289 lines
30 KiB
XML
289 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="3B18241F86752C7361AB5A65EA9F4D8E" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBA080A6BFF54F9D1FC7A5E36" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald 1901, sensu lato" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="B50BCD94CC968D59F72EF4B1D9F92411" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7C758836EB0014256B232ED6D589EE4C">
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<mods:title id="9C99609D189FF016527175BE7C1FED0D">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6ED8165EEC9C6C336F9CFF004A3275DA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="422FA09FD116FC97FD336B4E04B5BA26">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="208C863497D69D9753EAC5DCFD652502" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1384-6972</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FC3E2676704ABEF21B8C5620D785D255" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="BF93587B7EEA79AEDD9A9B5A7085AE13" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="47EE6B7436232A6E54AA177F7E80FED8">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BDA6FA33FD6AFE74F4181C4E89EEF6D4" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6366-1357</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="22264557A6325CE471F3644921B936A2" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3FF24552F10361927DC713DEBE2AC84D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="18C10E3C196E8C5D06D6E3362808837D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E67250D29ECC09D5260BA57E615C5935">
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<mods:date id="168CD4524E9E89FF6FD0AF0704108B0E">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="91E07DB71892F9D964118A534C7EA23E">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="010656901379906D32DB01C783D0AD19" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="254B7AEB942FBC621DB44514E43ADDD7">5303</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="3542A2844E3C2EB766216F47DB05B287">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="B7CD107847ACE5A9B5FD61788160F641">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6EDEE82B6E4952898F585597EB25E9A3" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA080A6BFF54F9D1FC7A5E36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064200" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700406" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064200" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA080A6BFF54F9D1FC7A5E36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA080A6BFF54F9D1FC7A5E36" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA080A6CFF54F9D1FC4B5C9D" box="[151,986,1662,1689]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA080A6CFF54F9D1FC4B5C9D" blockId="59.[151,986,1662,1689]" box="[151,986,1662,1689]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA080A6CFF54F9D1FC4B5C9D" bold="true" box="[151,986,1662,1689]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA080A6CFF54F9D1FC4B5C9D" bold="true" box="[151,986,1662,1689]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA080A6CFF54F9D1FD015C9C" bold="true" box="[151,656,1662,1689]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA080A6CFF54F9D1FD9E5C9C" authority="Theobald, 1901 c" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,527,1662,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="pseudopunctipennis">Anopheles pseudopunctipennis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA080A6CFDD5F9D0FD015C9C" box="[534,656,1662,1689]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA080A6CFD74F9D0FCB35C9C" box="[695,802,1663,1689]" name="Ecuador" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA080A6CFCA3F9D1FC4B5C9D" box="[864,986,1662,1688]" name="Colombia" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA080A6BFF54F968FC7A5E36" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA080A6CFF54F968FBF75D90" blockId="59.[151,1436,1735,1941]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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Two varieties of
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA080A6CFE96F968FDF15CE4" box="[341,608,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudopunctipennis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA080A6CFE96F968FEE55CE4" box="[341,372,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">An</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA080A6CFE41F968FDF15CE4" box="[386,608,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">pseudopunctipennis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were described from
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA080A6CFC94F968FC255CE4" box="[855,948,1735,1761]" name="Ecuador" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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by Leví Castillo, both currently subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA080A6CFF7FF944FE0B5D00" box="[188,410,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudopunctipennis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA080A6CFF7FF944FE0B5D00" box="[188,410,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">pseudopunctipennis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA080A6CFE6DF944FB005D00" authority="Levi Castillo, 1944" authorityName="Levi Castillo" authorityYear="1944" box="[430,1169,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pseudopunctipennis" subSpecies="levicastilloi">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA080A6CFE6DF944FC0F5D00" box="[430,926,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Anopheles pseudopunctipennis levicastilloi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA080A6CFC68F944FB005D00" author="Levi Castillo, R." box="[939,1169,1771,1797]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref165411" refString="Levi Castillo, R. (1944) El complejo " Pseudopunctipennis " en el Ecuador (Diptera - Culicidae). Imprenta de la Universidad, Guayaquil, 7 pp." type="book" year="1944">Levi Castillo, 1944</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<typeStatus id="41098879BA080A6CFB61F944FB435D00" box="[1186,1234,1771,1797]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFA8BF944FF6C5D2C" country="Ecuador" name="Guayas" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Guayas Province</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA080A6CFEF9F8A0FC2F5D2C" authority="Levi Castillo, 1945" authorityName="Levi Castillo" authorityYear="1945" box="[314,958,1806,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pseudopunctipennis" subSpecies="rivadeneirai">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA080A6CFEF9F8A0FEC85D2C" box="[314,345,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">An</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA080A6CFEABF8A0FD485D2C" box="[360,729,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">pseudopunctipennis rivadeneirai</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA080A6CFD22F8A0FC2F5D2C" author="Levi Castillo, R." box="[737,958,1806,1833]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref165443" refString="Levi Castillo, R. (1945) Los anofelinos de la Republica del Ecuador. Tomo Primero. Artes Graficas Senefelder, Guayaquil, Ecuador, vi + 72 pp." type="book" year="1945">Leví Castillo, 1945</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<typeStatus id="41098879BA080A6CFC09F8A0FC6B5D2C" box="[970,1018,1807,1833]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
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locality: Cited as having been found in the provinces of
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFEB0F89CFE505D48" box="[371,449,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Carchi" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Carchi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFE0EF89CFDAA5D48" box="[461,571,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Imbabura" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Imbabura</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFD84F89CFD295D48" box="[583,696,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Pichincha" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Pichincha</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFD06F89CFCBE5D48" box="[709,815,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Cotopaxi" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Cotopaxi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFCF9F89CFC525D48" box="[826,963,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Tungurahua" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Tungurahua</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFC0CF89CFBCD5D48" box="[975,1116,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Chimborazo" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Chimborazo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFBABF89CFB3C5D48" box="[1128,1197,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Canar" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Cañar</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFB7BF89CFA905D48" box="[1208,1281,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Azuay" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Azuay</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA080A6CFAFAF89CFAE15D48" box="[1337,1392,1843,1869]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Loja</collectingRegion>
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. An adequately detailed map of collection records for the two varieties is in
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA080A6CFC68F8F8FB015D74" author="Levi Castillo, R." box="[939,1168,1878,1905]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref165443" refString="Levi Castillo, R. (1945) Los anofelinos de la Republica del Ecuador. Tomo Primero. Artes Graficas Senefelder, Guayaquil, Ecuador, vi + 72 pp." type="book" year="1945">Leví Castillo (1945)</bibRefCitation>
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. The following is a brief summary [paraphrased translation of selected text from Spanish] from that publication.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0F0A6BFF04FF38FC385BF6" blockId="60.[199,1384,151,499]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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In
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0F0A6BFF26FF38FEAA5AAA" box="[229,315,151,175]" name="Ecuador" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, there are two varieties in
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFD92FF38FCD55AAA" box="[593,836,151,175]" genus="The" pageId="60" pageNumber="59" rank="species" species="pseudopunctipennis">the Pseudopunctipennis</taxonomicName>
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Complex, completely different from each other; one coastal,
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFEDFFF14FD2D5AD6" box="[284,700,187,211]" genus="The" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="variety" species="pseudopunctipennis" variety="levicastilloi">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFEDFFF14FD9E5AD6" box="[284,527,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">An. pseudopunctipennis</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFD85FF14FD2D5AD6" box="[582,700,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">levicastilloi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and one montane,
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFC49FF14FAA35AD6" box="[906,1330,187,211]" genus="The" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="variety" species="pseudopunctipennis" variety="rivadeneirai">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFC49FF14FBEF5AD6" box="[906,1150,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">An. pseudopunctipennis</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB76FF14FAA35AD6" box="[1205,1330,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">rivadeneirai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The former is relatively small, wing length about
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<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0F0A6BFD69FF70FD7A5AF3" box="[682,747,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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, the latter is the largest anopheline in
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0F0A6BFB44FF70FB4C5AF2" box="[1159,1245,223,247]" name="Ecuador" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, wing length about
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<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0F0A6BFECBFEADFED95B1F" box="[264,328,258,282]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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. The eggs of the two varieties are the best way to recognize them. Coastal
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFB94FEACFB5C5B1E" authorityName="Levi Castillo" authorityYear="1944" box="[1111,1229,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levicastilloi">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB94FEACFB5C5B1E" box="[1111,1229,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">levicastilloi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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eggs are more characteristic [of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFE21FE88FDDD5B3A" baseAuthorityName="Harrison" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[482,588,295,319]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFE21FE88FDDD5B3A" box="[482,588,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anopheles</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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], boat-shaped with floats that give the appearance of a wasp nest [no collar is mentioned or apparent in the illustration]. The montane
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFD34FEE4FCE55B66" authorityName="Levi Castillo" authorityYear="1945" box="[759,884,331,355]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivadeneirai">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFD34FEE4FCE55B66" box="[759,884,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">rivadeneirai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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egg is boat-shaped with the appearance of a grain of wheat, dorsocentrally concave with rounded ends, but lacks floats. Instead of floats there are many vacuoles filled with an unknown substance. Female. Wing vein R
|
|
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0F0A6BFD0AFE0DFD7A5BAE" box="[713,747,403,432]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
|
<subScript id="0236349EBA0F0A6BFD0AFE0DFD415BB5" attach="left" box="[713,720,418,432]" fontSize="6" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">2</subScript>
|
|
in
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFD31FE3CFCF95BAE" authorityName="Levi Castillo" authorityYear="1944" box="[754,872,403,427]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levicastilloi">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFD31FE3CFCF95BAE" box="[754,872,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">levicastilloi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has a median pale spot, in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFB43FE3CFB6C5BAE" authorityName="Levi Castillo" authorityYear="1945" box="[1152,1277,403,427]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivadeneirai">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB43FE3CFB6C5BAE" box="[1152,1277,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">rivadeneirai</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
vein R
|
|
<subScript id="0236349EBA0F0A6BFA8BFE0DFADE5BB5" attach="left" box="[1352,1359,418,432]" fontSize="6" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">2</subScript>
|
|
is completely dark. Coastal
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFE0DFE18FDD55BCA" authorityName="Levi Castillo" authorityYear="1944" box="[462,580,439,463]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levicastilloi">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFE0DFE18FDD55BCA" box="[462,580,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">levicastilloi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is not involved in malaria transmission while the montane
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFB68FE18FAB95BCA" authorityName="Levi Castillo" authorityYear="1945" box="[1195,1320,439,463]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivadeneirai">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB68FE18FAB95BCA" box="[1195,1320,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">rivadeneirai</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the principal vector of malaria in the warm valleys of the Ecuadorian Andes.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0F0A6BFF04FD8EFAA558A2" blockId="60.[151,1437,545,1075]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
This distinction of lowland and highland Ecuadorian subspecies (as varieties) was also noted by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0F0A6BFB23FD8EFF72585A" author="Pinault, L. L. & Hunter, F. F." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="236" refId="ref173332" refString="Pinault, L. L. & Hunter, F. F. (2011) New highland distribution records of multiple Anopheles species in the Ecuadorian Andes. Malaria Journal, 10, 236. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1475 - 2875 - 10 - 236" type="journal article" year="2011">Pinault & Hunter (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, who collected
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFE48FDEAFD91585A" baseAuthorityName="Harrison" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[395,512,581,607]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFE48FDEAFD91585A" box="[395,512,581,607]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
extensively in both ecological/altitudinal areas. They found
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFB50FDEAFA0D585A" box="[1171,1436,581,607]" genus="The" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="pseudopunctipennis">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB50FDEAFB23585A" box="[1171,1202,581,607]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">An</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB7DFDEAFA0D585A" box="[1214,1436,581,607]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">pseudopunctipennis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFF54FDC5FE985886" box="[151,265,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA0F0A6BFF54FDC5FE985886" box="[151,265,617,643]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
in both lowland and montane areas but did not recognize or mention the two varieties of Leví Castillo. They described, however, finding
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFDD5FD22FD6558A2" box="[534,756,653,679]" genus="The" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="pseudopunctipennis">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFDD5FD22FD6558A2" box="[534,756,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">pseudopunctipennis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
at very different altitudes and in different climates.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0F0A6BFF04FD1EFE8A595E" blockId="60.[151,1437,545,1075]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
In a comprehensive study of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFDE0FD1EFD0958CE" baseAuthorityName="Harrison" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[547,664,689,715]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFDE0FD1EFD0958CE" box="[547,664,689,715]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in western
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0F0A6BFCEBFD1EFC0758CE" box="[808,918,689,715]" name="Colombia" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
|
using
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFC28FD1EFB8A58CE" box="[1003,1051,689,715]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">COI</emphasis>
|
|
barcode sequence, this lowlandhighland distribution of
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFE67FD7AFCB458EA" box="[420,805,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFE67FD7AFD3F58EA" box="[420,686,725,751]" genus="The" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="pseudopunctipennis">An. pseudopunctipennis</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA0F0A6BFD76FD79FCB458EA" box="[693,805,725,751]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
was also reported by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0F0A6BFBD7FD7AFA8358EA" author="Ahumada, M. L. & Orjuela, L. I. & Pareja, P. X. & Conde, M. & Cabarcas, D. M. & Cubillos, E. F. G. & Lopez, J. A. & Beier, J. C. & Herrera, S. & Quinones, M. L." box="[1044,1298,725,751]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="407" refId="ref142836" refString="Ahumada, M. L., Orjuela, L. I., Pareja, P. X., Conde, M., Cabarcas, D. M., Cubillos, E. F. G., Lopez, J. A., Beier, J. C., Herrera, S. & Quinones, M. L. (2016) Spatial distributions of Anopheles species in relation to malaria incidence at 70 localities in the highly endemic Northwest and South Pacific coast regions of Colombia. Malaria Journal, 15, 407. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 016 - 1421 - 4" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
|
Ahumada
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB44FD79FB2658EA" box="[1159,1207,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (2016)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. They found highly supported groups representing northwestern and southern Pacific coastal populations, but only referred to them as “s.l.” and did not compare their sequences with sequences from the
|
|
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0F0A6BFC20FCB2FB825932" box="[995,1043,797,823]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
|
locality of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFB52FCB2FA0D5932" box="[1169,1436,797,823]" genus="The" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="pseudopunctipennis">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB52FCB2FA0D5932" box="[1169,1436,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">An. pseudopunctipennis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0F0A6BFF77FCEEFE86595E" box="[180,279,833,859]" name="Grenada" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Granada</collectingCountry>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0F0A6BFF04FCCAFC7A5E36" blockId="60.[151,1437,545,1075]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
We believe that Leví Castillo clearly described two species that differ from
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFC3FFCCAFA07597A" box="[1020,1430,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFC3FFCCAFA94597A" box="[1020,1285,869,895]" genus="The" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="pseudopunctipennis">An. pseudopunctipennis</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA0F0A6BFAC8FCC9FA07597A" box="[1291,1430,870,895]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
, and each other, both geographically and morphologically. Furthermore, we think that
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0F0A6BFB99FC26FAFD59A6" author="Pinault, L. L. & Hunter, F. F." box="[1114,1388,905,931]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="236" refId="ref173332" refString="Pinault, L. L. & Hunter, F. F. (2011) New highland distribution records of multiple Anopheles species in the Ecuadorian Andes. Malaria Journal, 10, 236. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1475 - 2875 - 10 - 236" type="journal article" year="2011">Pinault & Hunter (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0F0A6BFF54FC02FE3059C2" author="Ahumada, M. L. & Orjuela, L. I. & Pareja, P. X. & Conde, M. & Cabarcas, D. M. & Cubillos, E. F. G. & Lopez, J. A. & Beier, J. C. & Herrera, S. & Quinones, M. L." box="[151,417,941,967]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="407" refId="ref142836" refString="Ahumada, M. L., Orjuela, L. I., Pareja, P. X., Conde, M., Cabarcas, D. M., Cubillos, E. F. G., Lopez, J. A., Beier, J. C., Herrera, S. & Quinones, M. L. (2016) Spatial distributions of Anopheles species in relation to malaria incidence at 70 localities in the highly endemic Northwest and South Pacific coast regions of Colombia. Malaria Journal, 15, 407. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 016 - 1421 - 4" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
|
Ahumada
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFECCFC01FED559C2" box="[271,324,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (2016)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
studied these same species in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0F0A6BFCCEFC02FCFB59C2" box="[781,874,941,967]" name="Ecuador" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
|
and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0F0A6BFC6AFC02FB8A59C2" box="[937,1051,941,967]" name="Colombia" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
|
. Accordingly, we elevate both to species status:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFE83FC7FFC5359EE" authority="Levi-Castillo, 1944" authorityName="Levi-Castillo" authorityYear="1944" box="[320,962,976,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levicastilloi" subGenus="Anopheles">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFE83FC7FFC5359EE" bold="true" box="[320,962,976,1003]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFE83FC7FFE2859EE" bold="true" box="[320,441,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFE08FC7FFDD559EE" bold="true" box="[459,580,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFD95FC7FFD4859EE" bold="true" box="[598,729,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">levicastilloi</emphasis>
|
|
Levi-Castillo, 1944
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFC39FC7FFEE65E0A" authority="Levi-Castillo, 1945" authorityName="Levi-Castillo" authorityYear="1945" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivadeneirai" subGenus="Anopheles">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFC39FC7FFEE65E0A" bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFC39FC7FFBE259EE" bold="true" box="[1018,1139,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB46FC7FFB6F59EE" bold="true" box="[1157,1278,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFAD3FC7FFA0D59EE" bold="true" box="[1296,1436,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">rivadeneirai</emphasis>
|
|
Levi-Castillo, 1945
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Further studies are needed to clarify their overall distributions.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFB80FC5AFAD05E0A" authorityName="Levi-Castillo" authorityYear="1944" box="[1091,1345,1013,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levicastilloi">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFB80FC5AFAD05E0A" box="[1091,1345,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Anopheles levicastilloi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0F0A6BFAB5FC5AFEB05E36" authorityName="Levi-Castillo" authorityYear="1945" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivadeneirai">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0F0A6BFAB5FC5AFEB05E36" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">An. rivadeneirai</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are both currently listed as species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |