608 lines
73 KiB
XML
608 lines
73 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="2FB90BAF823B4DC8DB48D28599EC0450">
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<mods:title id="67D8F607E787A6ED856203D155A64C97">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="54B86594F57F80992B809139D1DD3A83">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FB2C9B2F887B491632C26C6971E8604A">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FC555BC8B658155A23160BA013396D10">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8EF639D6926F0AB329872A1BD4AAF8C8">
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<mods:date id="567F2F6606C2A81D19C84DD98D51C265">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA040A6EFF54F994FB505E96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064190" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700383" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064190" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA040A6EFF54F994FB505E96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA040A6EFF54F994FB505E96" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA040A60FF54F994FDAE5C50" box="[151,575,1595,1622]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA040A60FF54F994FDAE5C50" blockId="55.[151,575,1595,1622]" box="[151,575,1595,1622]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA040A60FF54F994FDAE5C50" bold="true" box="[151,575,1595,1622]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FF54F994FDAE5C50" ID-CoL="89Z44" ID-ENA="498620" authority="Giles" authorityName="Giles" box="[151,575,1595,1622]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas" subGenus="Anopheles">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FF54F994FDAE5C50" bold="true" box="[151,575,1595,1622]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FF54F994FE875C53" bold="true" box="[151,278,1595,1622]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anopheles</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FEE4F994FE375C53" bold="true" box="[295,422,1595,1622]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anopheles</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FE7BF994FE695C50" bold="true" box="[440,504,1595,1621]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">gigas</emphasis>
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Giles
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA040A6FFF54F92FFE985AC8" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA040A60FF54F92FFD625CB3" blockId="55.[151,1437,1663,2025]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FECAF9D0FE7B5C92" authority="Colless, 1955" authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1955" box="[265,490,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crockeri">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FECAF9D0FECE5C92" bold="true" box="[265,351,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">crockeri</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FEA7F92FFE7B5C92" author="Colless, D. H." box="[356,490,1663,1688]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="331 - 342" refId="ref148540" refString="Colless, D. H. (1955) New anopheline mosquitoes from North Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 6 (5), 331 - 342." type="journal article" year="1955">Colless, 1955</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FD27F92FFB9F5C9D" authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1955" box="[740,1038,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gigas" subSpecies="crockeri">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FD27F92FFC1B5C92" box="[740,906,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anopheles gigas</emphasis>
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ssp.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FC78F92FFB9F5C9D" box="[955,1038,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">crockeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA040A60FB62F92FFB705C9D" box="[1185,1249,1664,1688]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Sabah</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA040A60FB29F92FFAD65C9D" box="[1258,1351,1664,1688]" name="Malaysia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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[Saung-Saung, Sunsuran Trace,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA040A60FE7EF931FDDA5CB3" box="[445,587,1694,1718]" name="Malaysia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">North Borneo</collectingCountry>
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] (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FD9CF931FD765CB3" author="Colless, D. H." box="[607,743,1694,1718]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="331 - 342" refId="ref148540" refString="Colless, D. H. (1955) New anopheline mosquitoes from North Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 6 (5), 331 - 342." type="journal article" year="1955">Colless 1955</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA040A60FF54F912FDF05CF1" blockId="55.[151,1437,1663,2025]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FEC8F913FD2A5CD0" authority="Mochtar & Walandouw, 1934" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[267,699,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FEC8F913FE165CD1" bold="true" box="[267,391,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">danaubento</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FE4DF912FD2A5CD0" author="Mochtar, R. & Walandouw, E. K." box="[398,699,1725,1749]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="932 - 935" refId="ref170584" refString="Mochtar, R. & Walandouw, E. K. (1934) Een varieteit van A. gigas, (Uit Sumatra's Westkust). Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 74, 932 - 935." type="journal article" year="1934">Mochtar & Walandouw, 1934</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FC79F912FA9C5CD0" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[954,1293,1725,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gigas" variety="danaubento">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FC79F912FBF05CD0" box="[954,1121,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anopheles gigas</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FB56F912FA9C5CD0" box="[1173,1293,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">danaubento</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA040A60FF04F973FE8A5CF1" box="[199,283,1756,1780]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FEEAF973FDC75CF1" author="Mochtar, R. & Walandouw, E. K." box="[297,598,1756,1780]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="932 - 935" refId="ref170584" refString="Mochtar, R. & Walandouw, E. K. (1934) Een varieteit van A. gigas, (Uit Sumatra's Westkust). Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 74, 932 - 935." type="journal article" year="1934">Mochtar & Walandouw 1934</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA040A60FF54F955FE2B5D34" blockId="55.[151,1437,1663,2025]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FED0F955FDB55D17" authority="Ludlow, 1909 a" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1909" box="[275,548,1786,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FED0F955FEE55D17" bold="true" box="[275,372,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">formosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FE47F955FDB55D17" author="Ludlow, C. S." box="[388,548,1786,1810]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref166557" refString="Ludlow, C. S. (1909 a) Mosquito comment. Canadian Entomologist, 41 (1), 21 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 4121 - 1" type="journal article" year="1909">Ludlow, 1909a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FCF0F955FB9B5D17" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[819,1034,1786,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FCF0F955FB9B5D17" box="[819,1034,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anopheles formosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA040A60FB72F955FA875D17" box="[1201,1302,1786,1810]" name="Indonesia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA040A60FAE9F955FA0D5D17" box="[1322,1436,1786,1810]" name="Philippines" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FF0DF8B6FE3F5D34" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[206,430,1817,1841]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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||
Wilkerson
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FEFDF8B5FEFA5D34" box="[318,363,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA040A60FF54F897FB325D6B" blockId="55.[151,1437,1663,2025]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FEC9F898FE545D55" ID-CoL="89Z44" authority="Giles, 1901 b" authorityName="Giles" authorityYear="1901" box="[266,453,1847,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FEC9F898FED05D4A" bold="true" box="[266,321,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">gigas</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FE84F897FE545D55" author="Giles, G. M." box="[327,453,1848,1872]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="196 - 198" refId="ref156596" refString="Giles, G. M. (1901 b) Descriptions of four new species of Anopheles from India. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 37, 196 - 198." type="journal article" year="1901">Giles, 1901b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FD01F897FCF85D4A" ID-CoL="89Z44" authorityName="Giles" authorityYear="1901" box="[706,873,1848,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FD01F897FCF85D4A" box="[706,873,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anopheles gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution:
|
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA040A60FC3EF897FBA05D55" box="[1021,1073,1848,1872]" name="India" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(records from other countries listed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FF22F8F9FE2D5D6B" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[225,444,1878,1902]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FE93F8F8FEED5D6B" box="[336,380,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
either apply to the other subspecies, are doubtful or require verification).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA040A60FF54F8DAFDE05DA9" blockId="55.[151,1437,1663,2025]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FECCF8DBFE005D89" bold="true" box="[271,401,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FE5EF8DAFDC75D88" author="Nainggolan, F. J." box="[413,598,1909,1933]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="163 - 170" refId="ref171389" refString="Nainggolan, F. J. (1939) Over een varieteit van Anopheles gigas uit Oedjali Kalah (Noord Kerintji), en de variabiliteit harer vleugelteekening. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 79, 163 - 170, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1939">Nainggolan, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FC9EF8DAFB575D88" authorityName="Nainggolan" authorityYear="1939" box="[861,1222,1909,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gigas" variety="oedjalikalah">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FC9EF8DAFB9B5D88" box="[861,1034,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anopheles gigas</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FB84F8DAFB575D88" box="[1095,1222,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as Oedjali Kalah]. Distribution:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA040A60FE8CF83BFE325DA9" box="[335,419,1940,1964]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FE72F83BFDF75DA9" author="Nainggolan, F. J." box="[433,614,1940,1964]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="163 - 170" refId="ref171389" refString="Nainggolan, F. J. (1939) Over een varieteit van Anopheles gigas uit Oedjali Kalah (Noord Kerintji), en de variabiliteit harer vleugelteekening. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 79, 163 - 170, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1939">Nainggolan 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA040A60FF54F81DFCAD5DEC" blockId="55.[151,1437,1663,2025]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FED2F81DFE1A5DCF" bold="true" box="[273,395,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FE5AF81DFCB45DCF" author="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." box="[409,805,1970,1994]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref183981" refString="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1954) Anophelini di Indonesia. Kjilid 1. Kementerian Kesehatam Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, xiii + 192 pp." type="book" year="1954">Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA040A60FBF3F81DFA075DCF" authorityName="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen" authorityYear="1954" box="[1072,1430,1970,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gigas" variety="pantjarbatu">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FBF3F81DFB4F5DCF" box="[1072,1246,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Anopheles gigas</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA040A60FADDF81DFA075DCF" box="[1310,1430,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution: Sumatra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA040A60FE73F87EFCA15DEC" author="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." box="[432,816,2001,2025]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref183981" refString="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1954) Anophelini di Indonesia. Kjilid 1. Kementerian Kesehatam Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, xiii + 192 pp." type="book" year="1954">Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0B0A6FFF54FF38FE985AC8" blockId="56.[151,1436,150,205]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFECCFF39FE6B5AAA" authority="Alcock, 1913" authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1913" box="[271,506,150,175]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFECCFF39FEF75AAB" bold="true" box="[271,358,150,174]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">refutans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFEB3FF38FE6B5AAA" author="Alcock, A." box="[368,506,151,175]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="153 - 166" refId="ref143116" refString="Alcock, A. (1913) Synopsis of the anopheline mosquitos of Africa and of the Oriental Region. Journal of the London School of Tropical Medicine, 2 (3), 153 - 166." type="journal article" year="1913">Alcock, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFCC2FF38FBAB5AAA" authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1913" box="[769,1082,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gigas" variety="refutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFCC2FF38FC3D5AAB" box="[769,940,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles gigas</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFC2BFF38FBAB5AAA" box="[1000,1082,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">refutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0B0A6FFB1BFF38FAAE5AAA" box="[1240,1343,151,175]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFA92FF38FA0D5AAA" author="Alcock, A." box="[1361,1436,151,175]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="153 - 166" refId="ref143116" refString="Alcock, A. (1913) Synopsis of the anopheline mosquitos of Africa and of the Oriental Region. Journal of the London School of Tropical Medicine, 2 (3), 153 - 166." type="journal article" year="1913">Alcock</bibRefCitation>
|
||
1913).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA0B0A6EFF54FF54FB505E96" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0B0A6FFF54FF54FD6B585C" blockId="56.[151,1437,251,2042]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The nominotypical subspecies, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0B0A6FFDFFFF54FDE95B10" box="[572,632,251,277]" name="India" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is a member of the Gigas Complex,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFBE7FF54FB4A5B10" authority="Subgroup" authorityName="Subgroup. Knight & Stone" authorityYear="1977" box="[1060,1243,251,277]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">Gigas Subgroup</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Lindesayi Group. A coordinate grouping, the Baileyi Complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFD2DFEB0FC7D5B3C" author="Somboon, P. & Phanitchakun, T. & Namgay, R. & Wangdi, T. & Pemo, D. & Harbach, R. E." box="[750,1004,287,313]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="105549" refId="ref179103" refString="Somboon, P., Phanitchakun, T., Namgay, R., Wangdi, T., Pemo, D. & Harbach, R. E. (2020 b) Molecular and morphological evidence of sibling species in Anopheles baileyi Edwards (Diptera: Culicidae) in Bhutan and Thailand. Acta Tropica, 209, 105549. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2020.105549" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Somboon
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFCA0FE8FFC0A5B3C" box="[867,923,287,313]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFC3BFE8FFB4B5B3F" author="Namgay, R. & Pemo, D. & Wangdi, T. & Phanitchakun, T. & Harbach, R. E. & Somboon, P." box="[1016,1242,287,314]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="105455" refId="ref171432" refString="Namgay, R., Pemo, D., Wangdi, T., Phanitchakun, T., Harbach, R. E. & Somboon, P. (2020) Molecular and morphological evidence for sibling species within Anopheles (Anopheles) lindesayi Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Bhutan. Acta Tropica, 207, 105455. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2020.105455" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Namgay
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFB9DFE8FFB075B3C" box="[1118,1174,287,313]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is also included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFF18FEECFD0D5B5B" authority="Subgroup. Knight & Stone (1977)" authorityName="Subgroup. Knight & Stone" authorityYear="1977" box="[219,668,323,350]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
Gigas Subgroup.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFE5EFEECFD0D5B5B" author="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A." box="[413,668,323,350]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref162868" refString="Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). 2 nd Edition. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight & Stone (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
treated all of what is now the Baileyi Complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFB76FEEBFF705B84" authority="Edwards, 1929 b" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baileyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFB76FEEBFABC5B58" box="[1205,1325,323,350]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">An. baileyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFAF0FEECFF705B84" author="Edwards, F. W." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="321 - 343" refId="ref154047" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1929 b) Mosquito notes. - VIII. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 20 (3), 321 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300021283" type="journal article" year="1929">Edwards, 1929b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFF29FEC7FD9B5B87" authority="James, 1911" authorityName="James" authorityYear="1911" box="[234,522,359,386]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFF29FEC7FEEC5B84" box="[234,381,359,386]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">An. simlensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFE41FEC7FD9B5B87" author="James, S. P. & Liston, W. G." box="[386,522,360,386]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref161443" refString="James, S. P. & Liston, W. G. (1911) A monograph of the anopheline mosquitoes of India. 2 nd Edition. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta, 128 pp., 15 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100536" type="book" year="1911">James, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFDFFFEC7FCB75B87" author="James, S. P. & Liston, W. G." box="[572,806,359,386]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref161443" refString="James, S. P. & Liston, W. G. (1911) A monograph of the anopheline mosquitoes of India. 2 nd Edition. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta, 128 pp., 15 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100536" type="book" year="1911">James & Liston 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) plus the Gigas Complex (the above plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFB2DFEC7FDA35BA3" authority="Swellengrebel & Rodenwaldt, 1932" authorityName="Swellengrebel & Rodenwaldt" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumatranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFB2DFEC7FA0C5B84" box="[1262,1437,360,386]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">An. sumatranus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFF54FE24FDA35BA3" author="Swellengrebel, N. H. & Rodenwaldt, E." box="[151,562,395,422]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="24" refId="ref180376" refString="Swellengrebel, N. H. & Rodenwaldt, E. (1932) Die anophelen von Niederlandisch-Ostindien. 3 te auflage. Gustav Fischer, Jena, viii + 242 + (2) pp., 24 pls." type="journal article" year="1932">Swellengrebel & Rodenwaldt, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as varieties of the nominotypical subspecies. Another species of the Gigas Complex,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFECFFE1FFCAD5BCF" authority="Rattanarithikul & Harrison, 2017" authorityName="Rattanarithikul & Harrison" authorityYear="2017" box="[268,828,431,458]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prachongae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFECFFE1FFE515BCC" box="[268,448,431,458]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">An. prachongae</emphasis>
|
||
Rattanarithikul & Harrison, 2017
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in Harbach
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFC13FE1FFB905BCC" box="[976,1025,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017), was described subsequently. Species of the Gigas Complex are large mosquitoes found at higher elevations (≥
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0B0A6FFBFFFE7BFB0A5BEB" box="[1084,1179,468,494]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1.0">1,000 m</quantity>
|
||
) in mountainous areas of the Oriental, Palearctic and Australasian Regions. It is generally accepted that changes in climate can isolate populations on mountain refugia, which then lead to fragmented distributions of related species (reviewed by Harbach
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFF3EFDEFFEBF585C" box="[253,302,575,601]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017), as appears to be the pattern here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0B0A6FFF04FDCCFB3A5E0C" blockId="56.[151,1437,251,2042]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The nominotypical subspecies occurs in southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0B0A6FFCFFFDCCFCE75878" box="[828,886,611,637]" name="India" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0B0A6FFC44FDCBFC28587B" box="[903,953,612,638]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Conoor (
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0B0A6FFB4CFDCBFB62587B" box="[1167,1267,612,638]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="2.0">2,000 m</quantity>
|
||
), Nilgiri Hills, Madras,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0B0A6FFF3BFD28FEA758A4" box="[248,310,647,673]" name="India" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
). None of the other subspecies has been found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0B0A6FFC94FD28FC0558A4" box="[855,916,647,673]" name="India" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFBE3FD28FBED58A4" authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1955" box="[1056,1148,647,673]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crockeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFBE3FD28FBED58A4" box="[1056,1148,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">crockeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only member of the complex found in Borneo (
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0B0A6FFE04FD03FE6858C3" box="[455,505,684,710]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Saung-Saung, Sunsuran [Sunsuron?] Trace, northern Borneo). Characters to separate it from the other subspecies have been discussed and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFBEAFD60FB4358EF" author="Colless, D. H." box="[1065,1234,719,746]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="331 - 342" refId="ref148540" refString="Colless, D. H. (1955) New anopheline mosquitoes from North Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 6 (5), 331 - 342." type="journal article" year="1955">Colless (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFB22FD60FAFB58EC" author="Reid, J. A." box="[1249,1386,719,745]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref174490" refString="Reid, J. A. (1968) Anopheline mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research Malaya. No. 31. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, xiii, 520 pp." type="book" year="1968">Reid (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Harbach
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFF3EFD5BFEBF5908" box="[253,302,755,781]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017). The last authors also questioned its subspecific status. It is characterized as follows. Female: Maxillary palpus dark at apex; costa of wing without preapical pale spot (only present on costa in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFB34FCB7FA1D5934" authorityName="James" authorityYear="1911" box="[1271,1420,791,818]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFB34FCB7FA875937" box="[1271,1302,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFAE6FCB8FA1D5934" box="[1317,1420,791,817]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">simlensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), fringe spots present at apices of veins R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA0B0A6FFDA0FCE1FDEC5959" attach="left" box="[611,637,846,860]" fontSize="6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">4+5</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA0B0A6FFD13FCE1FD7B5959" attach="left" box="[720,746,846,860]" fontSize="6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">3+4</subScript>
|
||
and between veins CuA and 1A, fringe spot absent between apices of M
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA0B0A6FFED8FCDDFEA45985" attach="left" box="[283,309,882,896]" fontSize="6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">3+4</subScript>
|
||
and CuA (only present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFD9BFCCFFC96597C" authorityName="Swellengrebel & Rodenwaldt" authorityYear="1932" box="[600,775,864,890]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumatranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFD9BFCCFFDE6597F" box="[600,631,864,890]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFD47FCCFFC96597C" box="[644,775,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">sumatranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Larva: Seta 2-C long, longer than 0.5 length of head; 3-C long, about 0.67 length of 2-C, with 2,3 basal branches; 4-C stout, single or branched at apex. Given the allopatric distribution in comparison to the other subspecies, and its distinctive morphological characters, it is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFF54FC64FF6259E0" authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,243,971,997]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crockeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFF54FC64FF6259E0" box="[151,243,971,997]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">crockeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is genetically distinct and should therefore be afforded specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFBE5FC64FEA05E0C" authority="Colless, 1955" authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crockeri" subGenus="Anopheles">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFBE5FC64FB0E59E3" bold="true" box="[1062,1183,971,998]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFB71FC64FABA59E3" bold="true" box="[1202,1323,971,998]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFAFEFC64FEA05E0C" bold="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFAFEFC64FA0D59E3" bold="true" box="[1341,1436,971,998]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">crockeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFF54FC40FEA05E0C" author="Colless, D. H." box="[151,305,1007,1033]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="331 - 342" refId="ref148540" refString="Colless, D. H. (1955) New anopheline mosquitoes from North Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 6 (5), 331 - 342." type="journal article" year="1955">Colless, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFEFCFC40FD865E0C" authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1955" box="[319,535,1007,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crockeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFEFCFC40FD865E0C" box="[319,535,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles crockeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0B0A6FFF04FBBCFB5B5F48" blockId="56.[151,1437,251,2042]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFE8FFBBBFE225E2B" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[332,435,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFE8FFBBBFE225E2B" box="[332,435,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only member of the complex described from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0B0A6FFBEEFBBCFB3A5E28" box="[1069,1195,1043,1069]" name="Philippines" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0B0A6FFB78FBBBFB7C5E2B" box="[1211,1261,1044,1070]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Camp John Hay,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0B0A6FFEC8FB97FEFA5E57" box="[267,363,1080,1106]" country="Philippines" name="Benguet" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Benguet</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0B0A6FFEB6FB98FE695E54" box="[373,504,1079,1105]" name="Philippines" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Characters separating it from other subspecies of the complex are listed in Harbach
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFF54FBF3FF5A5E70" box="[151,203,1115,1141]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFEF4FBF4FE525E73" author="King, W. V." box="[311,451,1115,1142]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="751 - 757" refId="ref162067" refString="King, W. V. (1931) The Philippine varieties of Anopheles gigas and Anopheles lindesayi. Philippine Journal of Science, 46 (4), 751 - 757, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1931">King (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and illustrated distinguishing characters, a few of which are given here, as follow. Female: Maxillary palpus pale apically; wing without fringe spots except for one between the tips of veins CuA and 1A; preapical pale spot present on costa and veins R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA0B0A6FFC95FB19FCCF5EC1" attach="left" box="[854,862,1206,1220]" fontSize="6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">1</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="0236349EBA0B0A6FFC6AFB19FC205EC1" attach="left" box="[937,945,1206,1220]" fontSize="6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">2</subScript>
|
||
. Larva: Seta 2-C usually single; 3-C 0.5 or more length of 2-C, with 2–6 branches; 4-C nearly as long as 3-C, with 3–8 basal branches. Given the allopatric distribution in comparison to the other subspecies, and its distinctive morphological characters, it is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFF54FABFFF6F5F2F" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[151,254,1296,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFF54FABFFF6F5F2F" box="[151,254,1296,1322]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is genetically distinct and should therefore be afforded specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFBDEFAA0FED75F48" authority="Ludlow, 1909 a" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus" subGenus="Anopheles">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFBDEFAA0FED75F48" bold="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFBDEFAA0FB075F2F" bold="true" box="[1053,1174,1295,1322]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFB64FAA0FAB15F2F" bold="true" box="[1191,1312,1295,1322]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFAF2FAA0FA0D5F2C" bold="true" box="[1329,1436,1295,1321]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFF54FA9BFED75F48" author="Ludlow, C. S." box="[151,326,1331,1358]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref166557" refString="Ludlow, C. S. (1909 a) Mosquito comment. Canadian Entomologist, 41 (1), 21 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 4121 - 1" type="journal article" year="1909">Ludlow, 1909a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFE90FA9CFDA75F4B" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1909" box="[339,566,1331,1358]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFE90FA9CFDA75F4B" box="[339,566,1331,1358]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0B0A6FFF04FAF8FE255CB0" blockId="56.[151,1437,251,2042]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFE8EFAF7FE395F77" authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1913" box="[333,424,1368,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFE8EFAF7FE395F77" box="[333,424,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">refutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only member of the complex described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA0B0A6FFBC4FAF8FBED5F74" box="[1031,1148,1367,1393]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The maxillary palpus of the female has three or four narrow white bands, one usually terminal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFC03FAD4FBC95F93" author="Alcock, A." box="[960,1112,1403,1430]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="153 - 166" refId="ref143116" refString="Alcock, A. (1913) Synopsis of the anopheline mosquitos of Africa and of the Oriental Region. Journal of the London School of Tropical Medicine, 2 (3), 153 - 166." type="journal article" year="1913">Alcock 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The wing fringe is all dark except for a pale spot between the tips of veins CuA and 1A (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFC93FA30FBB45FBF" author="Christophers, S. R." box="[848,1061,1439,1466]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref148077" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1933) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. IV. Family Culicidae. Tribe Anophelini. Taylor and Francis, London, vi + (iii) + 371 pp., 3 pls." type="book" year="1933">Christophers 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Christophers also noted a small pale spot dorsally on the midfemur, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFDADFA6CFD445FD8" authorityName="James" authorityYear="1911" box="[622,725,1475,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFDADFA6CFD445FD8" box="[622,725,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">simlensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is not noted in Harbach
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFB81FA6BFBE55FD8" box="[1090,1140,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017). Additional study, especially of the probable
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0B0A6FFE05FA47FD905C07" box="[454,513,1512,1538]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">types</typeStatus>
|
||
in the Natural History Museum, London (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFC2BFA48FB305C07" author="Townsend, B. C." box="[1000,1185,1511,1538]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="35 - 152" refId="ref182830" refString="Townsend, B. C. (1990) Culicidae. In: Townsend, B. C., Chainey, J. E., Crosskey, R. W., Pont, A. C., Lane, R. P., Boorman, J. P. T. & Crouch, C. A. (Eds.), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History), Natural History Museum, London, pp. 35 - 152." type="book chapter" year="1990">Townsend 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the larval stage, are needed to better characterize this taxon. However, we think that its allopatric distribution in comparison to the other subspecies, the characters of the maxillary palpus and wing fringe, along with the dorsal spot on the midfemur (which needs to be verified) indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFDA8F9FBFD575C6B" authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1913" box="[619,710,1620,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFDA8F9FBFD575C6B" box="[619,710,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">refutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is probably genetically distinct and should therefore be afforded species status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFEFFF9D8FCDC5C94" authority="Alcock, 1913" authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1913" box="[316,845,1655,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans" subGenus="Anopheles">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFEFFF9D8FCDC5C94" bold="true" box="[316,845,1655,1682]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFEFFF9D8FE245C97" bold="true" box="[316,437,1655,1682]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFE05F9D8FDAE5C97" bold="true" box="[454,575,1655,1682]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFD8CF9D8FD3E5C94" bold="true" box="[591,687,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">refutans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFD76F9D8FCDC5C94" author="Alcock, A." box="[693,845,1655,1681]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="153 - 166" refId="ref143116" refString="Alcock, A. (1913) Synopsis of the anopheline mosquitos of Africa and of the Oriental Region. Journal of the London School of Tropical Medicine, 2 (3), 153 - 166." type="journal article" year="1913">Alcock, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFC98F9D8FBA05C97" authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1913" box="[859,1073,1655,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFC98F9D8FBA05C97" box="[859,1073,1655,1682]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Anopheles refutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0B0A6EFF04F910FB5C5B18" blockId="56.[151,1437,251,2042]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
There are four nominal members of the Gigas Complex in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0B0A6FFCBBF96FFC485CDF" box="[888,985,1728,1754]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
. One,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFBE5F96FFB485CDC" authorityName="Swellengrebel & Rodenwaldt" authorityYear="1932" box="[1062,1241,1728,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumatranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFBE5F96FFBD45CDF" box="[1062,1093,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">An</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFB95F96FFB485CDC" box="[1110,1241,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">sumatranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was elevated to species status by Harbach
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFE7FF94BFE7C5CF8" box="[444,493,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017). Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFD16F94CFCC85CF8" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[725,857,1763,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFD16F94CFCC85CF8" box="[725,857,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFC4CF94CFB8A5CF8" box="[911,1051,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
were both described from near Mt Kerintji. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0B0A6FFEF3F8A7FEF15D27" box="[304,352,1800,1826]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0B0A6FFDA0F8A8FD765D24" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[611,743,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFDA0F8A8FD765D24" box="[611,743,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0B0A6FFCC9F8A8FC035D27" box="[778,914,1799,1826]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Lake Danau</collectingRegion>
|
||
Bento [danau = lake, bento = a kind of grass] in North Kerintji in Central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0B0A6FFE14F883FDA95D43" box="[471,568,1836,1862]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Verbatim coordinates of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0B0A6FFC9FF883FC285D43" box="[860,953,1836,1864]" degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" precision="925" value="-1.6666667">1° 40′ S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0B0A6FFC05F883FBD15D43" box="[966,1088,1836,1864]" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" precision="925" value="101.26667">101° 16′ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
are very close to the gazetteer entry for
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0B0A6FFEC2F8FFFEDB5D6F" box="[257,330,1872,1898]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Danau</collectingRegion>
|
||
Gunung Labuh (coordinates:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0B0A6FFD5EF8FFFD645D6F" box="[669,757,1872,1898]" degrees="1.7381" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" precision="5" value="-1.7381">-1.7381</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0B0A6FFCC1F8E0FCFC5D6C" box="[770,877,1871,1897]" degrees="101.2673" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" precision="5" value="101.2673">101.2673</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) and match the text description, “
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0B0A6FFB2AF8E0FAB25D6C" box="[1257,1315,1871,1897]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Lake</collectingRegion>
|
||
Bento lies at about
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0B0A6FFF38F8DBFEC35D8B" box="[251,338,1908,1934]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
|
||
on the Southern Slope of Mt. Kerintji on the borders of Djambi and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0B0A6FFBA9F8DBFA885D8B" box="[1130,1305,1908,1934]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Barat" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sumatera Barat</collectingRegion>
|
||
Provinces” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0B0A6FFF5CF838FEC75DB7" author="Kitzmiller, J. B." box="[159,342,1943,1970]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref162332" refString="Kitzmiller, J. B. (1982) Anopheline names: their derivations and histories. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VIII. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 639 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4182 / UTTN 3411" type="book" year="1982">Kitzmiller 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; D. Pecor pers. comm.). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA0B0A6FFD63F837FD415DB7" box="[672,720,1944,1970]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0B0A6FFC12F838FBCC5DB4" box="[977,1117,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
has verbatim coordinates of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0B0A6FFF54F813FF615DD3" box="[151,240,1980,2008]" degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" precision="925" value="-1.7">1° 42′ S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0B0A6FFF3FF813FEE45DD3" box="[252,373,1980,2008]" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" precision="925" value="101.26667">101° 16′ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. Oedjali Kalah is an old Kerintji word, which means Land of the Gods; situated on the southern slopes of Mt Kerentji, it was the source area of the Soengei Sioelak
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0B0A6FFC4AF84FFC5F5DFF" box="[905,974,2016,2042]" country="Hungary" name="Gyor" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Deras</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The elevation at this location is
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0B0A6FFAF9F870FA065DFF" box="[1338,1431,2015,2042]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.451" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1.451">1,451 m</quantity>
|
||
, which matches the locality description of
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA0A0A6EFDB0FF38FC8C5AB4" box="[627,797,151,177]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1.6" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.4">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0A0A6EFDB0FF38FD235AB4" box="[627,690,151,177]" degrees="1,400" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" precision="55" value="1.4">1,400</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0A0A6EFD71FF38FD6E5AB4" box="[690,767,151,177]" degrees="1,800" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" precision="55" value="-1.8">–1,800</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(coordinates
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0A0A6EFC7BFF38FBB15AB4" box="[952,1056,151,177]" degrees="2.13333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" precision="1" value="-2.13333">-2.13333</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB86501CBA0A0A6EFBEFFF38FB345AB4" box="[1068,1189,151,177]" degrees="101.38333" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" precision="1" value="101.38333">101.38333</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFB7FFF38FAE55AB4" author="Kitzmiller, J. B." box="[1212,1396,151,177]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref162332" refString="Kitzmiller, J. B. (1982) Anopheline names: their derivations and histories. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VIII. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 639 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4182 / UTTN 3411" type="book" year="1982">Kitzmiller 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; D. Pecor pers. comm.). Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFDC2FF14FD145AD0" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[513,645,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFDC2FF14FD145AD0" box="[513,645,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFD79FF14FCD75AD0" box="[698,838,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
apparently have sympatric distributions and there are no obvious diagnostic characters that distinguish them, though a minor character given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFB55FF70FAFC5AFC" author="Nainggolan, F. J." box="[1174,1389,223,249]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="163 - 170" refId="ref171389" refString="Nainggolan, F. J. (1939) Over een varieteit van Anopheles gigas uit Oedjali Kalah (Noord Kerintji), en de variabiliteit harer vleugelteekening. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 79, 163 - 170, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1939">Nainggolan (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the apex of vein CuP dark-scaled in
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFDC7FEACFD015B18" box="[516,656,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
rather than narrowly pale-scaled as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFB81FEACFB575B18" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[1090,1222,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFB81FEACFB575B18" box="[1090,1222,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0A0A6EFF04FE88FC0A5BA8" blockId="57.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
The third subspecies of the Gigas Complex in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA0A0A6EFD2BFE88FCD45B44" box="[744,837,295,321]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
is
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFCAEFE88FC605B44" box="[877,1009,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
|
||
, which was collected as larvae from undisclosed localities. Characters to distinguish it from the previous two nominal forms are weak and overlapping. The following table (
|
||
<tableCitation id="D3300360BA0A0A6EFE4FFEC0FE755B8C" box="[396,484,366,393]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="57.[151,239,476,500]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="TABLE 5. Comparison of larval characters for the three Sumantran subspecies of Anopheles gigas." pageId="57" pageNumber="58" tableUuid="CACD6653BA0A0A6EFF54FE73FB2D5BF1">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
) is derived from the tabular comparison of a few larval characters for these three Sumatran forms provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFE1CFE3CFC075BA8" author="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." box="[479,918,402,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref183981" refString="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1954) Anophelini di Indonesia. Kjilid 1. Kementerian Kesehatam Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, xiii + 192 pp." type="book" year="1954">Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CACD6653BA0A0A6EFF54FE73FB2D5BF1" ID-Table-UUID="CACD6653BA0A0A6EFF54FE73FB2D5BF1" box="[151,1212,476,501]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CACD6653BA0A0A6EFF54FE73FB2D5BF1" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" startId="57.[151,239,476,500]" targetBox="[163,1419,516,774]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="57" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0A0A6EFF54FE73FB2D5BF1" blockId="57.[151,1212,476,501]" box="[151,1212,476,501]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFF54FE73FE925BF0" bold="true" box="[151,259,476,501]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">TABLE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. Comparison of larval characters for the three Sumantran subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFBC5FE73FB245BF1" authorityName="Subgroup. Knight & Stone" authorityYear="1977" box="[1030,1205,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFBC5FE73FB245BF1" box="[1030,1205,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Anopheles gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0A0A6EFF60FDABFA1A5900" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<table id="ECB2C47BBA0AF5A8FF60FDABFA1A5903" box="[163,1419,516,774]" gridcols="4" gridrows="5" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<tr id="20823499BA0AF5A8FF60FDABFA1A5819" box="[163,1419,516,540]" gridrow="0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<th id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FF60FDABFEFF5819" box="[163,366,516,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFF60FDABFE835819" bold="true" box="[163,274,516,540]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Character</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FE4DFDABFD555819" box="[398,708,516,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFE4DFDABFD9B5819" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[398,522,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFE4DFDABFD9B5819" bold="true" box="[398,522,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FD2BFDABFBD25819" box="[744,1091,516,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFD2BFDABFCFB5819" bold="true" box="[744,874,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FBA2FDABFA1A5819" box="[1121,1419,516,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFBA2FDABFB4A5819" bold="true" box="[1121,1243,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="20823499BA0AF5A8FF60FD83FA1A586C" box="[163,1419,556,617]" gridrow="1" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<th id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FF60FD83FEFF586C" box="[163,366,556,617]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Seta 4-C length / seta 3-C length</th>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FE4DFD83FD55586C" box="[398,708,556,617]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">~ 0.5</td>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FD2BFD83FBD2586C" box="[744,1091,556,617]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">0.5</td>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FBA2FD83FA1A586C" box="[1121,1419,556,617]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">0.5–0.67</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="20823499BA0AF5A8FF60FDD6FA1A58B0" box="[163,1419,633,693]" gridrow="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<th id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FF60FDD6FEFF58B0" box="[163,366,633,693]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Seta 4-C distance to seta 3-C</th>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FE4DFDD6FD5558B0" box="[398,708,633,693]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Not so distant</td>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FD2BFDD6FBD258B0" box="[744,1091,633,693]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Distant</td>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FBA2FDD6FA1A58B0" box="[1121,1419,633,693]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Distant</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="20823499BA0AF5A8FF60FD6AFA1A58D8" box="[163,1419,709,733]" gridrow="3" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<th id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FF60FD6AFEFF58D8" box="[163,366,709,733]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Seta 4-C, branches</th>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FE4DFD6AFD5558D8" box="[398,708,709,733]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">3,4 branches near tip</td>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FD2BFD6AFBD258D8" box="[744,1091,709,733]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Single, simple or with a few barbs</td>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FBA2FD6AFA1A58D8" box="[1121,1419,709,733]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Single or 2-branched</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="20823499BA0AF5A8FF60FD42FA1A5903" box="[163,1419,749,774]" gridrow="4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<th id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FF60FD42FEFF5903" box="[163,366,749,774]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Seta 1-P, branches</th>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FE4DFD42FD555903" box="[398,708,749,774]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">8–10 with very thin main stem</td>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FD2BFD42FBD25903" box="[744,1091,749,774]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">7–9 with very thin main stem</td>
|
||
<td id="63535DE5BA0AF5A8FBA2FD42FA1A5903" box="[1121,1419,749,774]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">7–9 with very thin main stem</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA0A0A6EFF04FCF6FB505E96" blockId="57.[151,1436,857,1171]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Given the probability that the three nominal forms are sympatric and there are no diagnostic characters to separate them, we conclude that they are conspecific and that allopatry and key morphological characters indicate the species is distinct from other members of the Gigas Complex. Therefore, subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFBFCFC0EFB5259BE" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[1087,1219,929,955]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFBFCFC0EFB5259BE" box="[1087,1219,929,955]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is afforded specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFF29FC6BFB9659DA" authority="Mochtar & Walandouw, 1934" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[234,1031,964,991]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento" subGenus="Anopheles">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFF29FC6BFB9659DA" bold="true" box="[234,1031,964,991]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFF29FC6BFEF259DA" bold="true" box="[234,355,964,991]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFEBBFC6BFE6059DA" bold="true" box="[376,497,964,991]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFDC5FC6BFD1E59DA" bold="true" box="[518,655,964,991]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFD59FC6AFB9659DA" author="Mochtar, R. & Walandouw, E. K." box="[666,1031,964,991]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="932 - 935" refId="ref170584" refString="Mochtar, R. & Walandouw, E. K. (1934) Een varieteit van A. gigas, (Uit Sumatra's Westkust). Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 74, 932 - 935." type="journal article" year="1934">Mochtar & Walandouw, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFB8EFC6AFB4859DA" box="[1101,1241,965,991]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFADBFC6AFA0D59DA" box="[1304,1436,965,991]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
|
||
are hereby recognized as synonyms of that species:
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFD2CFC47FEFD5E4E" bold="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFD2CFC47FCEF5E06" bold="true" box="[751,894,1000,1027]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFC44FC47FBC85E06" author="Nainggolan, F. J." box="[903,1113,1000,1027]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="163 - 170" refId="ref171389" refString="Nainggolan, F. J. (1939) Over een varieteit van Anopheles gigas uit Oedjali Kalah (Noord Kerintji), en de variabiliteit harer vleugelteekening. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 79, 163 - 170, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1939">Nainggolan, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFB5AFC47FAB15E06" bold="true" box="[1177,1312,1000,1027]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFAEAFC47FE4C5E22" author="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref183981" refString="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1954) Anophelini di Indonesia. Kjilid 1. Kementerian Kesehatam Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, xiii + 192 pp." type="book" year="1954">Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, junior subjective synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFCA5FBA3FEFD5E4E" authority="Mochtar & Walandouw, 1934" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento" subGenus="Anopheles">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFCA5FBA3FC4E5E22" bold="true" box="[870,991,1036,1063]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFC30FBA3FBFD5E22" bold="true" box="[1011,1132,1036,1063]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFB43FBA3FA985E22" bold="true" box="[1152,1289,1036,1063]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFAD0FBA2FEFD5E4E" author="Mochtar, R. & Walandouw, E. K." pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="932 - 935" refId="ref170584" refString="Mochtar, R. & Walandouw, E. K. (1934) Een varieteit van A. gigas, (Uit Sumatra's Westkust). Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 74, 932 - 935." type="journal article" year="1934">Mochtar & Walandouw, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFEB8FB9EFDEA5E4E" authorityName="Mochtar & Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[379,635,1073,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFEB8FB9EFDEA5E4E" box="[379,635,1073,1099]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Anopheles danaubento</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life. Subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFF54FBFAFEB25E6A" box="[151,291,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFEEAFBFAFE605E6A" author="Nainggolan, F. J." box="[297,497,1109,1135]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="163 - 170" refId="ref171389" refString="Nainggolan, F. J. (1939) Over een varieteit van Anopheles gigas uit Oedjali Kalah (Noord Kerintji), en de variabiliteit harer vleugelteekening. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 79, 163 - 170, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1939">Nainggolan, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFDE5FBFAFD3B5E6A" box="[550,682,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA0A0A6EFD73FBFAFBCB5E75" author="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R." box="[688,1114,1109,1136]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref183981" refString="Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, R. (1954) Anophelini di Indonesia. Kjilid 1. Kementerian Kesehatam Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, xiii + 192 pp." type="book" year="1954">Waktoedi Koesoemawinangoen, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which are currently listed as species therein, need to be removed from the list of recognized species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA0A0A6EFB85FBD6FB2A5E96" baseAuthorityName="Harrison" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[1094,1211,1145,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA0A0A6EFB85FBD6FB2A5E96" box="[1094,1211,1145,1171]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Anopheles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |