5F86EFB125DDE" box="[1046,1155,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are a discrete accessory sector pale spot (only on vein R); base of M
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA710A15FD5EFF06FD265AB2" attach="left" box="[669,695,169,183]" fontSize="6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">3+4</subScript>
|
||
(crossvein mcu) dark, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FBC7FF38FB145AB4" authorityName="Leleup" authorityYear="1957" box="[1028,1157,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilewskyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FBC7FF38FB145AB4" box="[1028,1157,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">basilewskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; pale fringe spot on the border of cell 1A not depicted.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FE3CFF14FD335AD0" authorityName="Evans & de Meillon" authorityYear="1933" box="[511,674,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="garnhami" variety="walshi">
|
||
Variety
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FD9AFF14FD335AD0" box="[601,674,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as differing from the South African “
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA710A15FB3AFF14FABA5AD0" box="[1273,1323,187,213]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form” by having prehumeral and humeral pale spots and a discrete accessory sector pale spot on vein R. Subsequently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FA41FF70FED25B18" author="de Meillon, B." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 272" refId="ref151100" refString="de Meillon, B. (1947) The Anophelini of the Ethiopian geographical region. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 10 (49), 1 - 272." type="journal article" year="1947">de Meillon (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, while still retaining the validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FD10FEACFCE55B18" authorityName="Evans & de Meillon" authorityYear="1933" box="[723,884,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="garnhami" variety="walshi">
|
||
variety
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FCEBFEACFCE55B18" box="[808,884,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FCB0FEACFCE65B18" box="[883,887,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">,</emphasis>
|
||
stated: “Resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FB98FEACFB595B18" box="[1115,1224,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FB98FEACFB595B18" box="[1115,1224,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
very closely and it is doubtful if it deserves even varietal rank. Re-examination of a series of cotypes leads me to believe that it cannot be separated from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA710A15FE59FEE4FE5B5B60" box="[410,458,331,357]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form with certainty.” He, however, then listed distinguishing characters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FADBFEE4FF735B8C" author="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
|
||
Stone
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FAA1FEE4FA045B60" box="[1378,1429,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1959)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FEEEFEC0FEE75B8C" box="[301,374,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FDFDFEC0FD3A5B8C" box="[574,683,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FDFDFEC0FD3A5B8C" box="[574,683,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FD1EFEC0FCF05B8C" author="Lips, M." box="[733,865,367,393]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="289 - 306" refId="ref166070" refString="Lips, M. (1960) Anopheles du Congo. 3. Faune des grottes et des anfractuosites. References - recoltes - repartition et importance medicale actuelle. Rivista di Parassitologia, 21 (4), 289 - 306." type="journal article" year="1960">Lips (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated it as a variety.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FBA3FEC0FA0D5B8C" author="Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B." box="[1120,1436,367,393]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 343" refId="ref156929" refString="Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343." type="journal article" year="1968">Gillies & de Meillon (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated: “As pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA710A15FE05FE3CFD0A5BA8" author="de Meillon, B." box="[454,667,403,429]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 272" refId="ref151100" refString="de Meillon, B. (1947) The Anophelini of the Ethiopian geographical region. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 10 (49), 1 - 272." type="journal article" year="1947">De Meillon (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FD64FE3CFC075BA8" authorityName="Evans & de Meillon" authorityYear="1933" box="[679,918,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="garnhami" variety="walshi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FD64FE3CFC855BA8" box="[679,788,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FC8EFE3CFC075BA8" box="[845,918,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grades into typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FBB6FE3CFB735BA8" box="[1141,1250,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FBB6FE3CFB735BA8" box="[1141,1250,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all characters and cannot be separated with any certainty. It is accordingly regarded here as falling within the limits of variation of the normal form.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA710A15FF04FE50FE3F58F4" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
We think the status of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FE07FE50FD9C581C" box="[452,525,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
and the “
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA710A15FDBAFE50FD3A581C" box="[633,683,511,537]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form” in southern Africa merit further examination since
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FAFAFE50FA13581C" box="[1337,1410,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
is inadequately compared to “normal”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FDEFFD8CFD085838" box="[556,665,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FDEFFD8CFD085838" box="[556,665,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has not been characterized throughout its range. Synonymous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FF54FDE8FEA55864" authorityName="Evans & de Meillon" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,308,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="garnhami" variety="walshi">
|
||
variety
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FF28FDE8FEA55864" box="[235,308,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FDD3FDE8FDEC5864" box="[528,637,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FDD3FDE8FDEC5864" box="[528,637,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have both been reported from the Drakensburg Mountains in Transvaal,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FF54FDC4FEB65880" box="[151,295,619,645]" name="South Africa" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. We note that the high elevation habitat typical of nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FC2DFDC4FBCA5880" box="[1006,1115,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FC2DFDC4FBCA5880" box="[1006,1115,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is disjunctive with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FAECFDC4FA0D5880" box="[1327,1436,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FAECFDC4FA0D5880" box="[1327,1436,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the purported synonymous
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FE3AFD20FDD358AC" box="[505,578,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">walshi</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FD4BFD20FC8658AC" box="[648,791,655,681]" name="South Africa" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
found in a mountain range a very great distance from the Kenyan highlands. This suggests to us the probability that a species complex related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA710A15FB4EFD1CFB6B58C8" box="[1165,1274,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garnhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA710A15FB4EFD1CFB6B58C8" box="[1165,1274,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">garnhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exists in East Africa south of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA710A15FE8BFD78FE3A58F4" box="[328,427,727,753]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |