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<document id="6A8B50D1E4353A8393F2B4A9E709945D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5bc1c9b1-f24f-4099-8b42-f3eacef5d937" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="218255" ID-ZooBank="301004F2-39C2-45D1-A145-F77AFE122A69" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460648387929" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brcko, Isabela Carvalho, Hoogmoed, Marinus Steven &amp; Neckel-Oliveira, Selvino" docDate="2013" docId="6154094F564EFE1DCEDE15C71534005B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03686p431.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3686 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Bolitoglossa altamazonica Cope 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="425" masterDocId="9D6D71375658FE05CE49100B177B0147" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and distribution of the salamander genus Bolitoglossa Duméril, Bibron &amp; Duméril, 1854 (Amphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae) in Brazilian Amazonia" masterLastPageNumber="431" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="423" updateTime="1698337378759" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="29A063D39FB9DBF86D3967DF3A651D6D">Taxonomy and distribution of the salamander genus Bolitoglossa Duméril, Bibron &amp; Duméril, 1854 (Amphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae) in Brazilian Amazonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B909E625617B49D18590A4314B41D0B6">Brcko, Isabela Carvalho</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="71659EFEA7C329BDAAB00A88DF86F68D">Hoogmoed, Marinus Steven</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6796F0124E6BEE8E15A55735FF02CDF1">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="6154094F564EFE1DCEDE15C71534005B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5621241" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119572383" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5621241" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6154094F564EFE1DCEDE15C71534005B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6154094F564EFE1DCEDE15C71534005B" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<subSubSection id="A1E7EBD2564EFE13CEDE15C716380741" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E942B859564EFE13CEDE15C7150304A2" blockId="22.[151,632,1483,1542]" box="[151,632,1483,1510]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<heading id="B20A0F35564EFE13CEDE15C7150304A2" bold="true" box="[151,632,1483,1510]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564EFE13CEDE15C7150304A2" ID-CoL="MDMV" authority="Cope, 1874" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,632,1483,1510]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonica">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CEDE15C7150304A2" bold="true" box="[151,632,1483,1510]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CEDE15C716A804A1" bold="true" box="[151,467,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Bolitoglossa altamazonica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CFAA15C0150B04A2" author="Cope" box="[483,624,1483,1509]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Cope, E. D. (1874) On some Batrachia and Nematognathi brought from the Upper Amazon by Prof. Orton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 26, 120 - 137." type="journal article" year="1874">Cope, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E942B859564EFE13CEDE15E516380741" blockId="22.[151,632,1483,1542]" box="[151,323,1518,1542]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
(
<figureCitation id="71C6A4DC564EFE13CED715E516720741" box="[158,265,1518,1542]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1365,1388]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1343]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1344]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Species of Bolitoglossa from Brazilian Amazonia. A: Neotype of B. paraensis (MPEG 31682) in life (total length 72.4 mm). Photo M. J. Sturaro; B: Paratype of B. tapajonica sp. nov. (MPEG 31695) in life (total length 79.3 mm). Photo P. R. V. Peloso; C: Paratype of B. caldwellae sp. nov. (MPEG 12877) in life (standard length 38.7 mm): Municipality of Porto Walter, Acre state. Photo J. P. Caldwell; D: Specimen of B. altamazonica collected west of Benjamin Constant, Amazonas state. Photo M. S. Hoogmoed; E: Holotype of B. madeira sp. nov. (MPEG 18344) in life (total length 114.0 mm): Municipality of Porto Velho, Rondônia state. Photo W. Hödl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218260/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Figures 5</figureCitation>
D, 6)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A1E7EBD2564EFE12CEDE163C16670270" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="424" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E942B859564EFE13CEDE163C12E7072C" blockId="22.[151,1436,1590,1704]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C9ED9F77564EFE13CEDE163C12E7072C" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564EFE13CEDE163C154E070B" ID-CoL="6SJNV" authority="Cope, 1874: 120" authorityName="Cope" authorityPageNumber="120" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,565,1591,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Oedipus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonicus">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CEDE163C16FF070A" box="[151,388,1591,1613]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Oedipus altamazonicus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="685C9E48564EFE13CFC3163C154E070B" author="Cope" box="[394,565,1591,1612]" page="120" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" year="1874">
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CFC3163C1579070B" author="Cope" box="[394,514,1591,1612]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Cope, E. D. (1874) On some Batrachia and Nematognathi brought from the Upper Amazon by Prof. Orton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 26, 120 - 137." type="journal article" year="1874">Cope, 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 120
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="685C9E48564EFE13CC76163C15A5070B" author="Dunn" box="[575,734,1591,1612]" page="99" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CC76163C15C1070B" author="Dunn" box="[575,698,1591,1612]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1924) New salamanders of the genus Oedipus with a synoptical key. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 7, 7." type="journal article" year="1924">Dunn, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
–100;
<treatmentCitation id="685C9E48564EFE13CD54163C14B1070B" author="Dunn" box="[797,970,1590,1612]" page="357" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" year="1926">
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CD54163C14E3070B" author="Dunn" box="[797,920,1590,1612]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1926) The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College Fiftieth Anniversary Publications, 1 - 456." type="book chapter" year="1926">Dunn, 1926</bibRefCitation>
: 357
</treatmentCitation>
, 396–400, 440;
<treatmentCitation id="685C9E48564EFE13CA24163C12FA070B" author="Myers" box="[1133,1409,1590,1612]" page="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" year="1945">
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CA24163C121C070B" author="Myers" box="[1133,1383,1590,1612]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Myers, G. S. &amp; Carvalho A. L. de (1945) Notes on some new or little-known Brazilian amphibians, with an examination of the history of the Plata salamander, Ensatina platensis. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 35, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1945">Myers &amp; Carvalho 1945</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564EFE13CEDE165E16DC072C" ID-CoL="MDMV" box="[151,423,1621,1643]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonica">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CEDE165E16DC072C" box="[151,423,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Bolitoglossa altamazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Brame Jr. &amp;
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CC02165E15FF072C" box="[587,644,1621,1643]" name="Wake Island" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Wake</collectingCountry>
1963: 13, Fig. 22 (in part);
<treatmentCitation id="685C9E48564EFE13CDFA165E13C3072C" author="Wake" box="[947,1208,1621,1643]" page="41" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CDFA165E13EA072C" author="Wake" box="[947,1169,1621,1643]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Wake, D. B. &amp; Lynch, J. F. (1976) The distribution, Ecology, and evolutionary history of plethodontid salamanders in tropical America. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Bulletin, 25, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1976">
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CDFA165E1497072C" box="[947,1004,1621,1643]" name="Wake Island" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Wake</collectingCountry>
&amp; Lynch 1976
</bibRefCitation>
: 41
</treatmentCitation>
(in part);
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CB6F165D12E3072C" author="Frost" box="[1318,1432,1622,1643]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Frost, D. R. (2011) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5 (31 Januay 2011). Electronic Database. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / vz / herpetology / amphibia (Accessed 23 March 2011)" type="journal article" year="2011">Frost 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E942B859564EFE13CE8E1678158007EF" blockId="22.[151,1436,1590,1704]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CE8E1678169307CE" author="Gutierrez-Lamus" box="[199,488,1651,1674]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Gutierrez-Lamus, D. L., Lynch, J. D. &amp; Martinez-Villate, G. C. (2011) Population estimators and adult sex ratio for a population of Bolitoglossa altamazonica (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Basic and Applied Herpetology, 25, 43 - 54." type="journal article" year="2011">
Gutiérrez-Lamus
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CF33167E16D607CD" box="[378,429,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CFBB167814F707CE" author="Acosta-Galvis" box="[498,908,1651,1673]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Acosta-Galvis, A. R. &amp; Gutierrez-Lamus, D. L. (2012) A new species of salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) from the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 52, 18, 201 - 218. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492012001800001" type="journal article" year="2012">Acosta-Galvis &amp; Gutiérrez-Lamus 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CDDF1678132F07CE" author="Fermin" box="[918,1108,1651,1674]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Fermin, G., Garcia-Gutierrez, J., Escalona, M., Mora, A. &amp; Diaz A. (2012) Molecular taxonomic reassessment of the Cloud Forest's Bolitoglossa salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Cordillera de Merida (Merida state, Venezuela). Zootaxa, 3356, 47 - 56." type="journal article" year="2012">
Fermin
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CDAF167E136A07CD" box="[998,1041,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CA171678125507CE" author="Acevedo" box="[1118,1326,1651,1674]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Acevedo, A. A., Wake, D. B., Marquez, R., Silva, K., Franco, R. &amp; Amezquita, A. (2013) Two new species of salamanders, genus Bolitoglossa (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), from the Eastern Colombian Andes. Zootaxa, 3609, 1, 069 - 084. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3609.1.5" type="journal article" year="2013">
Acevedo
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CAF6167E138907CD" box="[1215,1266,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564EFE13CEDE1699160507EF" ID-CoL="MDRG" box="[151,382,1682,1704]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CEDE1699160507EF" box="[151,382,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Bolitoglossa paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564EFE13CFD1169915FB07EF" author="Avila-Pires" box="[408,640,1682,1704]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refString="Avila-Pires, T. C. S., Hoogmoed, M. S. &amp; Vitt, L. J. (2007) Herpetofauna da Amazonia: 13 - 43. In: Nascimento, L. B. &amp; Oliveira, M. E. (Eds), Herpetologia no Brasil II. Sociedade Brasileira de Herpetologia, Belo Horizonte, 354 pp." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Avila-Pires
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CC461698153807EF" box="[527,579,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
:15 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E942B859564EFE13CEDE16DE126D0682" blockId="22.[151,1436,1749,1989]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
Juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564EFE13CF6716DE16C107AA" ID-CoL="3B8W" box="[302,442,1749,1773]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CF6716DE16C107AA" box="[302,442,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPEG 5376, MPEG 5455, MPEG 5547, MPEG 5603) were collected west of the municipality of Benjamin Constant (4 23’
<geoCoordinate id="8CC9DE9E564EFE13CCCB16F215A80656" box="[642,723,1785,1809]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" precision="555" value="-7.29">07,29S</geoCoordinate>
, 70 01’
<geoCoordinate id="8CC9DE9E564EFE13CD7C16F214E80656" box="[821,915,1785,1809]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" precision="555" value="-53.5">53,50W</geoCoordinate>
), Amazonas state, border between
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CB6F16F212110656" box="[1318,1386,1785,1809]" name="Brazil" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CEDE171517B10672" box="[151,202,1822,1845]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Peru</collectingCountry>
and close to
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CF2F171616A30672" box="[358,472,1821,1845]" name="Colombia" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Colombia</collectingCountry>
. Morphological, morphometric and coloration data from material collected in
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CB1E171612E00672" box="[1367,1435,1821,1845]" name="Brazil" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Brazil</collectingCountry>
were compared with those of specimens of
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564EFE13CCC01749143A061E" ID-CoL="MDMV" box="[649,833,1857,1881]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonica">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CCC01749143A061E" box="[649,833,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">B. altamazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected at the border of
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CA38174A13A4061E" box="[1137,1247,1857,1881]" name="Colombia" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Colombia</collectingCountry>
with
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CB6A174A1210061E" box="[1315,1387,1857,1881]" name="Brazil" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. We identified the material from Benjamin Constant as
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564EFE13CC92176D14E9063A" ID-CoL="MDMV" box="[731,914,1893,1917]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonica">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564EFE13CC92176D14E9063A" box="[731,914,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">B. altamazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of the geographical proximity to the
<typeStatus id="364606FB564EFE13CE881781178A06E5" box="[193,241,1930,1954]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">type</typeStatus>
locality of the species (Nauta, Loreto Department,
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564EFE13CD7F1782141506E6" box="[822,878,1929,1953]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Peru</collectingCountry>
), SL in juveniles
<quantity id="2E0515BC564EFE13CA7D178213A306E6" box="[1076,1240,1929,1953]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.03" metricValueMax="3.6399999999999997" metricValueMin="2.42" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="mm" value="30.299999999999997" valueMax="36.4" valueMin="24.2">24.2–36.4 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="2E0515BC564EFE13CAAE178212EB06E6" box="[1255,1424,1929,1953]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.895" metricValueMax="4.05" metricValueMin="1.7399999999999998" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="mm" value="28.95" valueMax="40.5" valueMin="17.4">17.4–40.5 mm</quantity>
), TL/SL in juveniles 60–80% (60–100%), same shape of hands and feet, truncate snout and dorsal color.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E942B859564FFE12CE8E109C16670270" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1944]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CE8E109C153001F7" bold="true" box="[199,587,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Comparisons with other species.</emphasis>
Distinguished from species of all other genera of Neotropical salamanders by presence of extensive digital webbing, 13 costal grooves between the limbs and the absence of a sublingual fold. A moderately large, slender species of
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CC1510EB159301BF" ID-CoL="3B8W" box="[604,744,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CC1510EB159301BF" box="[604,744,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with digits completely webbed, morphologically similar to other species of Brazilian
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CFF4110F154F005B" ID-CoL="TCC" box="[445,564,260,284]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Meliolaceae" genus="Amazonia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Meliolales" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Amazonia</taxonomicName>
. It can be distinguished from other Amazonian species of
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CA8A110F1234005B" ID-CoL="3B8W" box="[1219,1359,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CA8A110F1234005B" box="[1219,1359,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following characteristics (condition for
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CC29112214620007" ID-CoL="MDMV" box="[608,793,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonica">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CC29112214620007" box="[608,793,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">B. altamazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the combined Benjamin Constant and Colombian border region specimens in parentheses):
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CC35114714FF0023" ID-CoL="MDRH" box="[636,900,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruviana">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CC35114714FF0023" box="[636,900,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bolitoglossa peruviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: SL in adult males
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CA38114712630023" box="[1137,1304,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8649999999999998" metricValueMax="3.21" metricValueMin="2.52" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="28.65" valueMax="32.1" valueMin="25.2">25.2–32.1 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CB63114717BF00C0" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8649999999999998" metricValueMax="4.68" metricValueMin="3.05" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="38.65" valueMax="46.8" valueMin="30.5">30.5–46.8 mm</quantity>
) and in adult females
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CF811164151500C0" box="[456,622,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.63" metricValueMax="4.25" metricValueMin="3.01" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="36.3" valueMax="42.5" valueMin="30.1">30.1–42.5 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CC361164145100C0" box="[639,810,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.055" metricValueMax="5.779999999999999" metricValueMin="4.33" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="50.55" valueMax="57.8" valueMin="43.3">43.3–57.8 mm</quantity>
), SL/HW in adult males5.1–6.2 times, mean 5.7 times (6.8–8.2 times, mean 7.4 times) and in adult females 5.9–7.0 times, mean 6.3 times (6.3–8.1 times, mean 7.5 times).
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CEA411B3168B0097" ID-CoL="MDRG" box="[237,496,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CEA411B3168B0097" box="[237,496,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bolitoglossa paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: extensively webbed hands and feet but only the tips of third finger and third toe visible (hands and feet extensively webbed, tips of all digits of hands and feet visible) (
<figureCitation id="71C6A4DC564FFE12CA2B11D713B800B3" box="[1122,1219,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,600,623]" captionTargetBox="[355,1243,206,566]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1248,193,579]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Interdigital webbing shapes of right hands and feet of Brazilian Amazonia. Scale 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218257/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figure 2</figureCitation>
), SL in adult males
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CEDE11F416400350" box="[151,315,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.53" metricValueMax="4.17" metricValueMin="2.8899999999999997" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="35.3" valueMax="41.7" valueMin="28.9">28.9–41.7 mm</quantity>
, mean
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CFC011F416970350" box="[393,492,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.56" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="35.6">35.6 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CFB311F415DB0350" box="[506,672,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8649999999999998" metricValueMax="4.68" metricValueMin="3.05" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="38.65" valueMax="46.8" valueMin="30.5">30.5–46.8 mm</quantity>
, mean 39.0 mm) and in adult females
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CA0E11F413900350" box="[1095,1259,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9799999999999995" metricValueMax="4.82" metricValueMin="3.1399999999999997" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="39.8" valueMax="48.2" valueMin="31.4">31.4–48.2 mm</quantity>
, mean
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CB7011F412E60350" box="[1337,1437,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.88" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="38.8">38.8 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CED7122F163E037B" box="[158,325,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.055" metricValueMax="5.779999999999999" metricValueMin="4.33" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="50.55" valueMax="57.8" valueMin="43.3">43.3–57.8 mm</quantity>
, mean
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CFDF122F1685037B" box="[406,510,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.41" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="54.1">54.1 mm</quantity>
), FW/HLL ≤ 40% in adult males and females (≥ 40% in adult males and females), TL/SL in adult males 80–100% (70–120%).
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CCC6124314E10327" ID-CoL="MDSJ" box="[655,922,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tapajonica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CCC6124314E10327" box="[655,922,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bolitoglossa tapajonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C0BAD930564FFE12CDEB124314870327" box="[930,1020,584,608]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CDEB124314870327" bold="true" box="[930,1020,584,608]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: TL/SL in adult males 70–80% (70– 120%) and in adult females 80–90% (60–100%); PT in adult males 3–5 (2–3).
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CA4B1267127603C3" ID-CoL="5WMWS" box="[1026,1293,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caldwellae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CA4B1267127603C3" box="[1026,1293,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bolitoglossa caldwellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C0BAD930564FFE12CB5D1267121603C3" box="[1300,1389,620,644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CB5D1267121603C3" bold="true" box="[1300,1389,620,644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: SL in adult males
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CF72128416A503E0" box="[315,478,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.575" metricValueMax="3.92" metricValueMin="3.2299999999999995" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="35.75" valueMax="39.2" valueMin="32.3">32.3–39.2 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CFA5128415E903E0" box="[492,658,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8649999999999998" metricValueMax="4.68" metricValueMin="3.05" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="38.65" valueMax="46.8" valueMin="30.5">30.5–46.8 mm</quantity>
) and in adult females
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CDC01284135703E0" box="[905,1068,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.67" metricValueMax="4.32" metricValueMin="3.02" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="36.7" valueMax="43.2" valueMin="30.2">30.2–43.2 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CA731284139803E0" box="[1082,1251,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.055" metricValueMax="5.779999999999999" metricValueMin="4.33" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="50.55" valueMax="57.8" valueMin="43.3">43.3–57.8 mm</quantity>
), TL/SL in adult males 50–90% (70–120%), PT in adult males 2–4 (1–3).
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CD5212BF1370038B" ID-CoL="MDQG" box="[795,1035,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madeira" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CD5212BF1370038B" box="[795,1035,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bolitoglossa madeira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C0BAD930564FFE12CA5A12BF1316038B" box="[1043,1133,692,716]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CA5A12BF1316038B" bold="true" box="[1043,1133,692,716]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: DBE/HL in adult females 60% (30–50%, mean 40%). For comparison of selected morphometric and dentition characters for
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CBCD12D216550253" ID-CoL="MDMV" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonica">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CBCD12D216550253" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">B. altamazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CF7412F616B10253" ID-CoL="MDRG" box="[317,458,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CF7412F616B10253" box="[317,458,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">B. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CF9312F615100253" ID-CoL="MDRH" box="[474,619,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruviana">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CF9312F615100253" box="[474,619,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">B. peruviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CC3212F614680253" ID-CoL="MDSJ" box="[635,787,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tapajonica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CC3212F615F70253" box="[635,652,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CCD212F614680253" box="[667,787,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">tapajonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C0BAD930564FFE12CD5212F7140D0253" box="[795,886,764,788]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CD5212F7140D0253" bold="true" box="[795,886,764,788]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CDCC12F613640253" ID-CoL="5WMWS" box="[901,1055,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caldwellae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CDCC12F614ED0253" box="[901,918,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CDEF12F713640253" box="[934,1055,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">caldwellae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C0BAD930564FFE12CA6E12F713F90253" box="[1063,1154,764,788]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CA6E12F713F90253" bold="true" box="[1063,1154,764,788]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CAF212F612420253" ID-CoL="MDQG" box="[1211,1337,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madeira" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CAF212F613B70253" box="[1211,1228,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CA9512F712420253" box="[1244,1337,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">madeira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C0BAD930564FFE12CB0812F712E70253" box="[1345,1436,764,788]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CB0812F712E70253" bold="true" box="[1345,1436,764,788]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
see Table 3.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A1E7EBD2564FFE12CE8E1348123306D0" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E942B859564FFE12CE8E134812E005AF" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1944]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CE8E13481501021B" bold="true" box="[199,634,835,860]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Description of Brazilian specimens.</emphasis>
Slender species, moderately large in size. Maximum total length in juveniles
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CF4A136C161102C7" box="[259,362,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6399999999999997" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="36.4">36.4 mm</quantity>
. SL
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CFD2136C154502C7" box="[411,574,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.03" metricValueMax="3.6399999999999997" metricValueMin="2.42" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="30.299999999999997" valueMax="36.4" valueMin="24.2">24.2–36.4 mm</quantity>
(mean 29.9. mm) in four juveniles. Species with moderately broad head, SL/ HW 6.4–7.0 times (mean 6.6 times); head flattened, width 0.9–1.0 times of head, head as long as wide; head wider than neck. Eyes prominent; horizontal orbit diameter 80–120% of snout length. Eyes protrude slightly beyond lateral margins of head. Nasolabial protuberances evident. Snout rather large, SNL/HL 40–50%, snout broad, SWS/HL 90%. Snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views. Some individuals with concave area in the middle portion of the extremity of the snout. Canthus rostralis not distinct. Nostrils small, located near tip of snout. Body cylindrical, 13 distinct and deep costal grooves. Limbs slender and short, costal interspaces between adpressed fore- and hind limbs 3.0–3.5 (mean 4.0). Hands and feet broad, complete webbed, with distal phalanges of all digits free. Fingers in order of decreasing length, 3––2–4–1, toes 3–2–4–5–1. Original tail round in cross-section, gradually tapering to its tip; rather short, never exceeding the standard length, TL/SL 50–80% in two juveniles. Number of teeth in juveniles: PT 1–2 (mean 1), MT 10–24 (mean 17), VT 12–19 (mean 16), DT 26–51 (mean 39).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E942B859564FFE12CE8E14F8166C0413" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1944]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CE8E14F816E6044B" bold="true" box="[199,413,1267,1292]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
The color description is based on digital scans of color slides made by M. S. Hoogmoed. Dorsal surface dark gray with light brown blotches on the back, head, snout, nasolabial protuberances and flanks. Iris golden.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E942B859564FFE12CE8E15541490074F" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1944]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CE8E15541537043F" bold="true" box="[199,588,1375,1400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
Color in preservative (
<figureCitation id="71C6A4DC564FFE12CF9C15541545043F" box="[469,574,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1803,1826]" captionTargetBox="[166,1424,587,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,561,1782]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Shape and coloration pattern (in alcohol) of Brazilian Amazonia Bolitoglossa, from top to bottom: B. paraensis (neotype MPEG 31682) dorsal surface (left) ventral surface (right); B. tapajonica sp. nov. (holotype MPEG 22176) dorsal surface (left) ventral surface (right) (a); B. caldwellae sp. nov. (holotype MPEG 12886) dorsal surface (left) ventral surface (right); B. madeira sp. nov. (holotype MPEG 18344) dorsal surface (left) ventral surface (right); B. altamazonica (specimen MPEG 5455) dorsal surface (left) ventral surface (right). Specimens rendered at similar size, but different scales. Scale bars all represent 1 cm. Photos M. J. Sturaro." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218261/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figure 6</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Back dark brown with some diffuse patches of lighter brown on trunk and limbs. Some individuals have triangular brown markings between the eyes, with apex extending posteriorly, following mid-dorsal line. Some specimens show gradation in color from back to belly (from dark brown to light brown) or have a dark brown dorso-lateral band. Ventral surface with uniformly distributed cream spots on light brown ground color. Cream blotches on snout and nasolabial protuberances.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E942B859564FFE12CE8E1618123306D0" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1944]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CE8E161816D0076B" bold="true" box="[199,427,1555,1580]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Habitat and range.</emphasis>
Species with largest geographic distribution among plethodont salamanders. Know from cis-Andean
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564FFE12CF691633160E0717" box="[288,373,1592,1616]" name="Bolivia" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564FFE12CFCA163316890717" box="[387,498,1592,1616]" name="Colombia" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(occurring in lowlands on east flank of the Cordillera Oriental
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564FFE12CA9A163316D00733" author="Acosta-Galvis" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" refString="Acosta-Galvis, A. R. &amp; Gutierrez-Lamus, D. L. (2012) A new species of salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) from the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 52, 18, 201 - 218. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492012001800001" type="journal article" year="2012">(Acosta-Galvis &amp; Gutiérrez-Lamus 2012))</bibRefCitation>
,
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564FFE12CFFE1657156D0733" box="[439,534,1628,1652]" name="Ecuador" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564FFE12CC6B165615230733" box="[546,600,1629,1652]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564FFE12CC2D165715AC0733" box="[612,727,1628,1652]" name="Venezuela" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and extreme western
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564FFE12CD991657136E0733" box="[976,1045,1628,1652]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="71C6A4DC564FFE12CA6D165713E80733" box="[1060,1171,1628,1652]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1581,1604]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,348,1541]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,339,1560]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 11. Bolitoglossa altamazonica distribution: type-locality (black star): Nauta, Peru (Cope 1874); distribution records from literature (open stars): Brame Jr. &amp; Wake 1963; Wake &amp; Brame Jr. 1966, Wake et al. 1982; Duellman &amp; Salas 1991; Duellman &amp; Mendelson III 1995; Morales &amp; McDiarmid 1996; Icochea et al. 1999; De la Riva et al. 2000; Icochea et al. 2001; Reichle et al. 2001; Doan &amp; Arizábal-Arriaga 2002; Cisneros-Heredia 2003; Schargel &amp; Fuenmayor 2003; Barrio-Amorós 2004; Lynch 2006; Köhler et al. 2006; Souza &amp; Rivera-Gonzales 2006; Lynch 2007; Von May et al. 2009; Acosta-Galvis et al. 2010; Gutiérrez-Lamus et al. 2011; material from Colombia, Acosta-Galvis, personal data, Acosta-Galvis &amp; Gutiérrez-Lamus 2012 (asterisks); municipality of Benjamin Constant, Amazonas state, Brazil (black dot)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218266/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figure 11</figureCitation>
). The species occurs in primary terra firme forest, secondary forest, and floodplain forest. Individuals are usually found active at night at
<quantity id="2E0515BC564FFE12CEDE16AF165307FB" box="[151,296,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="m" value="1.1" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="0.4">0.4 to 1.8 m</quantity>
above ground eventually associated to the vegetation next to creeks on large leaves of tree-shrub vegetation, small shrubs, occasionally under roots of bushes, inside soil bromeliads or bamboo hollows. In Jardín Botánico de Villavicencio, Meta,
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C9564FFE12CC4716E715040643" box="[526,639,1772,1796]" name="Colombia" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, a population of
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA564FFE12CD7216E6148A0643" box="[827,1009,1772,1796]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altamazonica">
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CD7216E6148A0643" box="[827,1009,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">B. altamazonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was studied and 880 individuals were collected in nine months. Within the study plot the population density was estimated to be 0.23 salamanders/m2. The number of captured salamanders fluctuated with the rainfall pattern, a peak in June (
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564FFE12CADE173C17B40635" author="Gutierrez-Lamus" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" refString="Gutierrez-Lamus, D. L., Lynch, J. D. &amp; Martinez-Villate, G. C. (2011) Population estimators and adult sex ratio for a population of Bolitoglossa altamazonica (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Basic and Applied Herpetology, 25, 43 - 54." type="journal article" year="2011">
Gutiérrez-Lamus
<emphasis id="DB89644B564FFE12CB2B173312E70608" box="[1378,1436,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
) and common from July to December (
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A8564FFE12CCE2175113F80635" author="Acosta-Galvis" box="[683,1155,1882,1906]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" refString="Acosta-Galvis, A. R. &amp; Gutierrez-Lamus, D. L. (2012) A new species of salamander (Bolitoglossa: Plethodontidae) from the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 52, 18, 201 - 218. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492012001800001" type="journal article" year="2012">Acosta-Galvis &amp; Gutiérrez-Lamus 2012</bibRefCitation>
), with. Specimens from Benjamin Constant were found during the day among leaf litter on the ground in primary terra firme forest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A1E7EBD25640FE1DCE8E10931534005B" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E942B8595640FE1DCE8E10931534005B" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">
<emphasis id="DB89644B5640FE1DCE8E1093164001F7" bold="true" box="[199,315,152,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A85640FE1DCF0D1093151501E8" author="Myers" box="[324,622,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" refString="Myers, G. S. &amp; Carvalho A. L. de (1945) Notes on some new or little-known Brazilian amphibians, with an examination of the history of the Plata salamander, Ensatina platensis. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 35, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1945">Myers &amp; Carvalho (1945)</bibRefCitation>
analyzed specimens (not included in this study) collected in Benjamin Constant in 1942.
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A85640FE1DCF2F10B715090193" box="[358,626,188,212]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" refString="Parra-Olea, G., Garcia-Paris, M. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2004) Molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical American genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) and its evolutionary and biogeographical implications. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 81, 325 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2003.00303. x" type="journal article">
Parra-Olea
<emphasis id="DB89644B5640FE1DCFAE10B6155B0193" box="[487,544,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
resurrected the name
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA5640FE1DCD2510B614820193" box="[876,1017,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="DB89644B5640FE1DCD2510B614820193" box="[876,1017,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">B. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and only because that was the oldest name available they considered all specimens of
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA5640FE1DCC9C10EB141A01BF" box="[725,865,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DB89644B5640FE1DCC9C10EB141A01BF" box="[725,865,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="91EAF8C95640FE1DCDC510D414AA01B0" box="[908,977,223,247]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">Brazil</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="2EFDC3DA5640FE1DCDB410EA13F601BF" box="[1021,1165,225,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="DB89644B5640FE1DCDB410EA13F601BF" box="[1021,1165,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">B. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including the material analyzed by
<bibRefCitation id="8D6CC5A85640FE1DCF6D110E1537005B" author="Myers" box="[292,588,260,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" refString="Myers, G. S. &amp; Carvalho A. L. de (1945) Notes on some new or little-known Brazilian amphibians, with an examination of the history of the Plata salamander, Ensatina platensis. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 35, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1945">Myers &amp; Carvalho (1945)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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