1660 lines
228 KiB
XML
1660 lines
228 KiB
XML
<document id="34CED12A193534A00B39C52B27A4F4AF" ID-CLB-Dataset="2481" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="886021c1-e0af-4f53-a24e-ff2374ad8d67" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5864283" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:31825A56-575D-4EC8-909B-59F55AAA5D57" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1642423506938" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mecozzi, Beniamino & Strani, Flavia" docDate="2022" docId="E175E57ABD72FFCAFCC4F92E006BFB2E" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.44.2.17-45.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 44 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Equidae Gray 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="1D4C9D02BD74FFDAFFEDFFDC056CFFC0" masterDocTitle="Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology" masterLastPageNumber="45" masterPageNumber="17" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1699302587459" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="AA1083A13E3298D027D31B8A405E81FF">Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A06922B5DB4A9EB0AD3E37C5F64573B0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="058C23703EA080D4B1E3B74252B65CFE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B562F4C21BEB11E2CA9A89F3F814606B">Mecozzi, Beniamino</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="09AB43235D945C7C5A3E229F8A054321">Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, PaleoFactory, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, I- 00185 Rome (Italy)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E7B846276B575AC09CE1B40191BEF647" type="email">beniamino.mecozzi@uniroma1.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A4B23B00595C8D46D243E3147E2AE3D8">Strani, Flavia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4A04BCAF91F346DEE373B631DD6D9848">Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, PaleoFactory, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, I- 00185 Rome (Italy) & Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, via U. Aldrovandi 18, I- 00197 Rome (Italy)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="348009E4BD5DDE41D477F4470648EB52" type="email">flavia.strani@uniroma1.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="E66C0A9433911B282DF52AB699F13E2C">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CCD54A37FA7A7389AC68F7D9B11F7FE3">
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<mods:date id="F2552471711CF106C48D9D080E495AF1">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2C1A6FEB64BE07E850D9285F3DB9D68E">2022-01-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B9D0A084DACB0ECDBC405FCC32294E23">44</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="7ABCE5F8D36F47376DBE23383EC7DAC9" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E175E57ABD72FFCAFCC4F92E006BFB2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887388" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192492685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5887388" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E175E57ABD72FFCAFCC4F92E006BFB2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E175E57ABD72FFCAFCC4F92E006BFB2E" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD72FFDCFCC4F92E01E7F8EC" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6963546CBD72FFDCFCC4F92E01E7F8EC" blockId="6.[809,1313,1778,1836]" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
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||
LATE MIDDLE TO LATE PLEISTOCENE APULIAN FOSSIL
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD72FFDCFBE1F8CE01E7F8EC" ID-CoL="9TL" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1036,1163,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">EQUIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD72FFDCFCC4F88E06D7F8AA" box="[809,955,1874,1900]" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="6963546CBD72FFDCFCC4F88E06D7F8AA" blockId="6.[807,1455,1874,2028]" box="[809,955,1874,1900]" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">MELPIGNANO</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD72FFDDFCC4F8AD0665F8AB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="6963546CBD72FFDDFCC4F8AD0665F8AB" blockId="6.[807,1455,1874,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[130,777,1618,1900]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="21">
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||
The karst infilling deposits of Melpignano, locally known as “ventarole”, are located in the area of the village of Maglie. These karst deposits were firstly described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD72FFDCFAB9F86D06DFF82C" author="MIRIGLIANO G." pageId="6" pageNumber="21" pagination="2 - 48" refId="ref16342" refString="MIRIGLIANO G. 1941. - Avanzi di vertebrati quaternari di Melpignano (Lecce). Atti della Regia Academia di Scienze fisiche e matematiche Napoli 2 (4): 2 - 48." type="journal article" year="1941">Mirigliano (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, since then several Institutions, as the IsIPU and Italian Institute of Prehistory and Protohistory (IIPP), with the support of local Salentine Speleological groups, investigated this area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFE90F94E0728F96C" author="DE LORENTIIS D." box="[381,580,1682,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="297 - 298" refId="ref15941" refString="DE LORENTIIS D. 1962. - Nuovi giacimenti nelle fessure della pietra leccese: le ventole ossifere di S. Isidoro e Mepignano a Maglie (Lecce). Quaternaria 5: 297 - 298." type="journal article" year="1962">de Lorentiis 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFDBEF94E079BF96C" author="CARDINI L." box="[595,759,1682,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="315 - 318" refId="ref13466" refString="CARDINI L. 1962 a. - Prime determinazioni delle ventole ossifere di S. Isidoro e Melpignano, Maglie. Quaternaria 5: 315 - 318." type="journal article" year="1962">Cardini 1962a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The “ventarole” are generally filled with reddish sediments (called “terre rosse”) in the lower part, and brownish sediments (called “terre brune”) in the upper, particularly rich in vertebrate fossil remains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFE2CF8CE07F0F8EC" author="BOLOGNA P. & DI STEFANO G. & MANZI G. & PETRONIO C. & SARDELLA R. & SQUAZZINI E." box="[449,668,1810,1836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="265 - 274" refId="ref12644" refString="BOLOGNA P., DI STEFANO G., MANZI G., PETRONIO C., SARDELLA R. & SQUAZZINI E. 1994. - Late Pleistocene mammals from the Melpignano (LE) " Ventarole ": preliminary analysis and correlations correlations. Bolletino delaa Societa Paleontologica Italiana It. 33 (2): 265 - 274." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Bologna
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFDC8F8CE0737F8EC" box="[549,603,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD73FFDDFD5BF8CE079BF8EC" box="[694,759,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[809,820,773,791]" captionTargetBox="[823,1407,214,730]" captionTargetId="figure-893@4.[836,1128,213,499]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Location of the considered Apulian sites: 1, Grotta Santa Croce; 2, SMA-esterno;3, Grotta Laceduzza;4, Castellaneta;5, Cardamone;6, Grotta Mario Bernardini - Grotta Uluzzo C - Grotta di Capelvenere; 7, San Sidero – Melpignano;8, Grotta Zinzulusa;9, Fondo Focone;10, Grotta dei Giganti Grotta delle Tre Porte." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864285/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD73FFDDFF5AF8EE0595F88B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[183,249,1842,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFF5AF8EE0595F88B" box="[183,249,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample was recovered from the “terre rosse” of the “ventarole” of Mirigliano, Cava Nuzzo and Cava Bianco.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="3DA304E4BD73FFDDFF69FA3100C3F9D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864289" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5864289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864289/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" startId="7.[132,143,1517,1535]" targetBox="[132,1397,184,1481]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD73FFDDFF69FA3100C3F9D5" blockId="7.[132,1455,1516,1557]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
|
||
FIG. 2. — Crania in right view from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia:
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFD1CFA310792FA3F" bold="true" box="[753,766,1517,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">A</emphasis>
|
||
, IGF16329, cranium of male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD73FFDDFC13FA31000DFA3F" authority="von Reichenau, 1903" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[1022,1377,1517,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFC13FA3101C2FA3F" box="[1022,1198,1517,1535]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Equus mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
von Reichenau, 1903
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from San Sidero;
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFF2EF9DF05BCF9D5" bold="true" box="[195,208,1539,1557]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">B</emphasis>
|
||
, CC467,cranium of female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD73FFDDFE29F9DF0749F9D5" box="[452,549,1539,1557]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFE29F9DF0749F9D5" box="[452,549,1539,1557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Equus ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cardamone;
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFD56F9DF07A5F9D5" bold="true" box="[699,713,1539,1557]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
, CC468,cranium of male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD73FFDDFC43F9DF01FCF9D5" authority="Boddaert, 1785" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[942,1168,1539,1557]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFC43F9DF0163F9D5" box="[942,1039,1539,1557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Equus ferus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFBFCF9DF01FCF9D5" author="BODDAERT P." box="[1041,1168,1539,1557]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 173" refId="ref12601" refString="BODDAERT P. 1785. - Elenchus Animalium. Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, eorumque varietates. CR Hake. Rotterodami [Rotterdam] 1: 1 - 173. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 28229983" type="journal article" year="1785">Boddaert,1785</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cardamone.Scale bars:5 cm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD73FFD3FF69F84E07E8FEF2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD73FFDDFF69F84E048CF86B" box="[132,480,1937,1963]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD73FFDDFF69F84E048CF86B" blockId="7.[132,480,1937,1963]" box="[132,480,1937,1963]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
|
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<heading id="322BE300BD73FFDDFF69F84E048CF86B" box="[132,480,1937,1963]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" reason="8">
|
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<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFF69F84E048CF86B" box="[132,480,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD73FFDDFF69F86E0184F90C" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD73FFDDFF69F86E07FBF82B" blockId="7.[132,775,1969,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD73FFDDFF69F86E07FBF82B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090314" collectionCode="MPUN" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD73FFDDFF69F86E05B0F80C" box="[132,220,1970,1996]" country="Chile" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/twy1-zgma" name="Museo Paleontologicom" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">MPUN</collectionCode>
|
||
Mirigliano collection – 17 upper teeth, 24 lower teeth;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD73FFDDFCC0F98E01D6F94C" blockId="7.[813,1456,1618,1740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD73FFDDFCC0F98E01D6F94C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090312" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
Cava Nuzzo – PF 2 hemimandibles, 4 lower teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD73FFDDFBBBF9AE01C0F94C" box="[1110,1196,1650,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[136,147,1962,1980]" captionTargetBox="[148,1431,237,1834]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mandible of Equus from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia in labial (1), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views:A1-A3, IGF16330,Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau,1903 from San Sidero;B1-B3, CC414,Equus ferus Boddaert,1785 from Cardamone; C1-C3, MPND396 (ex.Cur11),left hemimandible of Equus mosbachensis from Melpignano;D1-D3, C2 20b 77,right hemimandible from SMA-esterno;E1-E3, C2 20b 80,left hemimandible from SMA-esterno.Scale bars:5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864291/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD73FFDDFCC0F94E0184F90C" blockId="7.[813,1456,1618,1740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD73FFDDFCC0F94E0184F90C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090301" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">Cava Bianco – PF 17 upper teeth, 2 hemimandibles, 9 lower teeth.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD73FFDDFCC0F92E06C3F8CA" box="[813,943,1778,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="6963546CBD73FFDDFCC0F92E06C3F8CA" blockId="7.[810,1455,1778,2028]" box="[813,943,1778,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">SAN SIDERO</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD73FFD3FCC0F8CE07E8FEF2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="6963546CBD73FFD3FCC0F8CE07E8FEF2" blockId="7.[810,1455,1778,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[131,775,215,306]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The “ventarole” of San Sidero are located along the state road (SS16) between the villages of Corigliano d’Otranto and Maglie. The first description of the deposit and its faunal assemblage was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFC0CF8AD01FEF84C" author="CARDINI L." box="[993,1170,1905,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="315 - 318" refId="ref13466" refString="CARDINI L. 1962 a. - Prime determinazioni delle ventole ossifere di S. Isidoro e Melpignano, Maglie. Quaternaria 5: 315 - 318." type="journal article" year="1962">Cardini (1962a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The mammal fauna from San Sidero was also studied by other authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFAE0F84E00C4F86B" author="DE GIULI C." box="[1293,1448,1937,1964]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" refId="ref14177" refString="DE GIULI C. 1980. - La fauna di Maglie (Lecce). I Vertebrati fossili italiani, catalogo della Mostra, Verona, 241 p." type="book" year="1980">De Giuli 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFCC0F86D0608F80B" author="DE GIULI C." box="[813,868,1969,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="45 - 79" refId="ref14206" refString="DE GIULI C. 1983. - Le faune pleistoceniche del Salento 1. La fauna di San Sidero 3. I Quaderni - Edizioni scientifiche del Museo Comunale di Paleontologia di Maglie 1: 45 - 79." type="journal article" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFC9DF86D015BF80B" author="PETRUCCI M. & ROMITI S. & SARDELLA R." box="[880,1079,1969,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="137 - 148" refId="ref16494" refString="PETRUCCI M., ROMITI S. & SARDELLA R. 2012. - The Middle- Late Pleistocene Cuon Hodgson, 1838 (Carnivora, Canidae) from Italy. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 51 (2): 137 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.4435 / BSPI. 2012.15" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Petrucci
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFC26F86E0690F80B" box="[971,1020,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFBAEF86D0194F80B" author="IURINO D. A. & FICO R. & PETRUCCI M. & SARDELLA R." box="[1091,1272,1969,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="235 - 243" refId="ref15451" refString="IURINO D. A., FICO R., PETRUCCI M. & SARDELLA R. 2013. - A pathological Late Pleistocene canid from San Sidero (Italy): implications for social and feeding behaviour. Naturwissenschaften 100 (3): 235 - 243." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Iurino
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD73FFDDFB66F86E01D0F80B" box="[1163,1212,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD73FFDDFAE9F86D0057F80C" author="IURINO D. A. & FICO R. & SARDELLA R." box="[1284,1339,1969,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="96 - 101" refId="ref15500" refString="IURINO D. A., FICO R. & SARDELLA R. 2015. - A pathological Late Pleistocene badger from San Sidero (Apulia, Southern Italy): Implications for developmental pathology and feeding behaviour. Quaternary International 366: 96 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 % 2 Fj. quaint. 2014.12.030" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly to the Melpignano sediments, these “ventarole” include “terre rosse” layers in the lower part and “terre brune” layers in the upper part. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7DFFD3FEC3FF2B04EAFED1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[302,390,247,273]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Equidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample was collected from the “terre rosse” of the “ventarole” called SS6 and Cava L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="3DA304E4BD7CFFD2FF65F87600D9F829" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5864291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864291/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" startId="8.[136,147,1962,1980]" targetBox="[148,1431,237,1834]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7CFFD2FF65F87600D9F829" blockId="8.[136,1461,1962,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">
|
||
FIG. 3. — Mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7CFFD2FED4F8760401F87C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[313,365,1962,1980]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7CFFD2FED4F8760401F87C" box="[313,365,1962,1980]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia in labial (
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7CFFD2FCC4F876065FF87C" bold="true" box="[809,819,1962,1980]" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">1</emphasis>
|
||
), lingual (
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7CFFD2FC92F87606E5F87C" bold="true" box="[895,905,1962,1980]" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">2</emphasis>
|
||
) and occlusal (
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7CFFD2FBEFF8760160F87C" bold="true" box="[1026,1036,1962,1980]" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">3</emphasis>
|
||
) views:A1-A3, IGF16330,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7CFFD2FB0EF876047FF813" authority="von Reichenau, 1903" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7CFFD2FB0EF87600FCF87C" box="[1251,1424,1962,1980]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Equus mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
von Reichenau,1903
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from San Sidero;B1-B3, CC414,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7CFFD2FDCAF81D0661F813" authority="Boddaert, 1785" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[551,781,1985,2003]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7CFFD2FDCAF81D07E5F813" box="[551,649,1985,2003]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Equus ferus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7CFFD2FD61F81D0661F813" author="BODDAERT P." box="[652,781,1985,2003]" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 173" refId="ref12601" refString="BODDAERT P. 1785. - Elenchus Animalium. Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, eorumque varietates. CR Hake. Rotterodami [Rotterdam] 1: 1 - 173. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 28229983" type="journal article" year="1785">Boddaert,1785</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cardamone; C1-C3, MPND396 (ex.Cur11),left hemimandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7CFFD2FABDF81D05B0F829" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7CFFD2FABDF81D05B0F829" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="23">Equus mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Melpignano;D1-D3, C2 20b 77,right hemimandible from SMA-esterno;E1-E3, C2 20b 80,left hemimandible from SMA-esterno.Scale bars:5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7DFFD3FF69FE840753FBCE" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FE8404A5FEB1" box="[132,457,343,369]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FE8404A5FEB1" blockId="9.[132,457,343,369]" box="[132,457,343,369]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7DFFD3FF69FE8404A5FEB1" box="[132,457,343,369]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FF69FE8404A5FEB1" box="[132,457,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FEAF0664FE00" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FEAF041DFE66" blockId="9.[132,776,371,448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7DFFD3FF69FEAF041DFE66" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090308" collectionCode="IGF" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">
|
||
SS6 –
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD7DFFD3FF2EFEAF0580FE4B" box="[195,236,371,395]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/viee-nve0" name="Instituto di Geologia e Paleontologia" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">IGF</collectionCode>
|
||
one skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7DFFD3FE96FEAF04ABFE4B" box="[379,455,371,395]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1517,1535]" captionTargetBox="[132,1397,184,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-228@7.[230,1105,632,1004]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Crania in right view from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia: A, IGF16329, cranium of male of Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero;B, CC467,cranium of female of Equus ferusfrom Cardamone; C, CC468,cranium of male of Equus ferusBoddaert,1785 from Cardamone.Scale bars:5 cm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864289/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
), 11 upper teeth, 10 lower teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7DFFD3FEF6FE51040AFE66" box="[283,358,397,422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[136,147,1962,1980]" captionTargetBox="[148,1431,237,1834]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mandible of Equus from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia in labial (1), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views:A1-A3, IGF16330,Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau,1903 from San Sidero;B1-B3, CC414,Equus ferus Boddaert,1785 from Cardamone; C1-C3, MPND396 (ex.Cur11),left hemimandible of Equus mosbachensis from Melpignano;D1-D3, C2 20b 77,right hemimandible from SMA-esterno;E1-E3, C2 20b 80,left hemimandible from SMA-esterno.Scale bars:5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864291/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FE740664FE00" blockId="9.[132,776,371,448]" box="[132,776,424,448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7DFFD3FF69FE740664FE00" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090309" box="[132,776,424,448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">Cava L – PF five upper teeth, one hemimandible, six lower teeth.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FE2A04F6FDCF" box="[132,410,502,528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FE2A04F6FDCF" blockId="9.[130,777,502,1039]" box="[132,410,502,528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">GROTTA DI CAPELVENERE</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FDCA0753FBCE" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FDCA0753FBCE" blockId="9.[130,777,502,1039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The site, located near the town of Santa Caterina (Lecce), occurs in a Cretaceous limestone (Calcari di Melissano Formation) at
|
||
<quantity id="AE24F989BD7DFFD3FF6FFD8A05D7FDB0" box="[130,187,598,624]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. and about
|
||
<quantity id="AE24F989BD7DFFD3FE80FD8A04D8FDB0" box="[365,436,598,624]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
from the current seashore. The cave was discovery in 1960 and was only partially excavated in 1971, 1974 and 1975 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FE46FD4A066CFD70" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[427,768,662,688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="207 - 216" refId="ref12791" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1961. - Un saggio di scavo nella Grotta di Capelvenere, a Santa Caterina di Nardo. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 16: 207 - 216." type="journal article" year="1961">Borzatti von Löwenstern 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FF69FD690468FD10" author="GIUSTI M." box="[132,260,693,720]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="19 - 40" refId="ref14915" refString="GIUSTI M. 1979. - La Grotta di Capelvenere a S. Caterina-Nardo (Campagna di scavo 1974). Studi Ecologia Quaternario 1: 19 - 40." type="journal article" year="1979">Giusti 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FEFDFD6A0424FD10" author="GIUSTI M." box="[272,328,694,720]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="77 - 85" refId="ref14945" refString="GIUSTI M. 1980. - La Grotta di Capelvenere a S. Caterina-Nardo (Campagna di scavo 1975). Studi Ecologia Quaternario 2: 77 - 85." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Outside the cave, a nearby conglomerate deposit at about
|
||
<quantity id="AE24F989BD7DFFD3FED0FD0A0406FD30" box="[317,362,726,752]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. has been referred to Tyrrhenian beach (MIS 5) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FEC2FD2904B9FCCF" author="PATRIARCHI G." box="[303,469,757,783]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref16464" refString="PATRIARCHI G. 1980. - Studio sedimentologico e geochimico del paleosuolo dela Grotta di Capelvenere (Nardo-Lecce). S tudi Ecologia Quaternario 2: 87 - 96." type="journal article" year="1980">Patriarchi 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The stratigraphic sequence can be divided into two main complexes separated from a speleothem: in the upper part, the brownish sediment, where domestic fauna, ceramics and artefacts appeared, has been referred to Iron age. Instead, in the lower part ten levels including vertebrate fossils and artefacts have been referred to Mousterian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FEC1FC69071EFC0F" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[300,626,949,975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="207 - 216" refId="ref12791" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1961. - Un saggio di scavo nella Grotta di Capelvenere, a Santa Caterina di Nardo. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 16: 207 - 216." type="journal article" year="1961">Borzatti von Löwenstern 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FD92FC69066CFC0F" author="GIUSTI M." box="[639,768,949,975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="19 - 40" refId="ref14915" refString="GIUSTI M. 1979. - La Grotta di Capelvenere a S. Caterina-Nardo (Campagna di scavo 1974). Studi Ecologia Quaternario 1: 19 - 40." type="journal article" year="1979">Giusti 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FF69FC0905D0FC2F" author="GIUSTI M." box="[132,188,981,1007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="77 - 85" refId="ref14945" refString="GIUSTI M. 1980. - La Grotta di Capelvenere a S. Caterina-Nardo (Campagna di scavo 1975). Studi Ecologia Quaternario 2: 77 - 85." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FF27FC08041DFC2F" author="PATRIARCHI G." box="[202,369,980,1007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref16464" refString="PATRIARCHI G. 1980. - Studio sedimentologico e geochimico del paleosuolo dela Grotta di Capelvenere (Nardo-Lecce). S tudi Ecologia Quaternario 2: 87 - 96." type="journal article" year="1980">Patriarchi 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The studied sample comes from the lower part of the sedimentary succession.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7DFFD3FF69FBE90727FA4D" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FBE904A5FB8E" box="[132,457,1076,1102]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FBE904A5FB8E" blockId="9.[132,457,1076,1102]" box="[132,457,1076,1102]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7DFFD3FF69FBE904A5FB8E" box="[132,457,1076,1102]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FF69FBE904A5FB8E" box="[132,457,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FB8D0664FBA8" box="[132,776,1104,1129]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FB8D0664FBA8" blockId="9.[132,776,1104,1129]" box="[132,776,1104,1129]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7DFFD3FF69FB8D0664FBA8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090306" box="[132,776,1104,1129]" collectionCode="IGF" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD7DFFD3FF69FB8D05C1FBA9" box="[132,173,1105,1129]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/viee-nve0" name="Instituto di Geologia e Paleontologia" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">IGF</collectionCode>
|
||
18 upper teeth, five hemimandibles, 26 lower teeth.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FB4804C5FB6C" box="[132,425,1172,1198]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FB4804C5FB6C" blockId="9.[130,777,1172,1422]" box="[132,425,1172,1198]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">GROTTA DELLE TRE PORTE</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FB680727FA4D" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FB680727FA4D" blockId="9.[130,777,1172,1422]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The fossiliferous site was discovered in 1936during a field survey of the IsIPU conducted by Gian Alberto Blanc (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FD6EFB080792FB2E" author="BLANC A. C." box="[643,766,1235,1262]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="5 - 14" refId="ref12568" refString="BLANC A. C. 1958. - Giacimenti musteriani con fauna ad elefante, rinoceronti e leone sulla scogliera del Capo di Leuca. La Zagaglia 1: 5 - 14." type="journal article" year="1958">Blanc 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7DFFD3FF60FB2F05A7FACE" box="[141,203,1267,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[809,820,773,791]" captionTargetBox="[823,1407,214,730]" captionTargetId="figure-893@4.[836,1128,213,499]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Location of the considered Apulian sites: 1, Grotta Santa Croce; 2, SMA-esterno;3, Grotta Laceduzza;4, Castellaneta;5, Cardamone;6, Grotta Mario Bernardini - Grotta Uluzzo C - Grotta di Capelvenere; 7, San Sidero – Melpignano;8, Grotta Zinzulusa;9, Fondo Focone;10, Grotta dei Giganti Grotta delle Tre Porte." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864285/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The coastal cave, located at Punta Ristola, includes three different saloons, but only two contained Pleistocene deposits, Antro del Bambino and Grotta Titti. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7DFFD3FD25FAE80665FA8D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[712,777,1332,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FD25FAE80665FA8D" box="[712,777,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material was collected from the level F of Antro del Bambino, associated to Middle Palaeolithic artefacts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7DFFD3FF69FA680132FDB0" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69FA680665FA27" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FA6804A5FA0D" blockId="9.[132,457,1459,1485]" box="[132,457,1459,1485]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7DFFD3FF69FA6804A5FA0D" box="[132,457,1459,1485]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FF69FA6804A5FA0D" box="[132,457,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69FA0C0665FA27" blockId="9.[132,777,1487,1511]" box="[132,777,1487,1511]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7DFFD3FF69FA0C0665FA27" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090302" box="[132,777,1487,1511]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">IsIPU eight upper teeth, one hemimandible, nine lower teeth.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69F9CF04D3F9EB" box="[132,447,1555,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69F9CF04D3F9EB" blockId="9.[130,776,1555,2028]" box="[132,447,1555,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">GROTTA MARIO BERNARDINI</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FF69F9EE0132FDB0" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FF69F9EE0132FDB0" blockId="9.[130,776,1555,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[811,1456,215,624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The cave located along the Ionian coast near the village of Santa Caterina, also known as Grotta di Santa Margherita, was discovered in 1961 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FEF1F9AE0731F94C" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[284,605,1650,1677]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="89 - 125" refId="ref12896" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1970. - Prima campagna di scavi nella grotta Mario Bernardini (Nardo Lecce). Rivista di scienze preistoriche 25: 89 - 125." type="journal article" year="1970">Borzatti von Löwenstern 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FD86F9AE07CDF94C" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[619,673,1650,1676]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref12927" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1971. - Seconda campagna di scavi nella grotta " Mario Bernardini " (Nardo-Lecce). Rivista di scienze preistoriche 26: 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7DFFD3FD56F9AE0794F94C" box="[699,760,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[809,820,773,791]" captionTargetBox="[823,1407,214,730]" captionTargetId="figure-893@4.[836,1128,213,499]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Location of the considered Apulian sites: 1, Grotta Santa Croce; 2, SMA-esterno;3, Grotta Laceduzza;4, Castellaneta;5, Cardamone;6, Grotta Mario Bernardini - Grotta Uluzzo C - Grotta di Capelvenere; 7, San Sidero – Melpignano;8, Grotta Zinzulusa;9, Fondo Focone;10, Grotta dei Giganti Grotta delle Tre Porte." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864285/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The stratigraphic succession consists of four main archeological levels: D, C, B and A, excepted for the top of the sequence, where ceramic and artefacts were referred to Iron and Bronze age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FF57F92E077CF8CC" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[186,528,1778,1804]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="89 - 125" refId="ref12896" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1970. - Prima campagna di scavi nella grotta Mario Bernardini (Nardo Lecce). Rivista di scienze preistoriche 25: 89 - 125." type="journal article" year="1970">Borzatti von Löwenstern 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FDCDF92E0735F8CC" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[544,601,1778,1804]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref12927" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1971. - Seconda campagna di scavi nella grotta " Mario Bernardini " (Nardo-Lecce). Rivista di scienze preistoriche 26: 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FD87F92E045DF8EC" author="CARMIGIANI L. & ROMAGNOLI F." pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref13552" refString="CARMIGIANI L. & ROMAGNOLI F. 2017. - Revisione dell'industria litica musteriana di Grotta Mario Bernardini (Nardo, Lecce). Atti della XLVII Riunione Scientifica Preistoria e Protostoria della Puglia: 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="2017">Carmigiani & Romagnoli 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). From the complex VI-III artefacts referred to Mousterian facies were found, whereas those from the complex II were attributed to Uluzzian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FE28F88D0793F8AC" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[453,767,1873,1900]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="89 - 125" refId="ref12896" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1970. - Prima campagna di scavi nella grotta Mario Bernardini (Nardo Lecce). Rivista di scienze preistoriche 25: 89 - 125." type="journal article" year="1970">Borzatti von Löwenstern 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FF69F8AD05D7F84B" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[132,187,1905,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref12927" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1971. - Seconda campagna di scavi nella grotta " Mario Bernardini " (Nardo-Lecce). Rivista di scienze preistoriche 26: 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FF26F8AD074DF84B" author="CARMIGIANI L. & ROMAGNOLI F." box="[203,545,1905,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref13552" refString="CARMIGIANI L. & ROMAGNOLI F. 2017. - Revisione dell'industria litica musteriana di Grotta Mario Bernardini (Nardo, Lecce). Atti della XLVII Riunione Scientifica Preistoria e Protostoria della Puglia: 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="2017">Carmigiani & Romagnoli 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The volcanic material recovered in the top of complex IV (firstly indicated as ss) could be correlated with that found in the level G of the Grotta del Cavallo dated approximately to 109 100 ± 900 ka (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FD3BF80D06CDFF31" author="SARTI L. & BOSCATO P. & MARTINI F. & SPAGNOLETTI A. P." box="[726,929,215,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="45 - 109" refId="ref17109" refString="SARTI L., BOSCATO P., MARTINI F. & SPAGNOLETTI A. P. 2002. - Il Musteriano di Grotta del Cavallo-strati H e I: studio preliminare. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 52 (21): 45 - 109." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Sarti
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FCC0FF04060DFF31" box="[813,865,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FC5DFF0B0100FF31" author="SPINAPOLICE E. E." box="[944,1132,215,241]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" refId="ref17201" refString="SPINAPOLICE E. E. 2008. - Technologie lithique et circulation des matieres premieres au Paleolithique moyen dans le Salento (Pouilles, Italie meridionale): perspectives comportementales. Doctoral dissertation, Sapienza Universita di Roma and Universite de Bordeaux 1, Rome / Bordeaux, 480 p." type="book" year="2008">Spinapolice 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FB96FF0B005BFF31" author="SPINAPOLICE E. E." box="[1147,1335,215,241]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="95 - 124" refId="ref17252" refString="SPINAPOLICE E. E. 2018. - Neanderthal mobility pattern and technological organization in the Salento (Apulia, Italy), in BORGIA V. & CRISTIANI E. (eds), Palaeolithic Italy Advanced Studies on Early Human Adaptations in the Apennine Peninsula. Sidestone Press Acadmics, Leiden, Netherlands: 95 - 124." type="book chapter" year="2018">Spinapolice 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FAABFF0B068DFED1" author="DOUKA K. & SPINAPOLICE E. E." pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="45 - 79" refId="ref14287" refString="DOUKA K. & SPINAPOLICE E. E. 2012. - Neanderthal Shell Tool Production: Evidence from Middle Palaeolithic Italy and Greece. Journal of World Prehistory. 25: 45 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10963 - 012 - 9056 - z" type="journal article" year="2012">Douka & Spinapolice 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FC00FF2B01ABFED1" author="ZANCHETTA G. & GIACCIO B. & BINI M. & SARTI L." box="[1005,1223,247,273]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref17948" refString="ZANCHETTA G., GIACCIO B., BINI M. & SARTI L. 2018. - Tephrostratigraphy of Grotta del Cavallo, Southern Italy: Insights on the chronology of Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews 182: 65 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2017.12.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zanchetta
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FBB1FF2401E0FED1" box="[1116,1164,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Instead, the volcanic material from the bottom of the complex II (initially indicated as ss
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FCBBFEEB0633FE91" box="[854,863,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">)</emphasis>
|
||
can be correlated with that found at the top of the level F of the Grotta del Cavallo dated approssimatively to 45700 ± 1 000 ka (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FC7BFEAB0154FE51" author="SARTI L. & BOSCATO P. & MARTINI F. & SPAGNOLETTI A. P." box="[918,1080,375,401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="45 - 109" refId="ref17109" refString="SARTI L., BOSCATO P., MARTINI F. & SPAGNOLETTI A. P. 2002. - Il Musteriano di Grotta del Cavallo-strati H e I: studio preliminare. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 52 (21): 45 - 109." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Sarti
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FC21FEAB0691FE51" box="[972,1021,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FBA8FEAB0196FE51" author="SPINAPOLICE E. E." box="[1093,1274,375,401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" refId="ref17201" refString="SPINAPOLICE E. E. 2008. - Technologie lithique et circulation des matieres premieres au Paleolithique moyen dans le Salento (Pouilles, Italie meridionale): perspectives comportementales. Doctoral dissertation, Sapienza Universita di Roma and Universite de Bordeaux 1, Rome / Bordeaux, 480 p." type="book" year="2008">Spinapolice 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FAEAFEAB0051FE51" author="SPINAPOLICE E. E." box="[1287,1341,375,401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="95 - 124" refId="ref17252" refString="SPINAPOLICE E. E. 2018. - Neanderthal mobility pattern and technological organization in the Salento (Apulia, Italy), in BORGIA V. & CRISTIANI E. (eds), Palaeolithic Italy Advanced Studies on Early Human Adaptations in the Apennine Peninsula. Sidestone Press Acadmics, Leiden, Netherlands: 95 - 124." type="book chapter" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FAA7FEAB068EFE71" author="DOUKA K. & SPINAPOLICE E. E." pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="45 - 79" refId="ref14287" refString="DOUKA K. & SPINAPOLICE E. E. 2012. - Neanderthal Shell Tool Production: Evidence from Middle Palaeolithic Italy and Greece. Journal of World Prehistory. 25: 45 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10963 - 012 - 9056 - z" type="journal article" year="2012">Douka & Spinapolice 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FC1DFE4A01A2FE71" author="ZANCHETTA G. & GIACCIO B. & BINI M. & SARTI L." box="[1008,1230,406,433]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref17948" refString="ZANCHETTA G., GIACCIO B., BINI M. & SARTI L. 2018. - Tephrostratigraphy of Grotta del Cavallo, Southern Italy: Insights on the chronology of Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews 182: 65 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2017.12.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zanchetta
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FB8DFE4B01FEFE70" box="[1120,1170,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Albeit the mammal remains have never been studied in detail, a preliminary mammal list was provided byBorzatti
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FB9BFE0B0031FE30" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[1142,1373,470,497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="89 - 125" refId="ref12896" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1970. - Prima campagna di scavi nella grotta Mario Bernardini (Nardo Lecce). Rivista di scienze preistoriche 25: 89 - 125." type="journal article" year="1970">von Löwenstern (1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FA87FE0A00CCFE30" author="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E." box="[1386,1440,470,496]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="31 - 62" refId="ref12927" refString="BORZATTI VON LOWENSTERN E. 1971. - Seconda campagna di scavi nella grotta " Mario Bernardini " (Nardo-Lecce). Rivista di scienze preistoriche 26: 31 - 62." type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7DFFD3FCC0FE2B0607FDD0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[813,875,503,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FCC0FE2B0607FDD0" box="[813,875,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found from different levels (VI, IV, III, II), where also lithic artefacts referred to Middle Palaeolithic from the complexes VI-III and Upper Palaeolithic from the complex II were found (
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD7DFFD3FC96FD8A06A4FDB0" box="[891,968,598,624]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[129,140,221,239]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — Equus Linnaeus, 1758 fossil material from the late Middle to Early Holocene of the Apulian Peninsula. Date abbreviations: Biochr., biochronology; Chrono-cult., chrono-cultural;" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD71FFDFFF6CFF0104EEFEC5" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD71FFDFFF6CFF0104EEFEC5">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7DFFD3FC38FD8A0123FDB0" box="[981,1103,598,624]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="21.[312,324,307,325]" captionTargetBox="[405,1352,348,2016]" captionTargetId="figure-53@21.[132,1455,315,2057]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="APPENDIX 1. — Schematic stratigraphic log of Grotta Mario Bernardini (modified from Borzatti von LÖwenstern 1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887219/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Appendix 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7DFFD3FCC0FD4A00C2FA4D" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0FD4A011EFD70" box="[813,1138,662,688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0FD4A011EFD70" blockId="9.[813,1138,662,688]" box="[813,1138,662,688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7DFFD3FCC0FD4A011EFD70" box="[813,1138,662,688]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FCC0FD4A011EFD70" box="[813,1138,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0FD6E00C3FD0A" box="[813,1455,690,714]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0FD6E00C3FD0A" blockId="9.[813,1455,690,714]" box="[813,1455,690,714]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7DFFD3FCC0FD6E00C3FD0A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090313" box="[813,1455,690,714]" collectionCode="IGF" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD7DFFD3FCC0FD6E063AFD0A" box="[813,854,690,714]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/viee-nve0" name="Instituto di Geologia e Paleontologia" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">IGF</collectionCode>
|
||
27 upper teeth, one hemimandible, 27 lower teeth.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0FD290169FCCF" box="[813,1029,757,784]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0FD290169FCCF" blockId="9.[811,1457,757,1422]" box="[813,1029,757,784]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">GROTTA ULUZZO C</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0FCC900C2FA4D" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0FCC900C2FA4D" blockId="9.[811,1457,757,1422]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The cave is located in the Uluzzo Bay near the village of Nardò, opening into the Cretaceous limestone. The stratigraphic succession was described by Borzatti von Löwestern (1965, 1966) and Borzatti von Löwestern & Magaldi (1969). In particular, the green volcanic sand from the bottom of the complex II could be correlated with the tephra found at the top of the level F of Grotta del Cavallo, dated at 45700 ± 1000 ka by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FCC3FC280148FBCF" author="ZANCHETTA G. & GIACCIO B. & BINI M. & SARTI L." box="[814,1060,1012,1039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref17948" refString="ZANCHETTA G., GIACCIO B., BINI M. & SARTI L. 2018. - Tephrostratigraphy of Grotta del Cavallo, Southern Italy: Insights on the chronology of Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews 182: 65 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2017.12.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zanchetta
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FC72FC2906BFFBCE" box="[927,979,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Instead, the complex II-I transition, consisting of a grey volcanic sand, could be correlated with the Ignimbrite Campana (CI) identified at the bottom of the level C of Grotta del Cavallo, dated at 39 850 ± 140 ka
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FAAEFB8806DCFB4F" author="ZANCHETTA G. & GIACCIO B. & BINI M. & SARTI L." pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref17948" refString="ZANCHETTA G., GIACCIO B., BINI M. & SARTI L. 2018. - Tephrostratigraphy of Grotta del Cavallo, Southern Italy: Insights on the chronology of Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews 182: 65 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2017.12.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zanchetta
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FCC0FBA90633FB4E" box="[813,863,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The presence of a reworked tephra in the top of the complex IV could represent a marker for the lower deposit. Further investigations needed to confirm the age of these volcanic levels. Moreover, Borzatti von Löwestern (1965, 1966) reported a preliminary list of the fossil mammals recovered from this locality. The studied sample come from the complex IV, III and II (
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD7DFFD3FC2BFAEF0178FA8D" box="[966,1044,1331,1357]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[129,140,221,239]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — Equus Linnaeus, 1758 fossil material from the late Middle to Early Holocene of the Apulian Peninsula. Date abbreviations: Biochr., biochronology; Chrono-cult., chrono-cultural;" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD71FFDFFF6CFF0104EEFEC5" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD71FFDFFF6CFF0104EEFEC5">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7DFFD3FBCFFAEF01F2FA8D" box="[1058,1182,1331,1357]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="22.[292,304,220,238]" captionTargetBox="[418,1339,269,1959]" captionTargetId="figure-50@22.[353,1198,225,1967]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="APPENDIX 2. — Schematic stratigraphical log of Grotta Uluzzo C (modified from Borzatti von LÖwenstern & Magaldi 1969)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887221/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Appendix 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Whereas, artefacts from the complex IV and III were attributed to Middle Palaeolithic, instead those from the complex II to early Upper Palaeolithic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7DFFD3FCC0FA6806B1F8CC" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0FA68011EFA0D" box="[813,1138,1459,1485]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0FA68011EFA0D" blockId="9.[813,1138,1459,1485]" box="[813,1138,1459,1485]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7DFFD3FCC0FA68011EFA0D" box="[813,1138,1459,1485]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FCC0FA68011EFA0D" box="[813,1138,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0FA1300DCFA27" box="[813,1456,1487,1511]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0FA1300DCFA27" blockId="9.[813,1456,1487,1511]" box="[813,1456,1487,1511]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7DFFD3FCC0FA1300DCFA27" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090310" box="[813,1456,1487,1511]" collectionCode="IGF" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD7DFFD3FCC0FA13063AFA27" box="[813,854,1487,1511]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/viee-nve0" name="Instituto di Geologia e Paleontologia" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">IGF</collectionCode>
|
||
21 upper teeth, two hemimandibles, 33 lower teeth.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0F9CF06A1F9EB" box="[813,973,1555,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0F9CF06A1F9EB" blockId="9.[811,1457,1555,1804]" box="[813,973,1555,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">CASTELLANETA</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0F9EE06B1F8CC" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0F9EE06B1F8CC" blockId="9.[811,1457,1555,1804]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The Castellaneta deposit is a karst infilling into the Pleistocene Calcarenite (Monte Castiglione Formation) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7DFFD3FB16F98F00CCF9AC" author="DE GIORGI C." box="[1275,1440,1618,1645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" pagination="239 - 247" refId="ref14144" refString="DE GIORGI C. 1877. - Da Bari al Mar Ionio; appunti geologici per C. De Giorgi. Bolletiono del Reale Comitato Geololigico Italia 7: 239 - 247." type="journal article" year="1877">De Giorgi 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fossil material was recovered during the geological survey in the area conducted by Cosimo De Giorgi in the 1870s. Albeit the author delegated the study of the collected sample to Ulderigo Botti, the remains from the karst fissure were never described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7DFFD0FCC0F8EE0665FEB1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0F8EE011EF88B" box="[813,1138,1841,1867]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0F8EE011EF88B" blockId="9.[813,1138,1841,1867]" box="[813,1138,1841,1867]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7DFFD3FCC0F8EE011EF88B" box="[813,1138,1841,1867]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7DFFD3FCC0F8EE011EF88B" box="[813,1138,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0F89200FDF8A6" box="[813,1425,1870,1894]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0F89200FDF8A6" blockId="9.[813,1425,1870,1894]" box="[813,1425,1870,1894]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7DFFD3FCC0F89200FDF8A6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090315" box="[813,1425,1870,1894]" collectionCode="ITCGC" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD7DFFD3FCC0F8920610F8A6" box="[813,892,1870,1894]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">ITCGC</collectionCode>
|
||
28 upper teeth, 1 hemimandible, 28 lower teeth.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD3FCC0F84D0174F86A" box="[813,1048,1937,1963]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD3FCC0F84D0174F86A" blockId="9.[813,1457,1937,2028]" box="[813,1048,1937,1963]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">GROTTA DEI GIGANTI</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7DFFD0FCC0F86D0665FEB1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7DFFD0FCC0F86D0665FEB1" blockId="9.[813,1457,1937,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[130,779,215,369]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The coastal cave, located between Punta Ristola and Punta Marchiello, was discovered by the Italian Institute of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7DFFD3FAB3F80E00DDF82C" box="[1374,1457,2002,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="24">Human</taxonomicName>
|
||
Paleontology during a field survey conducted by Gian Alberto Blanc in the 1930s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FEB6FF2B04B8FED2" author="BLANC A. C." box="[347,468,247,274]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="5 - 14" refId="ref12568" refString="BLANC A. C. 1958. - Giacimenti musteriani con fauna ad elefante, rinoceronti e leone sulla scogliera del Capo di Leuca. La Zagaglia 1: 5 - 14." type="journal article" year="1958">Blanc 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The authors also reported a mammal faunal list.In addition,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FE29FECB07EBFEF2" author="ALESSIO M. & ALLEGRI L. & BELLA F. & IMPROTA S. & BELLUOMINI G. & CALDERONI G. & CORTESI C. & MANFRA L. & TURI B." box="[452,647,279,306]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="79 - 104" refId="ref11890" refString="ALESSIO M., ALLEGRI L., BELLA F., IMPROTA S., BELLUOMINI G., CALDERONI G., CORTESI C., MANFRA L. & TURI B. 1978. - University of Rome carbon- 14 dates XVI. Radiocarbon 20: 79 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0033822200003921" type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Alessio
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FDFDFEC40752FEF1" box="[528,574,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1978)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attempted to carry out radiocarbon dating without success.However, the fossil material was found associated to Middle Palaeolithic artefacts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA" ID-Table-UUID="3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" startId="10.[808,819,219,237]" targetBox="[810,1442,340,576]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA" blockId="10.[808,1456,219,282]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">TABLE 2. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the upper teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FC40FE8800CEFD80" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<table id="1BDCA6CCBD7E0025FCC7FE8800CEFD80" box="[810,1442,340,576]" gridcols="9" gridrows="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FE8800CEFEA8" box="[810,1442,340,360]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FE8801E5FEA8" box="[926,1161,340,360]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FC40FE8801EDFEA8" bold="true" box="[941,1153,340,360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Number of specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FE880031FEA8" box="[1263,1373,340,360]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FAECFE880021FEA8" bold="true" box="[1281,1357,340,360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">P- value</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FEAB00CEFE4C" box="[810,1442,375,396]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FCC7FEAB061AFE4C" box="[810,886,375,396]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FCDFFEA40636FE4C" bold="true" box="[818,858,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Age</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FEAB06D0FE4C" box="[926,956,375,396]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FC48FEA406DFFE4C" bold="true" box="[933,947,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">P</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FC59FEAB06D0FE46" bold="true" box="[948,956,375,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC0FFEAB016BFE4C" box="[994,1031,375,396]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FC0FFEA4069CFE4C" bold="true" box="[994,1008,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">P</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FC1DFEAB016BFE46" bold="true" box="[1008,1031,375,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">3-4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FBCEFEAB0121FE4C" box="[1059,1101,375,396]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FBCEFEA4015AFE4C" bold="true" box="[1059,1078,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">M</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FBDBFEAB0121FE46" bold="true" box="[1078,1101,375,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">1-2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB84FEAB01E5FE4C" box="[1129,1161,375,396]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FB83FEA401EDFE4C" bold="true" box="[1134,1153,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">M</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FB6CFEAB01E5FE46" bold="true" box="[1153,1161,375,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB41FEAB01BAFE4C" box="[1196,1238,375,396]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FB59FEA401AEFE4C" bold="true" box="[1204,1218,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">P</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FB2EFEAB01A7FE46" bold="true" box="[1219,1227,375,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FEAB0075FE4C" box="[1263,1305,375,396]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FB1CFEA40193FE4C" bold="true" box="[1265,1279,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">P</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FB12FEAB007AFE46" bold="true" box="[1279,1302,375,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">3-4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FADFFEAB0031FE4C" box="[1330,1373,375,396]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FADFFEA40029FE4C" bold="true" box="[1330,1349,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">M</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FAA8FEAB0030FE46" bold="true" box="[1349,1372,375,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">1-2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FA95FEAB00CEFE4C" box="[1400,1442,375,396]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FA93FEA400FDFE4C" bold="true" box="[1406,1425,376,396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">M</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FA7CFEAB00F5FE46" bold="true" box="[1425,1433,375,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FE4700CEFE6F" box="[810,1442,411,431]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FCC7FE47061AFE6F" box="[810,886,411,431]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">MIS 9-8</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FE4706D0FE6F" box="[926,956,411,431]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">5</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC0FFE47016BFE6F" box="[994,1031,411,431]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">19</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FBCEFE470121FE6F" box="[1059,1101,411,431]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">20</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB84FE4701E5FE6F" box="[1129,1161,411,431]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">6</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB41FE4701BAFE6F" box="[1196,1238,411,431]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">–</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FE470075FE6F" box="[1263,1305,411,431]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">–</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FADFFE470031FE6F" box="[1330,1373,411,431]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">–</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FA95FE4700CEFE6F" box="[1400,1442,411,431]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FE6F00CEFE07" box="[810,1442,435,455]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FCC7FE6F061AFE07" box="[810,886,435,455]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">MIS 7-5</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FE6F06D0FE07" box="[926,956,435,455]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">3</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC0FFE6F016BFE07" box="[994,1031,435,455]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">6</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FBCEFE6F0121FE07" box="[1059,1101,435,455]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">1</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB84FE6F01E5FE07" box="[1129,1161,435,455]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">–</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB41FE6F01BAFE07" box="[1196,1238,435,455]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.14</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FE6F0075FE07" box="[1263,1305,435,455]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FADFFE6F0031FE07" box="[1330,1373,435,455]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FA95FE6F00CEFE07" box="[1400,1442,435,455]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FE1000CEFE20" box="[810,1442,460,480]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FCC7FE10061AFE20" box="[810,886,460,480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">MIS 5</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FE1006D0FE20" box="[926,956,460,480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">3</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC0FFE10016BFE20" box="[994,1031,460,480]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">9</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FBCEFE100121FE20" box="[1059,1101,460,480]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">8</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB84FE1001E5FE20" box="[1129,1161,460,480]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">4</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB41FE1001BAFE20" box="[1196,1238,460,480]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.10</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FE100075FE20" box="[1263,1305,460,480]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FADFFE100031FE20" box="[1330,1373,460,480]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FA95FE1000CEFE20" box="[1400,1442,460,480]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FE3800CEFE38" box="[810,1442,484,504]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FCC7FE38061AFE38" box="[810,886,484,504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">MIS 4</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FE3806D0FE38" box="[926,956,484,504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">7</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC0FFE38016BFE38" box="[994,1031,484,504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">12</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FBCEFE380121FE38" box="[1059,1101,484,504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">9</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB84FE3801E5FE38" box="[1129,1161,484,504]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">4</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB41FE3801BAFE38" box="[1196,1238,484,504]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.09</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FE380075FE38" box="[1263,1305,484,504]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FADFFE380031FE38" box="[1330,1373,484,504]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FA95FE3800CEFE38" box="[1400,1442,484,504]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.80</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FE2000CEFDD0" box="[810,1442,508,528]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FCC7FE20061AFDD0" box="[810,886,508,528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">MIS 3</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FE2006D0FDD0" box="[926,956,508,528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">14</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC0FFE20016BFDD0" box="[994,1031,508,528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">39</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FBCEFE200121FDD0" box="[1059,1101,508,528]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">16</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB84FE2001E5FDD0" box="[1129,1161,508,528]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">20</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB41FE2001BAFDD0" box="[1196,1238,508,528]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.03</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FE200075FDD0" box="[1263,1305,508,528]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FADFFE200031FDD0" box="[1330,1373,508,528]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FA95FE2000CEFDD0" box="[1400,1442,508,528]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FDC800CEFDE8" box="[810,1442,532,552]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FCC7FDC8061AFDE8" box="[810,886,532,552]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">MIS 2</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FDC806D0FDE8" box="[926,956,532,552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">37</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC0FFDC8016BFDE8" box="[994,1031,532,552]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">76</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FBCEFDC80121FDE8" box="[1059,1101,532,552]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">66</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB84FDC801E5FDE8" box="[1129,1161,532,552]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">13</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB41FDC801BAFDE8" box="[1196,1238,532,552]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FDC80075FDE8" box="[1263,1305,532,552]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FADFFDC80031FDE8" box="[1330,1373,532,552]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FA95FDC800CEFDE8" box="[1400,1442,532,552]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7E0025FCC7FDF000CEFD80" box="[810,1442,556,576]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7E0025FCC7FDF0061AFD80" box="[810,886,556,576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">MIS 1</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC73FDF006D0FD80" box="[926,956,556,576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">3</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FC0FFDF0016BFD80" box="[994,1031,556,576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">5</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FBCEFDF00121FD80" box="[1059,1101,556,576]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">3</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB84FDF001E5FD80" box="[1129,1161,556,576]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">1</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB41FDF001BAFD80" box="[1196,1238,556,576]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.10</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FB02FDF00075FD80" box="[1263,1305,556,576]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FADFFDF00031FD80" box="[1330,1373,556,576]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7E0025FA95FDF000CEFD80" box="[1400,1442,556,576]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">0.13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7EFFD0FF69FE4B0458FB6E" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69FE4B04A5FE70" box="[132,457,406,432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FE4B04A5FE70" blockId="10.[132,457,406,432]" box="[132,457,406,432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7EFFD0FF69FE4B04A5FE70" box="[132,457,406,432]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF69FE4B04A5FE70" box="[132,457,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69FE6E07D3FE30" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FE6E07FCFE0B" blockId="10.[132,703,433,497]" box="[132,656,433,460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7EFFD0FF69FE6E07FCFE0B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090307" box="[132,656,433,460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">IsIPU 12 upper teeth, 20 lower teeth;</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FE0A07D3FE30" blockId="10.[132,703,433,497]" box="[132,703,470,497]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7EFFD0FF69FE0A07D3FE30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090316" box="[132,703,470,497]" collectionCode="ITCGC" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD7EFFD0FF69FE0A05B7FE30" box="[132,219,470,496]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">ITCGC</collectionCode>
|
||
four upper teeth, three lower teeth.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69FDCA04EDFDEF" box="[132,385,534,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FDCA04EDFDEF" blockId="10.[130,782,534,1198]" box="[132,385,534,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">GROTTA SANTA CROCE</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69FDEA0458FB6E" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FDEA0458FB6E" blockId="10.[130,782,534,1198]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The cave, located near the small village of Bisceglie, was discovered in the 1937 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FE77FD8A07FEFDB0" author="SEGRE A. G. & CASSOLI P. F." box="[410,658,598,624]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref17155" refString="SEGRE A. G. & CASSOLI P. F. 1987. - Giacimento preistorico del Pleistocene medio e superiore della grotto di S. Croce, Bisceglie (Bari). Atti dell'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria 25: 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="1987">Segre & Cassoli 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The first systematic excavations directed by Luigi Cardini were carried out by Italian Institute of Human Palaeontology (IsIPU) dur - ing the 1950s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FEC7FD690764FD10" author="MALLEGNI F. & PIPERNO M. & SEGRE A." box="[298,520,693,720]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="421 - 429" refId="ref15978" refString="MALLEGNI F., PIPERNO M. & SEGRE A. 1987. - Human remains of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis from the Pleistocene deposit of Santa Croce Cave, Bisceglie (Apulia), Italy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72: 421 - 429. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330720402" type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Mallegni
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FE79FD6A04A4FD0F" box="[404,456,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FDF8FD6A0668FD10" author="SEGRE A. G. & CASSOLI P. F." box="[533,772,693,720]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref17155" refString="SEGRE A. G. & CASSOLI P. F. 1987. - Giacimento preistorico del Pleistocene medio e superiore della grotto di S. Croce, Bisceglie (Bari). Atti dell'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria 25: 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="1987">Segre & Cassoli 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FF69FD0A0437FD2F" author="BOSCATO P. & CREZZINI J. & PELLEGRINI A." box="[132,347,725,752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="39 - 50" refId="ref13028" refString="BOSCATO P., CREZZINI J. & PELLEGRINI A. 2006. - Le parti mancanti: faune del Paleolitico Medio nel deposito esterno della Grotta di Santa Croce, Bisceglie (BA), in Tecchiati u. & Sala B. (eds), Studi di Archeozoologia in onore di Alfredo Riedel. Ripartizione Beni Culturali, Ufficio Beni Archeologici, Bolzano: 39 - 50." type="book chapter" year="2006">
|
||
Boscato
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF0EFD0A0475FD2F" box="[227,281,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sedimentary succession includes several levels attributed to Middle and Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FF1AFCC904B6FCEF" author="SEGRE A. G. & CASSOLI P. F." box="[247,474,789,815]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref17155" refString="SEGRE A. G. & CASSOLI P. F. 1987. - Giacimento preistorico del Pleistocene medio e superiore della grotto di S. Croce, Bisceglie (Bari). Atti dell'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria 25: 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="1987">Segre & Cassoli 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FE08FCC907C8FCEF" author="ARRIGHI S. & FREGUGLIA M. & RANALDO F. & RONCHITELLI A." box="[485,676,789,815]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="91 - 106" refId="ref12036" refString="ARRIGHI S., FREGUGLIA M., RANALDO F. & RONCHITELLI A. 2009. - Production and use in the lithic industry of the Mousterian in Santa Croce (Bisceglie, Italy). Human evolution 24 (2): 91 - 106." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Arrighi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FDDAFCCA0704FCEF" box="[567,616,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FD5DFCC90598FC8F" author="RANALDO F. & ARRIGHI S. & FREGUGLIA M. & BOSCATO P. & TELLI A." pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="153 - 158" refId="ref16599" refString="RANALDO F., ARRIGHI S., FREGUGLIA M., BOSCATO P. & RONCHI- TELLI A. 2017. - La variabilita tecnica del Musteriano della Grotta di Santa Croce (Bisceglie - BT). Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria, 4 - Preistoria e Protostoria della Puglia: 153 - 158." type="book chapter" year="2017">
|
||
Ranaldo
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF69FCEA05DBFC8F" box="[132,183,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Radiocarbon dated indicated an age of 24 900 ± 150 BP for the level B and 31 500 ± 400 BP for the level C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FF47FCA90415FC4F" author="ARRIGHI S. & FREGUGLIA M. & RANALDO F. & RONCHITELLI A." box="[170,377,885,911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="91 - 106" refId="ref12036" refString="ARRIGHI S., FREGUGLIA M., RANALDO F. & RONCHITELLI A. 2009. - Production and use in the lithic industry of the Mousterian in Santa Croce (Bisceglie, Italy). Human evolution 24 (2): 91 - 106." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Arrighi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FEEFFCAA0454FC4F" box="[258,312,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FE65FCA90709FC4F" author="RANALDO F. & ARRIGHI S. & FREGUGLIA M. & BOSCATO P. & TELLI A." box="[392,613,885,911]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="153 - 158" refId="ref16599" refString="RANALDO F., ARRIGHI S., FREGUGLIA M., BOSCATO P. & RONCHI- TELLI A. 2017. - La variabilita tecnica del Musteriano della Grotta di Santa Croce (Bisceglie - BT). Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria, 4 - Preistoria e Protostoria della Puglia: 153 - 158." type="book chapter" year="2017">
|
||
Ranaldo
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FE03FCAA0748FC4F" box="[494,548,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are no radiocarbon dating results for levels H-D that are referred to MIS 5 and MIS 4, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FE30FC6907CCFC0F" author="ARRIGHI S. & FREGUGLIA M. & RANALDO F. & RONCHITELLI A." box="[477,672,949,975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="91 - 106" refId="ref12036" refString="ARRIGHI S., FREGUGLIA M., RANALDO F. & RONCHITELLI A. 2009. - Production and use in the lithic industry of the Mousterian in Santa Croce (Bisceglie, Italy). Human evolution 24 (2): 91 - 106." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Arrighi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FDDCFC690708FC0F" box="[561,612,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FD43FC690596FC2F" author="RANALDO F. & ARRIGHI S. & FREGUGLIA M. & BOSCATO P. & TELLI A." pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="153 - 158" refId="ref16599" refString="RANALDO F., ARRIGHI S., FREGUGLIA M., BOSCATO P. & RONCHI- TELLI A. 2017. - La variabilita tecnica del Musteriano della Grotta di Santa Croce (Bisceglie - BT). Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria, 4 - Preistoria e Protostoria della Puglia: 153 - 158." type="book chapter" year="2017">
|
||
Ranaldo
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF69FC0905D5FC2E" box="[132,185,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fossil remains of mammals from the level D were studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FEB1FC29070EFBCF" author="SEGRE A. G. & CASSOLI P. F." box="[348,610,1012,1039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref17155" refString="SEGRE A. G. & CASSOLI P. F. 1987. - Giacimento preistorico del Pleistocene medio e superiore della grotto di S. Croce, Bisceglie (Bari). Atti dell'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria 25: 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="1987">Segre & Cassoli (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Recently, new material also was discovered from this level and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7EFFD0FD7DFBC90666FBEE" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[656,778,1044,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FD7DFBC90666FBEE" box="[656,778,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Equus ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7EFFD0FF5EFBE90492FB8E" authority="Bojanus, 1827" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" box="[179,510,1076,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF5EFBE90435FB8E" box="[179,345,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Bos primigenius</emphasis>
|
||
Bojanus, 1827
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were identified (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FD59FBE90591FBAE" author="BOSCATO P. & CREZZINI J. & PELLEGRINI A." pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="39 - 50" refId="ref13028" refString="BOSCATO P., CREZZINI J. & PELLEGRINI A. 2006. - Le parti mancanti: faune del Paleolitico Medio nel deposito esterno della Grotta di Santa Croce, Bisceglie (BA), in Tecchiati u. & Sala B. (eds), Studi di Archeozoologia in onore di Alfredo Riedel. Ripartizione Beni Culturali, Ufficio Beni Archeologici, Bolzano: 39 - 50." type="book chapter" year="2006">
|
||
Boscato
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF69FB8905D7FBAE" box="[132,187,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The studied material was recovered from the level D, associated with lithic artefacts attributed to Middle Palaeolithic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7EFFD0FF69FB08041CF94C" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69FB0804A5FB2E" box="[132,457,1236,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FB0804A5FB2E" blockId="10.[132,457,1236,1262]" box="[132,457,1236,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7EFFD0FF69FB0804A5FB2E" box="[132,457,1236,1262]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF69FB0804A5FB2E" box="[132,457,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69FB2C071EFAC8" box="[132,626,1264,1288]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FB2C071EFAC8" blockId="10.[132,626,1264,1288]" box="[132,626,1264,1288]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7EFFD0FF69FB2C071EFAC8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090311" box="[132,626,1264,1288]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">IsIPU seven upper teeth, seven lower teeth.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69FAEF040BFA8C" box="[132,359,1331,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FAEF040BFA8C" blockId="10.[131,781,1331,1676]" box="[132,359,1331,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">GROTTA LACEDUZZA</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69FA8F041CF94C" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69FA8F041CF94C" blockId="10.[131,781,1331,1676]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The cave deposit, located near the village of San Michele Salentino, was discovered by the “Gruppo Speleologico Salentino Pasquale de Lorentiis” in 1970 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FDFDFA4F07C3FA6E" author="COPPOLA D." box="[528,687,1427,1454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="149 - 158" refId="ref13723" refString="COPPOLA D. 2005. - Grotta Laceduzza (San Michele Salentino): nuovi rinvenimenti e ipotesi per l'interpretazione di alcuni motivi decorativi nell'eta dei metalli. Spelaion, Martina Franca 149 - 158. http: // hdl. handle. net / 11586 / 51321" type="book chapter" year="2005">Coppola 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FD52FA4F0795FA6D" author="COPPOLA D." box="[703,761,1427,1453]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refId="ref13771" refString="COPPOLA D. 2012 - Il riparo di Agnano nel paleolitico superiore: la sepoltura di Ostuni 1 ed i suoi simboli. Terra. Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, 368 p." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lower part of the sedimentary succession includes fossil remains of mammals and artefacts referred to Middle Palaeolithic. A preliminary mammal list was recently reported, including a rich sample of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7EFFD0FE57F9CE0417F98D" authority="meles (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mecozzi et al. 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FE57F9CE075BF9EC" box="[442,567,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Meles meles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FDABF9CE066EF9ED" author="LINNAEUS C." box="[582,770,1554,1581]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refId="ref15882" refString="LINNAEUS C. 1758. - Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Holmie: impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockolm: 824 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 726886" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FF63F9EE041CF98D" author="MECOZZI B. & COPPOLA D. & IURINO D. A. & SARDELLA R. & DE MARINIS A. M." box="[142,368,1586,1613]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="13" refId="ref16262" refString="MECOZZI B., COPPOLA D., IURINO D. A., SARDELLA R. & DE MARINIS A. M. 2019. - The Late Pleistocene European badger Meles meles from Grotta Laceduzza (Brindisi, Apulia, Southern Italy): the analysis of the morphological and biometric variability. The Science of Nature 106: 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 019 - 1604 - 2" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mecozzi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF19F9EF0440F98C" box="[244,300,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7EFFD0FE52F9EF076EF98C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[447,514,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FE52F9EF076EF98C" box="[447,514,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material was recovered from the lower part of the deposit, associated to Middle Palaeolithic artefacts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7EFFD0FF69F96F0054FC0F" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69F96F04A5F90C" box="[132,457,1714,1740]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69F96F04A5F90C" blockId="10.[132,457,1714,1740]" box="[132,457,1714,1740]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7EFFD0FF69F96F04A5F90C" box="[132,457,1714,1740]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FF69F96F04A5F90C" box="[132,457,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69F9120722F926" box="[132,590,1742,1766]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69F9120722F926" blockId="10.[132,590,1742,1766]" box="[132,590,1742,1766]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7EFFD0FF69F9120722F926" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090303" box="[132,590,1742,1766]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">MPCCSM nine upper teeth, 12 lower teeth.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69F8CE040CF8EA" box="[132,352,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69F8CE040CF8EA" blockId="10.[130,780,1810,2028]" box="[132,352,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">GROTTA ZINZULUSA</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FF69F8ED0054FC0F" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FF69F8ED0054FC0F" blockId="10.[130,780,1810,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[807,1457,725,975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The cave is located along the Adriatic coast near the town of Castro. In 1793, Francesco Antonio Del Duca, bishop of the diocese of Castro described the cave in a letter to Ferdinando IV, king of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Nevertheless, the Pleistocene infilling deposit was presented only after a century from the discovery by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FE8AF80D0482F82C" author="BOTTI U." box="[359,494,2001,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refId="ref13147" refString="BOTTI U. 1874. - La Zinzolosa. Tipografia di G. Barbera, Tipografia di G. Barbera, Firenze 139 p." type="book" year="1874">Botti (1874)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The cave consists of several saloons, where Pleistocene deposits were found (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FACBFD0900F3FD2F" author="BLANC A. C." box="[1318,1439,725,751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="330 - 334" refId="ref12521" refString="BLANC A. C. 1962. - Relazione sulle osservazzioni e ricerche stratigrafiche eseguite nella Grotta Zinzulusa (Castro Marina, Lecce) e sull'esito di alcuni sopraluoghi nel Salento. 22 Dicembre 1958 - 5 Gennaio 1959. Quaternaria 5: 330 - 334." type="journal article" year="1962">Blanc 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sedimentary succession can be divided in two complexes, the lower part, the level B6, where fossil remains of mammals and artefacts referred to Middle Palaeolithic were found, and the upper part, the levels B5-3 including fossil remains of mammals and artefacts referred to Upper Palaeolithic. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7EFFD0FCC7FC4A0606FC6F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[810,874,918,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FCC7FC4A0606FC6F" box="[810,874,918,943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material comes from the levels B5-3, where also artefacts referred to Middle Palaeolithic were found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7EFFD0FCC4FC29000FFA2E" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FCC4FC290102FBCE" box="[809,1134,1012,1038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC4FC290102FBCE" blockId="10.[809,1134,1012,1038]" box="[809,1134,1012,1038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7EFFD0FCC4FC290102FBCE" box="[809,1134,1012,1038]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FCC4FC290102FBCE" box="[809,1134,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FCC4FBCD006DFBE9" box="[809,1281,1041,1065]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC4FBCD006DFBE9" blockId="10.[809,1281,1041,1065]" box="[809,1281,1041,1065]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7EFFD0FCC4FBCD006DFBE9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090318" box="[809,1281,1041,1065]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">IsIPU B5-6 upper teeth, five lower teeth.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FCC4FB8806D9FBAD" box="[809,949,1108,1134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC4FB8806D9FBAD" blockId="10.[807,1457,1108,1518]" box="[809,949,1108,1134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">CARDAMONE</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FCC4FBA8000FFA2E" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC4FBA8000FFA2E" blockId="10.[807,1457,1108,1518]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The karst infilling deposit was discovered by Cosimo De Giorgi in 1872 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FC32FB48013AFB6E" author="BOTTI U." box="[991,1110,1172,1198]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="659 - 716" refId="ref13172" refString="BOTTI U. 1890. - La grotta ossifera di Cardamone in Terra d'Otranto. Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana 9: 659 - 716." type="journal article" year="1890">Botti 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The site is located in a region where several quarries are opened for the extraction of a Plio-Pleistocene calcarenite, and, unfortunately, the deposit was destroyed. The mammal assemblage from Cardamone, initially described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FBF4FACF01C8FAEE" author="BOTTI U." box="[1049,1188,1299,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="659 - 716" refId="ref13172" refString="BOTTI U. 1890. - La grotta ossifera di Cardamone in Terra d'Otranto. Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana 9: 659 - 716." type="journal article" year="1890">Botti (1890)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, was recently revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FCC6FAEF0170FA8E" author="RUSTIONI M. & FERRETTI M. P. & MAZZA P. & PAVIA M. & VAROLA A." box="[811,1052,1331,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="395 - 404" refId="ref16759" refString="RUSTIONI M., FERRETTI M. P., MAZZA P., PAVIA M. & VAROLA A. 2003. - The vertebrate fauna from Cardamone (Apulia, southern Italy): an example of Mediterranean mammoth fauna. Deinsea 9 (1): 395 - 404." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Rustioni
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FC60FAE806A5FA8D" box="[909,969,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Based on the presence of the wholly rhino (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7EFFD0FC97FA8F0010FAAD" authority="(Blumenbach, 1799))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Blumenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[890,1404,1363,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Coelodonta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquitatis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FC97FA8F0110FAAD" box="[890,1148,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Coelodonta antiquitatis</emphasis>
|
||
(Blumenbach, 1799))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the wholly mammoth (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7EFFD0FBC3FAAF06D2FA6D" authority="(Blumenbach, 1799))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Blumenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1799" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Mammuthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FBC3FAAF0050FA4D" box="[1070,1340,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Mammuthus primigenius</emphasis>
|
||
(Blumenbach, 1799))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the association was referred to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7EFFD0FAF2FA4F06F3FA0D" authority="Faunal" authorityName="Faunal" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Coelodonta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FAF2FA4F06F3FA0D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Mammuthus-Coelodonta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Faunal Complex” and chronologically attributed to climax of the Last Glacial Maximum (22-18 kyr).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7EFFD0FCC4F9CF0680F82C" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FCC4F9CF0102F9EC" box="[809,1134,1554,1580]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC4F9CF0102F9EC" blockId="10.[809,1134,1554,1580]" box="[809,1134,1554,1580]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7EFFD0FCC4F9CF0102F9EC" box="[809,1134,1554,1580]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7EFFD0FCC4F9CF0102F9EC" box="[809,1134,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FCC4F9F300EAF9BC" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC4F9F3018CF987" blockId="10.[809,1456,1583,1660]" box="[809,1248,1583,1607]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7EFFD0FCC4F9F3018CF987" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090304" box="[809,1248,1583,1607]" collectionCode="IGF" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD7EFFD0FCC4F9F3063EF987" box="[809,850,1583,1607]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/viee-nve0" name="Instituto di Geologia e Paleontologia" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">IGF</collectionCode>
|
||
16 upper teeth, 33 lower teeth;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC4F99500EAF9BC" blockId="10.[809,1456,1583,1660]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7EFFD0FCC4F99500EAF9BC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090317" collectionCode="ITCGC" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FCDCCA9BD7EFFD0FCC4F9950614F9A1" box="[809,888,1609,1633]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">ITCGC</collectionCode>
|
||
two crania (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7EFFD0FBC9F99501E9F9A1" box="[1060,1157,1609,1633]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1517,1535]" captionTargetBox="[132,1397,184,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-228@7.[230,1105,632,1004]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Crania in right view from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia: A, IGF16329, cranium of male of Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero;B, CC467,cranium of female of Equus ferusfrom Cardamone; C, CC468,cranium of male of Equus ferusBoddaert,1785 from Cardamone.Scale bars:5 cm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864289/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), 13 maxillaries, 83 upper teeth, four hemimandibles, 112 lower teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7EFFD0FADDF9B80016F9BC" box="[1328,1402,1636,1660]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[136,147,1962,1980]" captionTargetBox="[148,1431,237,1834]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mandible of Equus from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia in labial (1), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views:A1-A3, IGF16330,Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau,1903 from San Sidero;B1-B3, CC414,Equus ferus Boddaert,1785 from Cardamone; C1-C3, MPND396 (ex.Cur11),left hemimandible of Equus mosbachensis from Melpignano;D1-D3, C2 20b 77,right hemimandible from SMA-esterno;E1-E3, C2 20b 80,left hemimandible from SMA-esterno.Scale bars:5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864291/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7EFFD0FCC4F96F0680F82C" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7EFFD0FCC4F96F0680F82C" blockId="10.[807,1457,1715,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25">
|
||
FONDO FOCONE The site, discovered during a survey conducted by Decio de Lorentiis in the early 1960s, is located near the village of Ugento. The first excavation campaign was carried out by Luigi Cardini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FC63F8ED0143F88B" author="CARDINI L." box="[910,1071,1841,1867]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="144 - 148" refId="ref13494" refString="CARDINI L. 1962 b. - Sui giacimenti paleolitici di recente scoperti nella penisola salentina. Atti dell'Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana 6: 144 - 148." type="journal article" year="1962">Cardini 1962b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fieldwork, direct by Eugenia Segre Naldini, continued during the 1970s, who opened a trench, 3 ×
|
||
<quantity id="AE24F989BD7EFFD0FC44F8AD06B4F84C" box="[937,984,1905,1932]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
, called “Trincea B” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FB5BF8AD0006F84B" author="CANCELLIERI E." box="[1206,1386,1905,1931]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="79 - 86" refId="ref13417" refString="CANCELLIERI E. 2017. - Il sito di Fondo Focone-Trincea B (Ugento, Lecce) nel contesto dell'Epigravettiano antico dell'Italia peninsulare orientale, Firenze. Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria 4. Instituto italiano di preistoria e Protostoria della Puglia, Firenze: 79 - 86." type="book chapter" year="2017">Cancellieri 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fossil remains of mammals and the artefacts referred to Upper Palaeolithic (early Epigravettian) were found (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FAE6F86D00C4F80B" author="CARDINI L." box="[1291,1448,1969,1995]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="144 - 148" refId="ref13494" refString="CARDINI L. 1962 b. - Sui giacimenti paleolitici di recente scoperti nella penisola salentina. Atti dell'Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana 6: 144 - 148." type="journal article" year="1962">Cardini 1962b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7EFFD0FCC4F80D06B0F82B" author="CANCELLIERI E." box="[809,988,2001,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" pagination="79 - 86" refId="ref13417" refString="CANCELLIERI E. 2017. - Il sito di Fondo Focone-Trincea B (Ugento, Lecce) nel contesto dell'Epigravettiano antico dell'Italia peninsulare orientale, Firenze. Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria 4. Instituto italiano di preistoria e Protostoria della Puglia, Firenze: 79 - 86." type="book chapter" year="2017">Cancellieri 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA" ID-Table-UUID="3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" startId="11.[132,143,219,237]" targetBox="[134,765,340,576]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA" blockId="11.[132,775,219,282]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">TABLE 3. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the lower teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF19FE880791FD80" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<table id="1BDCA6CCBD7F0025FF6BFE880791FD80" box="[134,765,340,576]" gridcols="9" gridrows="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFE880791FEA8" box="[134,765,340,360]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFE8804BAFEA8" box="[231,470,340,360]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FF19FE8804A5FEA8" bold="true" box="[244,457,340,360]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Number of specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FE8807DAFEA8" box="[580,694,340,360]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FDB9FE8807CCFEA8" bold="true" box="[596,672,340,360]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">P- value</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFEA40791FE4F" box="[134,765,376,399]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF6BFEA405BCFE4F" box="[134,208,376,399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FF6BFEA405C2FE4C" bold="true" box="[134,174,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Age</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFEA40593FE4F" box="[231,255,376,399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FF04FEA4059BFE4C" bold="true" box="[233,247,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">P</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FF1AFE5C0593FE4F" bold="true" box="[247,255,384,399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FEC5FEA40421FE4F" box="[296,333,376,399]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FEC5FEA4045AFE4C" bold="true" box="[296,310,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">P</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FEDAFE5C0421FE4F" bold="true" box="[311,333,384,399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3-4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE80FEA404FAFE4F" box="[365,406,376,399]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FE80FEA404ECFE4C" bold="true" box="[365,384,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">M</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FE6DFE5C04FAFE4F" bold="true" box="[384,406,384,399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">1-2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE56FEA404BAFE4F" box="[443,470,376,399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FE56FEA404A2FE4C" bold="true" box="[443,462,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">M</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FE23FE5C04BAFE4F" bold="true" box="[462,470,384,399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE13FEA40744FE4F" box="[510,552,376,399]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FDE9FEA4077EFE4C" bold="true" box="[516,530,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">P</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FDFFFE5C0776FE4F" bold="true" box="[530,538,384,399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FEA40703FE4F" box="[580,623,376,399]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FDA9FEA4073EFE4C" bold="true" box="[580,594,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">P</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FDBFFE5C0705FE4F" bold="true" box="[594,617,384,399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3-4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD65FEA407DAFE4F" box="[648,694,376,399]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FD65FEA407F7FE4C" bold="true" box="[648,667,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">M</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FD71FE5C07DEFE4F" bold="true" box="[668,690,384,399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">1-2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD3EFEA40791FE4F" box="[723,765,376,399]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FD3BFEA40785FE4C" bold="true" box="[726,745,376,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">M</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FD07FE5C079EFE4F" bold="true" box="[746,754,384,399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFE470791FE6F" box="[134,765,411,431]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF6BFE4705BCFE6F" box="[134,208,411,431]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">MIS 9-8</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFE470593FE6F" box="[231,255,411,431]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">14</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FEC5FE470421FE6F" box="[296,333,411,431]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">20</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE80FE4704FAFE6F" box="[365,406,411,431]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">19</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE56FE4704BAFE6F" box="[443,470,411,431]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">11</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE13FE470744FE6F" box="[510,552,411,431]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">–</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FE470703FE6F" box="[580,623,411,431]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">–</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD65FE4707DAFE6F" box="[648,694,411,431]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">–</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD3EFE470791FE6F" box="[723,765,411,431]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFE6F0791FE07" box="[134,765,435,455]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF6BFE6F05BCFE07" box="[134,208,435,455]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">MIS 7-5</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFE6F0593FE07" box="[231,255,435,455]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FEC5FE6F0421FE07" box="[296,333,435,455]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">4</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE80FE6F04FAFE07" box="[365,406,435,455]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">8</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE56FE6F04BAFE07" box="[443,470,435,455]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">2</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE13FE6F0744FE07" box="[510,552,435,455]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.74</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FE6F0703FE07" box="[580,623,435,455]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.34</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD65FE6F07DAFE07" box="[648,694,435,455]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD3EFE6F0791FE07" box="[723,765,435,455]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFE170791FE1F" box="[134,765,459,479]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF6BFE1705BCFE1F" box="[134,208,459,479]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">MIS 5</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFE170593FE1F" box="[231,255,459,479]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FEC5FE170421FE1F" box="[296,333,459,479]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">12</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE80FE1704FAFE1F" box="[365,406,459,479]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">19</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE56FE1704BAFE1F" box="[443,470,459,479]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">12</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE13FE170744FE1F" box="[510,552,459,479]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.18</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FE170703FE1F" box="[580,623,459,479]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD65FE1707DAFE1F" box="[648,694,459,479]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD3EFE170791FE1F" box="[723,765,459,479]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFE3F0791FE37" box="[134,765,483,503]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF6BFE3F05BCFE37" box="[134,208,483,503]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">MIS 4</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFE3F0593FE37" box="[231,255,483,503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">7</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FEC5FE3F0421FE37" box="[296,333,483,503]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">17</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE80FE3F04FAFE37" box="[365,406,483,503]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">12</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE56FE3F04BAFE37" box="[443,470,483,503]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">8</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE13FE3F0744FE37" box="[510,552,483,503]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.01</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FE3F0703FE37" box="[580,623,483,503]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD65FE3F07DAFE37" box="[648,694,483,503]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD3EFE3F0791FE37" box="[723,765,483,503]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFE270791FDCF" box="[134,765,507,527]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF6BFE2705BCFDCF" box="[134,208,507,527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">MIS 3</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFE270593FDCF" box="[231,255,507,527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">26</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FEC5FE270421FDCF" box="[296,333,507,527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">57</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE80FE2704FAFDCF" box="[365,406,507,527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">48</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE56FE2704BAFDCF" box="[443,470,507,527]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">22</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE13FE270744FDCF" box="[510,552,507,527]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.02</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FE270703FDCF" box="[580,623,507,527]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD65FE2707DAFDCF" box="[648,694,507,527]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD3EFE270791FDCF" box="[723,765,507,527]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFDCF0791FDE8" box="[134,765,531,552]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF6BFDCF05BCFDE8" box="[134,208,531,552]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">MIS 2</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFDCF0593FDE8" box="[231,255,531,552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">42</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FEC5FDCF0421FDE8" box="[296,333,531,552]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">55</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE80FDCF04FAFDE8" box="[365,406,531,552]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">72</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE56FDCF04BAFDE8" box="[443,470,531,552]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">30</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE13FDCF0744FDE8" box="[510,552,531,552]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.04</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FDCF0703FDE8" box="[580,623,531,552]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD65FDCF07DAFDE8" box="[648,694,531,552]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD3EFDCF0791FDE8" box="[723,765,531,552]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D7EC562EBD7F0025FF6BFDF70791FD80" box="[134,765,555,576]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF6BFDF705BCFD80" box="[134,208,555,576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">MIS 1</th>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FF0AFDF70593FD80" box="[231,255,555,576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FEC5FDF70421FD80" box="[296,333,555,576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">8</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE80FDF704FAFD80" box="[365,406,555,576]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">10</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE56FDF704BAFD80" box="[443,470,555,576]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FE13FDF70744FD80" box="[510,552,555,576]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.04</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FDA9FDF70703FD80" box="[580,623,555,576]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD65FDF707DAFD80" box="[648,694,555,576]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="943D3F52BD7F0025FD3EFDF70791FD80" box="[723,765,555,576]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">0.01</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7FFFD1FF69FDB607A5FB4F" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7FFFD1FF69FDB604A2FD43" box="[132,462,617,643]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FDB604A2FD43" blockId="11.[132,462,617,643]" box="[132,462,617,643]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7FFFD1FF69FDB604A2FD43" box="[132,462,617,643]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FF69FDB604A2FD43" box="[132,462,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7FFFD1FF69FD5A04C4FD78" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FD5A04C4FD78" blockId="11.[132,775,645,696]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7FFFD1FF69FD5A04C4FD78" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090305" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="1">IsIPU one maxillary, 37 upper tooth, one hemimandible, 27 lower teeth.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7FFFD1FF69FD0A07A1FD30" box="[132,717,726,752]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FD0A07A1FD30" blockId="11.[130,776,726,1167]" box="[132,717,726,752]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">SANTA MARIA D’ AGNANO – ESTERNO (SMA-ESTERNO)</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7FFFD1FF69FD2907A5FB4F" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FD2907A5FB4F" blockId="11.[130,776,726,1167]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The Grotta di Santa Maria di Agnano, located near the village of Ostuni, on the north-western margin of Risieddi promontory, was discovered during the 1960s by the Associazione Studi e Ricerche (Studies and Research Association) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FD22FC890581FC4F" author="COPPOLA D." pageId="11" pageNumber="26" refId="ref13771" refString="COPPOLA D. 2012 - Il riparo di Agnano nel paleolitico superiore: la sepoltura di Ostuni 1 ed i suoi simboli. Terra. Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, 368 p." type="book" year="2012">Coppola 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The excavations in the cave deposit started in 1991 and continued still today, whereas from 2007 the area outside the cave, known as SMA-esterno, was also investigated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FD22FC69059CFC2F" author="COPPOLA D." pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="211 - 227" refId="ref13680" refString="COPPOLA D. 1992. - Nota preliminare sui rinvenimenti nella grotta di S. Maria di Agnano (Ostuni, Brindisi): i seppellimenti paleolitici ed il luogo di culto. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 44: 211 - 227." type="journal article" year="1992">Coppola 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FF10FC090459FC2F" author="COPPOLA D." box="[253,309,981,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" refId="ref13771" refString="COPPOLA D. 2012 - Il riparo di Agnano nel paleolitico superiore: la sepoltura di Ostuni 1 ed i suoi simboli. Terra. Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, 368 p." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FEAAFC090494FC2F" author="VACCA E. & NOVOTNY V. & DELFINO V." box="[327,504,980,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref17567" refString="VACCA E., NOVOTNY V. & PESCE- DELFINO V. 1992. - Note anthropologiche preliminari sui resti della gestante paleolitica di Santa Maria di Agnano (Ostuni, Brindisi). Rivista Sciences, Preistoria 44: 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Vacca
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FE67FC0904D0FC2E" box="[394,444,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FDE8FC09066CFC2F" author="VACCA E. & COPPOLA D." box="[517,768,980,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="275 - 284" refId="ref17527" refString="VACCA E. & COPPOLA D. 1993. - The Upper Paleolithic burials at the cave of Santa Maria di Agnano (Ostuni, Brindisi): preliminary report. Rivista di Antropologia 71: 275 - 284." type="journal article" year="1993">Vacca & Coppola 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FF69FC280590FBCF" author="BAILLS H." box="[132,252,1012,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="105 - 122" refId="ref12123" refString="BAILLS H. 2015. - Les industries lithiques des occupations Epigravettiens des SMA-esterno (Fouilles 2007 - 2010) (Santa Maria di Agnano, Ostuni, Italie). Bulletin du Musee Anthropologie prehistorique de Monaco 55: 105 - 122." type="journal article" year="2015">Baills 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FEE5FC2804B6FBCF" author="COPPOLA D. & PINTO N. D. & PELLEGRINO M. & BAILLS H. & STASOLLA V. & DEWAILLY M. & RUSSO J. & BARTOLOMEO J." box="[264,474,1012,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref13807" refString="COPPOLA D., PINTO N. D., PELLEGRINO M., BAILLS H., STASOLLA V., DEWAILLY M., RUSSO J. & BARTOLOMEO J. 2017. - Santa Maria di Agnano (Ostuni, Puglia). Chronique des activites archeologiques de l'Ecole francaise de Rome 1 - 18." type="book chapter" year="2017">
|
||
Coppola
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FE86FC2904F1FBCE" box="[363,413,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FE0BFC2807A5FBCF" author="CHAKROUN A. & BAILLS H. & COPPOLA D." box="[486,713,1012,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13591" refString="CHAKROUN A., BAILLS H. & COPPOLA D. 2018. - The Site of Santa Maria di Agnano (Brindissi, Italy). Global Jorunal of Archaeology Anthropology 4 (2): 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Chakroun
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FDB7FC2907E0FBCE" box="[602,652,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fossil remains come from level 8, dated 25221-24549 cal BP and 26338-25779 cal BP, and levels 6A-4C dated 18013- 17587 cal BP and 16745-16401 cal BP with radiocarbon method (Renault-Miskovsky
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FE2DFBA9049FFB4E" box="[448,499,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FDADFBA807D5FB4F" author="BAILLS H." box="[576,697,1140,1167]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="105 - 122" refId="ref12123" refString="BAILLS H. 2015. - Les industries lithiques des occupations Epigravettiens des SMA-esterno (Fouilles 2007 - 2010) (Santa Maria di Agnano, Ostuni, Italie). Bulletin du Musee Anthropologie prehistorique de Monaco 55: 105 - 122." type="journal article" year="2015">Baills 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="00534D87BD7FFFD1FF69FB69005CFA6D" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7FFFD1FF69FB6904A5FB0E" box="[132,457,1204,1230]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FB6904A5FB0E" blockId="11.[132,457,1204,1230]" box="[132,457,1204,1230]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7FFFD1FF69FB6904A5FB0E" box="[132,457,1204,1230]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FF69FB6904A5FB0E" box="[132,457,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Repository and studied material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7FFFD1FF69FB0C07E5FAC3" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FB0C07E5FAC3" blockId="11.[132,775,1232,1283]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D9B45E31BD7FFFD1FF69FB0C07E5FAC3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3450090319" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="1">
|
||
MPCCSM level eight – 10 maxillary, 59 upper tooth, 35 hemimandibles, 67 lower teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FDFAFB36073CFAC3" box="[535,592,1258,1283]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[136,147,1962,1980]" captionTargetBox="[148,1431,237,1834]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Mandible of Equus from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia in labial (1), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views:A1-A3, IGF16330,Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau,1903 from San Sidero;B1-B3, CC414,Equus ferus Boddaert,1785 from Cardamone; C1-C3, MPND396 (ex.Cur11),left hemimandible of Equus mosbachensis from Melpignano;D1-D3, C2 20b 77,right hemimandible from SMA-esterno;E1-E3, C2 20b 80,left hemimandible from SMA-esterno.Scale bars:5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864291/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D-E).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7FFFD1FF69FAEF0594FA8D" box="[132,248,1331,1357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FAEF0594FA8D" blockId="11.[132,248,1331,1357]" box="[132,248,1331,1357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">RESULTS</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="21C607E7BD7FFFD1FF69FAA8005CFA6D" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FF69FAA807A4F82C" blockId="11.[130,777,1395,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FF69FAA805AEFA4D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[132,194,1396,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FF69FAA805AEFA4D" box="[132,194,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
samples from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of AP show a large variation in dental dimensions and proportions. In particular, the length of P2 and M3 are highly variable both within and between samples (Appendices 3; 4; 7). On the contrary, the length of P
|
||
<superScript id="9EA9F924BD7FFFD1FE33FA280494F9C5" attach="left" box="[478,504,1524,1541]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3-4</superScript>
|
||
from San Sidero is closer (p- value> 0.05) to those from Cava Spagnulo, Grotta di Capelvenere, Grotta Mario Bernardini – II and Grotta Uluzzo C (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FF48F98E044CF9AD" box="[165,288,1618,1645]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="27.[132,144,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="APPENDIX 7. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the upper teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the San Sidero (SS) and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Appendix 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The length of M1-2 from San Sidero is similar (p- value> 0.05) to those from Castellaneta, Fondo Cattìe, Grotta di Capelvenere, Grotta Mario Bernardini – III, Grotta Santa Croce, Grotta Zinzulusa, Melpignano and Tana delle Iene (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FF2CF90E0451F92C" box="[193,317,1746,1772]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="27.[132,144,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="APPENDIX 7. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the upper teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the San Sidero (SS) and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Appendix 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in the case of the upper teeth, even the length of P
|
||
<subScript id="F5585629BD7FFFD1FF18F9230593F8D0" attach="left" box="[245,255,1791,1808]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">2</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="F5585629BD7FFFD1FEA4F923043FF8D0" attach="left" box="[329,339,1791,1808]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3</subScript>
|
||
show a huge variability (Appendices 5; 6). The P
|
||
<subScript id="F5585629BD7FFFD1FF29F8C305B2F8F0" attach="left" box="[196,222,1823,1840]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3-4</subScript>
|
||
from San Sidero is closer (p-value> 0.05) to those from Grotta di Capelvenere, Grotta dei Giganti, Grotta Mario Bernardini – IV, Grotta delle Tre Porte, Grotta Zinzulusa and Tana delle Iene (Appendices 5; 6; 8). Whilst, the M1-2 from San Sidero is closer (p-value> 0.05) to Grotta Santa Croce, Grotta delle Tre Porte, Grotta Zinzulusa, Grotta Uluzzo C – II, Melpignano and Tana delle Iene (Appendices 5; 6; 8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FCAEFF0B00C3FD91" blockId="11.[811,1457,215,1453]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Considering the MIS chronology, the length of P2 and M3 of the sample from MIS 9-8 is larger only of samples from MIS 3 (P2, p-value <0.05; M3 p-value <0.05) and MIS 2 (P2, p-values <0.05; M3 p-value <0.05). Whilst, the length of P3-4 and M
|
||
<superScript id="9EA9F924BD7FFFD1FC9BFE8406FCFEA9" attach="left" box="[886,912,344,361]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">1-2</superScript>
|
||
of the sample from MIS 9-8 are larger than those from the late Middle Pleistocene (MIS 7) to Early Holocene (MIS 1) (p-values <0.05). In the lower dentition, the length of the teeth from MIS 9-8 are larger than those from Late Pleistocene (MIS 5) to Early Holocene (MIS 1) (p-values <0.05), whereas they are similar to those from late Middle to early Late Pleistocene (MIS 7-5) in the P2 (p-value> 0.05), P3-4 (p-value> 0.05) and M3 (p-value> 0.05) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FAE0FDEA0024FD91" box="[1293,1352,566,593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[133,144,1415,1433]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,211,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-26@13.[773,1371,837,1405]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Boxplot of the length of the upper teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar; (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864297/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD7FFFD1FABEFDEA00CCFD90" box="[1363,1440,566,592]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the lower teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FCAEFD8A007FFC0F" blockId="11.[811,1457,215,1453]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The protocone index of the Grotta di Capelvenere, Melpignano and San Sidero shows a trend closer to that reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FCBFFD4A0698FD70" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[850,1012,662,688]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FCBFFD4A0698FD70" box="[850,1012,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">E. mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with M3 value higher than M1-2 one and P3-4 value higher or sub-equal than M1-2 one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FADDFD69001DFD0F" box="[1328,1393,693,719]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1482,1500]" captionTargetBox="[159,1456,208,1472]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Protocone index of the upper teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887213/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the contrary, the pattern of the other samples is closer to that reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FC5AFD2A0169FCCF" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[951,1029,757,783]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FC5AFD2A0169FCCF" box="[951,1029,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with M1-2 value higher than both P3-4 and M3. Finally, the sample from Tana delle Iene and Grotta delle Mura possesses a well different values compared to the others, resembling those reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FB28FC8A00E5FCAF" authorityName="Regalia" authorityYear="1907" box="[1221,1417,853,879]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hydruntinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FB28FC8A00E5FCAF" box="[1221,1417,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Equus hydruntinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In fact, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FC97FCAA017FFC4F" authorityName="Regalia" authorityYear="1907" box="[890,1043,885,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hydruntinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FC97FCAA017FFC4F" box="[890,1043,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">E. hydruntinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the values for P3-4 and M1-2 are significantly lower than those of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FB6FFC4A0049FC6F" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[1154,1317,917,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FB6FFC4A0049FC6F" box="[1154,1317,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">E. mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FAB6FC4A00C4FC6F" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[1371,1448,917,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FAB6FC4A00C4FC6F" box="[1371,1448,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are similar in P
|
||
<superScript id="9EA9F924BD7FFFD1FB8DFC6A0106FC07" attach="left" box="[1120,1130,950,967]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">2</superScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<superScript id="9EA9F924BD7FFFD1FB57FC6A01A8FC07" attach="left" box="[1210,1220,950,967]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">3</superScript>
|
||
values.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FCAEFC0801C6FBEF" blockId="11.[811,1457,215,1453]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Whereas, the postflexid index has been investigated, but no trend can be detected through the time and/or differences among the considered taxa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FBB0FBC801F6FBEF" box="[1117,1178,1044,1071]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1475,1493]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,212,1455]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 7. — Postflexid index of the lower teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia.Abbreviations: see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887217/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FCAEFBE8005CFA6D" blockId="11.[811,1457,215,1453]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Finally, in the standard bivariate plot of muzzle proportions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FCDBFB88061EFBAE" box="[822,882,1108,1134]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,842,860]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,189,821]" captionTargetId="figure-701@16.[787,1444,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864299/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), two groups can be recognized. The first includes the specimen from the fossiliferous sites referred to glacial stages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FCD8FB4806DCFB6E" box="[821,944,1172,1198]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="29.[504,516,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="APPENDIX 9. — Equus crania from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe." pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Appendix 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), which display a large muzzle in relation to their length. An exception is the cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FB34FB690110FB2E" authority="Cardoso and Eisenmann, 1989" authorityName="Cardoso and Eisenmann" authorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ferus" subSpecies="antunesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FB34FB6900DCFB0E" box="[1241,1456,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Equus ferus antunesi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FCC0FB080110FB2E" author="CARDOSO J. L. & EISENMANN V." box="[813,1148,1236,1262]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="47 - 72" refId="ref13523" refString="CARDOSO J. L. & EISENMANN V. 1989. - Equus caballus antunesi, nouvelle sous-espece quaternaire du Portugal. Palaeovertebrata 19: 47 - 72." type="journal article" year="1989">Cardoso and Eisenmann, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Fontainhas (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD7FFFD1FAAEFB0800C8FB2F" box="[1347,1444,1236,1263]" name="Portugal" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
), where the muzzle is longest. The specimen from Cardamone falls in the variability of the glacial horses, and is similar to that from Cuane de l’Arago (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD7FFFD1FB8CFAEF01F2FA8D" box="[1121,1182,1331,1357]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,842,860]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,189,821]" captionTargetId="figure-701@16.[787,1444,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864299/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). A second group is composed by crania from deposits referred to interglacial stages, where the muzzle is narrow compared to its total length. The cranium from San Sidero falls in this variability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD1FCC0FA2F06BBF9CD" blockId="11.[813,983,1523,1549]" box="[813,983,1523,1549]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<heading id="322BE300BD7FFFD1FCC0FA2F06BBF9CD" allCaps="true" box="[813,983,1523,1549]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" reason="1">DISCUSSION</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7FFFD6FCC0F9EE06BBF98D" blockId="11.[811,1457,1586,2027]" lastBlockId="12.[807,1456,1523,2028]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The taxonomy of Middle to Late Pleistocene European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FA83F9EF00C1F98C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1390,1453,1587,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FA83F9EF00C1F98C" box="[1390,1453,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains controversial (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FBC0F98E01AEF9AC" author="FORSTEN A." box="[1069,1218,1618,1644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="407 - 419" refId="ref14713" refString="FORSTEN A. 1991. - Size decrease in Pleistocene-Holocene true or caballoid horses of Europe. Mammalia 55: 407 - 419. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / mamm. 1991.55.3.407" type="journal article" year="1991">Forstén 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FB3EF98F00F2F9AC" author="VAN ASPEREN E. N." box="[1235,1438,1618,1645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="1974 - 1983" refId="ref17659" refString="VAN ASPEREN E. N. 2012. - Late Middle Pleistocene horse fossils from northwestern Europe as biostratigraphic indicators. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 1974 - 1983. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jas. 2012.02.025" type="journal article" year="2012">van Asperen 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The large variability of the morphological features and biometric traits of caballoid horses has been the subject of controversy amongst many authors. No consensus exists on how to define this variability, as it is either treated as being intra-specific or inter-specific events (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FB39F92E0003F8CC" author="AZZAROLI A." box="[1236,1391,1778,1804]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="117 - 139" refId="ref12084" refString="AZZAROLI A. 1983. - Quaternary mammals and the " end-Villafranchian " dispersal event-a turning point in the history of Eurasia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 44 (1 - 2): 117 - 139." type="journal article" year="1983">Azzaroli 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FA6DF92E06FFF8EC" author="FORSTEN A." pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref14665" refString="FORSTEN A. 1988. - Middle Pleistocene replacement of stenonid horses by caballoid horses - ecological implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 65: 23 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0031 - 0182 (88) 90109 - 5" type="journal article" year="1988">Forstén 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FC4DF8CE0141F8EC" author="CRAMER B." box="[928,1069,1810,1836]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" refId="ref13901" refString="CRAMER B. 2002. - Morphometrische Untersuchungen and quartaren Pferden in Mitteleuropa. Unpublished PhD thesis, University Tubingen, 250 p." type="book" year="2002">Cramer 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FBD4F8CE0199F8EC" author="VAN ASPEREN E. N." box="[1081,1269,1810,1836]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="1974 - 1983" refId="ref17659" refString="VAN ASPEREN E. N. 2012. - Late Middle Pleistocene horse fossils from northwestern Europe as biostratigraphic indicators. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 1974 - 1983. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jas. 2012.02.025" type="journal article" year="2012">van Asperen 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This unresolved taxonomic issue has led a proliferation of taxa, identified as either species or subspecies (
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FBB0F88E0064F8AB" box="[1117,1288,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FBB0F88E0068F8AB" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[1117,1284,1873,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">E. mosbachensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FAE2F88E0158F84C" authority="Von Reichenau, 1915" authorityName="Von Reichenau" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steinheimensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FAE2F88E062FF84B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">E. steinheimensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FCA7F8AE0158F84C" author="VON REICHENAU W." box="[842,1076,1905,1932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 155" refId="ref17798" refString="VON REICHENAU W. 1915. - Beitrage zur naheren Kenntnis fossiler Pferde aus Deutschem Pleistozan, inbesondere uber die Entwicklung und die Abkaustadien des Gebisses vom Hochterrassenpferd. Equus mosbachensis v. R. Abhandlungen Geologischen Landsanstalt Darmstadt 7: 1 - 155." type="journal article" year="1915">Von Reichenau, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FBAFF8AE00E6F84B" authority="Nobis, 1971" authorityName="Nobis" authorityYear="1971" box="[1090,1418,1905,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achenheimensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FBAFF8AE0190F84B" box="[1090,1276,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">E. achenheimensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FAEEF8AD00E6F84B" author="NOBIS G." box="[1283,1418,1905,1931]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" refId="ref16377" refString="NOBIS G. 1971. - Vom Wildpferd zum Hauspferd, Studien zur Phylogenie Pleistozaner Equiden Eurasiens und das Domestikationsproblem unserer Hauspferde, Fundamenta Reihe B, Band 6. Koln: Bohlau Verlag." type="book" year="1971">Nobis, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7FFFD1FA75F8AE01E8F86B" authority="Freudenberg, 1911" authorityName="Freudenberg" authorityYear="1911" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taubachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7FFFD1FA75F8AE06C2F86B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="26">E. taubachensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FC58F84D01E8F86B" author="FREUDENBERG W." box="[949,1156,1937,1963]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="76 - 149" refId="ref14749" refString="FREUDENBERG W. 1911. - Beitrage zur Gliederung des Quartars von Weinheim a. d. Bergstrasse, Maure b. Heidelberg, Jockgrim i. d. Pfalz u. a. und seine Bedeutung fur den Bau der oberrheinischen Tiefebene. Notizblatt des Vereins fur Erdkunde und der Grossh. Geologischen Landesanstalt IV 32: 76 - 149." type="journal article" year="1911">Freudenberg, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7FFFD1FB28F84E00E5F86B" author="VAN ASPEREN E. N." box="[1221,1417,1937,1964]" pageId="11" pageNumber="26" pagination="1974 - 1983" refId="ref17659" refString="VAN ASPEREN E. N. 2012. - Late Middle Pleistocene horse fossils from northwestern Europe as biostratigraphic indicators. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 1974 - 1983. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jas. 2012.02.025" type="journal article" year="2012">van Asperen 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for discussion). In the Italian fossil record, the specific attribution of the fossil samples from Middle Pleistocene sites reflects this uncertainty (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FEFDFA2F07F8F9CD" authority="von Reichenau, 1915" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1915" box="[272,660,1522,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FEFDFA2F04CAF9CD" box="[272,422,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus altidens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FE40FA2F07F8F9CD" author="VON REICHENAU W." box="[429,660,1522,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 155" refId="ref17798" refString="VON REICHENAU W. 1915. - Beitrage zur naheren Kenntnis fossiler Pferde aus Deutschem Pleistozan, inbesondere uber die Entwicklung und die Abkaustadien des Gebisses vom Hochterrassenpferd. Equus mosbachensis v. R. Abhandlungen Geologischen Landsanstalt Darmstadt 7: 1 - 155." type="journal article" year="1915">von Reichenau, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FD4FFA2F078EF9CC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[674,738,1523,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FD4FFA2F078EF9CC" box="[674,738,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FF69F9CE04DEF9EC" box="[132,434,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">
|
||
sussebornensis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FEF6F9CF04DEF9EC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[283,434,1554,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">Equus caballus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ssp.,
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FE07F9CF076EF9EC" box="[490,514,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">E.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FDC8F9CF05B8F98C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FDC8F9CF07AAF9EC" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[549,710,1554,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">E. mosbachensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FD26F9CF05B8F98C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">Equus caballus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FF30F9EE04EFF98C" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[221,387,1586,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FF10F9EE04EFF98C" box="[253,387,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FE5BF9EF0775F98D" box="[438,537,1587,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FE5BF9EF049AF98C" box="[438,502,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FDDCF9EE07CAF98D" author="BERZI A." box="[561,678,1586,1613]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="29 - 33" refId="ref12376" refString="BERZI A. 1972. - An Early Middle Pleistocene fauna at Monte Oliveto (S. Gimignano, Siena, Italy). Palaeontographia Italica 68: 29 - 33." type="journal article" year="1972">Berzi 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FD5EF9EE0473F9AC" author="CALOI L. & PALOMBO M. R." pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="187 - 221" refId="ref13388" refString="CALOI L. & PALOMBO M. R. 1987. - Osservazioni sugli equidi italiani del Pleistocene medio inferiore. Geologica Romana 26: 187 - 221." type="journal article" year="1987">Caloi & Palombo 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FEC1F98E048CF9AC" author="STRANI F. & DEMIGUEL D. & BONA F. & SARDELLA R. & BIDDITTU I. & BRUNI L. & DE CASTRO A. & GUADAGNOLI F. & BELLUCCI L." box="[300,480,1618,1644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="238 - 247" refId="ref17355" refString="STRANI F., DEMIGUEL D., BONA F., SARDELLA R., BIDDITTU I., BRUNI L., DE CASTRO A., GUADAGNOLI F. & BELLUCCI L. 2018. - Ungulate dietary adaptations and palaeoecology of the Middle Pleistocene site of Fontana Ranuccio (Anagni, Central Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 496: 238 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2018.01.041" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Strani
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FE9DF98F04CFF9AC" box="[368,419,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FE00F98E0749F9AC" author="STRANI F. & PUSHKINA D. & BOCHERENS H. & BELLUCCI L. & SARDELLA R. & DEMIGUEL D." box="[493,549,1618,1644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="176" refId="ref17439" refString="STRANI F., PUSHKINA D., BOCHERENS H., BELLUCCI L., SARDELLA R. & DEMIGUEL D. 2019. - Dietary adaptations of Early and Middle Pleistocene equids from the Anagni basin (Frosinone, central Italy). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7: 176. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fevo. 2019.00176" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Preliminary studies on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FF48F9AF058FF94C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[165,227,1651,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FF48F9AF058FF94C" box="[165,227,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
samples from several AP sites led to the identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FF4DF94F0582F96C" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[160,238,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FF4DF94F0582F96C" box="[160,238,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the deposits of Cardamone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FDB3F94E0797F96C" author="RUSTIONI M." box="[606,763,1682,1708]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="93 - 121" refId="ref16719" refString="RUSTIONI M. 1998. - Il cavallo e l'idruntino del Salento (Puglia, Italia meridionale) nel quadro degli equidi del Pleistocene superiore dell'Italia. I Quaderni Museo Comunale Paleontologia di Maglie 5: 93 - 121." type="journal article" year="1998">Rustioni 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Cava Spagnulo (Mecozzi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FE48F96F04B0F90C" box="[421,476,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018), Grotta del Cavallo (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FF63F90E042FF92C" author="SARTI L. & BOSCATO P. & MARTO L. M." box="[142,323,1746,1772]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="45 - 110" refId="ref17067" refString="SARTI L., BOSCATO P. & MARTO L. M. 1998. - Il Musteriano finale di Grotta del Cavallo nel Salento: studio preliminare. Origini: Preistoria e protostoria delle civilta antiche 22: 45 - 110" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Sarti
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FF27F90F046DF92C" box="[202,257,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FEB9F90E04E1F92C" author="SARTI L. & BOSCATO P. & MARTINI F. & SPAGNOLETTI A. P." box="[340,397,1746,1772]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="45 - 109" refId="ref17109" refString="SARTI L., BOSCATO P., MARTINI F. & SPAGNOLETTI A. P. 2002. - Il Musteriano di Grotta del Cavallo-strati H e I: studio preliminare. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 52 (21): 45 - 109." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Grotta Paglicci (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FD8CF90E0796F92C" author="BOSCATO P." box="[609,762,1746,1772]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="145 - 176" refId="ref12994" refString="BOSCATO P. 1994. - Grotta Paglicci: la fauna a grandi mammiferi degli strati 22 - 24 (Gravettiano antico-Aurignaziano). Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 46: 145 - 176." type="journal article" year="1994">Boscato 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Melpignano (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FEF2F92E04AFF8CC" author="RUSTIONI M." box="[287,451,1778,1804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="93 - 121" refId="ref16719" refString="RUSTIONI M. 1998. - Il cavallo e l'idruntino del Salento (Puglia, Italia meridionale) nel quadro degli equidi del Pleistocene superiore dell'Italia. I Quaderni Museo Comunale Paleontologia di Maglie 5: 93 - 121." type="journal article" year="1998">Rustioni 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Tana delle Iene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FD24F92E0594F8EC" author="CONTI N. & PETRONIO C. & SALARI L." pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="227 - 236" refId="ref13632" refString="CONTI N., PETRONIO C. & SALARI L. 2010. - The Late Pleistocene Equids from " Tana delle Iene " (Ceglie Messapica, Brindisi, Southern Italy). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 49 (2): 227 - 236." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Conti
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FF69F8CE05D5F8EC" box="[132,185,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas the previous taxonomic attribution of the material from San Sidero has been questioned. In the revision of the Middle to Late Pleistocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FD85F88E07C5F8AB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[616,681,1874,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FD85F88E07C5F8AB" box="[616,681,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material from Europe,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FECBF8AD076FF84C" author="EISENMANN V." box="[294,515,1905,1932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="747 - 759" refId="ref14419" refString="EISENMANN V. 1991 b. - Les chevaux quaternaires europeens (Mammalia, Perissodactyla). Taille, typologie, biostratigraphie et taxonomie. Geobios 24 (6): 747 - 759. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (06) 80303 - 7" type="journal article" year="1991">Eisenmann (1991b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attributed the material from San Sidero to the large-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FE1AF84E07C9F86B" box="[503,677,1937,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chosaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FE1AF84E07C9F86B" box="[503,677,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus chosaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas other authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FEC6F86E04BCF80B" author="DE GIULI C." box="[299,464,1969,1996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="45 - 79" refId="ref14206" refString="DE GIULI C. 1983. - Le faune pleistoceniche del Salento 1. La fauna di San Sidero 3. I Quaderni - Edizioni scientifiche del Museo Comunale di Paleontologia di Maglie 1: 45 - 79." type="journal article" year="1983">De Giuli 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD78FFD6FE32F86D0713F80B" author="RUSTIONI M." box="[479,639,1969,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" pagination="93 - 121" refId="ref16719" refString="RUSTIONI M. 1998. - Il cavallo e l'idruntino del Salento (Puglia, Italia meridionale) nel quadro degli equidi del Pleistocene superiore dell'Italia. I Quaderni Museo Comunale Paleontologia di Maglie 5: 93 - 121." type="journal article" year="1998">Rustioni 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) classified it as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FF4CF80E0470F82B" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[161,284,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FF4CF80E0470F82B" box="[161,284,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unlike, the results of the statistical analysis and the comparison of the protocone index carried out in this work allow to refer the material from San Sidero to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FCC6F9EF06BDF98C" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[811,977,1586,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FCC6F9EF06BDF98C" box="[811,977,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">E. mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3DA304E4BD78FFD6FF69FA4D0737FA7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864295" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5864295" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864295/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" startId="12.[132,143,1425,1443]" targetBox="[162,1436,217,1372]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD78FFD6FF69FA4D0737FA7A" blockId="12.[132,1455,1425,1466]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">
|
||
FIG. 4. — Boxplot of the length of the lower teeth considered for chronology:
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FCFFFA4D0648FA63" bold="true" box="[786,804,1425,1443]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">A,</emphasis>
|
||
second premolar (P
|
||
<superScript id="9EA9F924BD78FFD6FC22FA4D06BAFA5E" attach="both" box="[975,982,1425,1438]" fontSize="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">2</superScript>
|
||
L);
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FC1CFA4D0692FA63" bold="true" box="[1009,1022,1425,1443]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">B</emphasis>
|
||
, third-fourth premolar (P
|
||
<superScript id="9EA9F924BD78FFD6FB23FA4D018EFA5E" attach="both" box="[1230,1250,1425,1438]" fontSize="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">3-4</superScript>
|
||
L);
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FB10FA4D0067FA63" bold="true" box="[1277,1291,1425,1443]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">C</emphasis>
|
||
, first-second molar (M
|
||
<superScript id="9EA9F924BD78FFD6FF74FA7405C1FA75" attach="both" box="[153,173,1448,1461]" fontSize="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">1-2</superScript>
|
||
L);
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FF2AFA7405B6FA7A" bold="true" box="[199,218,1448,1466]" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">D,</emphasis>
|
||
third molar (M
|
||
<superScript id="9EA9F924BD78FFD6FEBEFA740436FA75" attach="both" box="[339,346,1448,1461]" fontSize="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">3</superScript>
|
||
L). For the groups, see Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD78FFD7FCD2F98F049FF86B" blockId="12.[807,1456,1523,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[130,777,1523,2028]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">
|
||
In this scenario, the analysis of a relatively large sample of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FCC4F9AF0605F94C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[809,873,1651,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FCC4F9AF0605F94C" box="[809,873,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils from late Middle to Late Pleistocene localities of AP allows us to reassess the taxonomy and the evolutionary trend of local horse species. Based on the results of the statistical analyses and the comparison of the protocone indexes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FCC7F92F06A4F8CC" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[810,968,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FCC7F92F06A4F8CC" box="[810,968,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">E. mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is identified for the first time from few Apulian fossiliferous sites, among which are included San Sidero, Melpignano and Grotta di Capelvenere.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FB0EF8EE00DCF88B" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[1251,1456,1841,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FB0EF8EE00DCF88B" box="[1251,1456,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Equus mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses larger upper and lower teeth than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD78FFD6FA8CF88E00DCF8AC" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[1377,1456,1874,1900]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD78FFD6FA8CF88E00DCF8AC" box="[1377,1456,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD78FFD6FCDFF8AD061EF84B" box="[818,882,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1425,1443]" captionTargetBox="[162,1436,217,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-481@12.[793,1325,857,1393]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Boxplot of the length of the lower teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups, see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864295" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864295/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD78FFD6FC6CF8AD06E3F84C" box="[897,911,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[133,144,1415,1433]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,211,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-26@13.[773,1371,837,1405]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Boxplot of the length of the upper teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar; (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864297/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD78FFD6FC71F8AD0699F84B" box="[924,1013,1905,1931]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="10.[808,819,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the upper teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA">Tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD78FFD6FBE9F8AD017EF84B" box="[1028,1042,1905,1931]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the lower teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA">3</tableCitation>
|
||
) and different values of the P3-4, M1-2 and M3 protocone index (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD78FFD6FBD1F84D0115F86B" box="[1084,1145,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1482,1500]" captionTargetBox="[159,1456,208,1472]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Protocone index of the upper teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887213/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The Grotta di Capelvenere, Melpignano and San Sidero samples displays a M1-2 protocone index value lower than those both P3-4 and M3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD78FFD6FADCF80D0003F82B" box="[1329,1391,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1482,1500]" captionTargetBox="[159,1456,208,1472]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Protocone index of the upper teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887213/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="27">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The taxonomic attribution to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD79FFD7FE75FA2F048AF9CD" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[408,486,1523,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FE75FA2F048AF9CD" box="[408,486,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the material from other considered sites chronologically referred from late Middle Pleistocene (MIS 7) to the end of Late Pleistocene (MIS 2) is confirmed, based on the medium-size of the specimens and the values of the protocone index. In fact, besides displaying smaller upper and lower teeth than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD79FFD7FD8EF94F0664F96C" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[611,776,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FD8EF94F0664F96C" box="[611,776,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">E. mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD79FFD7FF60F96E05A1F90C" box="[141,205,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1425,1443]" captionTargetBox="[162,1436,217,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-481@12.[793,1325,857,1393]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Boxplot of the length of the lower teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups, see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864295" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864295/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD79FFD7FF36F96E0585F90D" box="[219,233,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[133,144,1415,1433]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,211,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-26@13.[773,1371,837,1405]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Boxplot of the length of the upper teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar; (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864297/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD79FFD7FF18F96E0422F90C" box="[245,334,1714,1740]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="10.[808,819,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the upper teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA">Tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD79FFD7FEB1F96E0406F90C" box="[348,362,1714,1740]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the lower teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA">3</tableCitation>
|
||
), the protocone index in the materials of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD79FFD7FF72F90F0587F92C" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[159,235,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FF72F90F0587F92C" box="[159,235,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays M1-2 value higher than those both P3-4 and M3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD79FFD7FF54F92E0595F8CC" box="[185,249,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1482,1500]" captionTargetBox="[159,1456,208,1472]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Protocone index of the upper teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887213/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, for the samples from Tana delle Iene and Grotta delle Mura, the protocone index differs. The values of P3-4 and M1-2 are much lower than those of caballoid horses. This atypical profile of IP index in the fossil materials of Tana delle Iene and Grotta della Mura could be due to the small size of the available samples.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3DA304E4BD79FFD7FF68FA5B073AFA6F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5864297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864297/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" startId="13.[133,144,1415,1433]" targetBox="[132,1456,211,1397]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD79FFD7FF68FA5B073AFA6F" blockId="13.[133,1457,1415,1458]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">
|
||
FIG. 5. — Boxplot of the length of the upper teeth considered for chronology:
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FCFDFA5B0671FA59" bold="true" box="[784,797,1415,1433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">A</emphasis>
|
||
, second premolar (P
|
||
<subScript id="F5585629BD79FFD7FC21FA5206BFFA5B" attach="both" box="[972,979,1422,1435]" fontSize="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">2</subScript>
|
||
L);
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FC03FA5B0697FA59" bold="true" box="[1006,1019,1415,1433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">B</emphasis>
|
||
, third-fourth premolar (P
|
||
<subScript id="F5585629BD79FFD7FB27FA5201B2FA5B" attach="both" box="[1226,1246,1422,1435]" fontSize="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">3-4</subScript>
|
||
L);
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FB15FA5B006AFA59" bold="true" box="[1272,1286,1415,1433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">C</emphasis>
|
||
, first-second molar; (M
|
||
<subScript id="F5585629BD79FFD7FF77FA7905C2FA72" attach="both" box="[154,174,1445,1458]" fontSize="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">1-2</subScript>
|
||
L);
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FF2AFA4105B9FA6F" bold="true" box="[199,213,1437,1455]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">D</emphasis>
|
||
, third molar (M
|
||
<subScript id="F5585629BD79FFD7FEBEFA790436FA72" attach="both" box="[339,346,1445,1458]" fontSize="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">3</subScript>
|
||
L). For the groups see Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD79FFD7FF76F86D00F2F98D" blockId="13.[130,777,1523,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[811,1456,1523,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Finally, following the literature, the postflexid index fails to discriminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD79FFD7FEFFF80E043FF82B" box="[274,339,2002,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FEFFF80E043FF82B" box="[274,339,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from Middle to Late Pleistocene and no trend can be observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD79FFD7FB68FA2F01A8F9CD" box="[1157,1220,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1475,1493]" captionTargetBox="[132,1439,212,1455]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 7. — Postflexid index of the lower teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia.Abbreviations: see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887217/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). In accordance with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD79FFD7FCC0F9CE06B7F9ED" author="BOULBES N." box="[813,987,1554,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" pagination="747 - 770" refId="ref13260" refString="BOULBES N. 2010. - Le cheval de Romain-la-Roche, Equus achenheimensis (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) Contribution a la biochronologie des equides caballins au Pleistocene moyen. Revue de Paleobiologie 29 (2): 747 - 770." type="journal article" year="2010">Boulbes (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the significant variation of the postflexid index could be related to tooth ontogeny (relative wear).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD79FFD4FCAEF98E01E2F94D" blockId="13.[811,1456,1523,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[807,1457,1586,2028]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD79FFD7FC44F98F013EF9AC" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[937,1106,1618,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FC44F98F013EF9AC" box="[937,1106,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">E. mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene, its presence in Italian Peninsula was quite scarce (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD79FFD7FC17F94E01BDF96C" author="GLIOZZI E. & ABBAZZI L. & ARGENTI A. & AZZAROLI A. & CALOI L. & CAPASSO BARBATO L. & DI STEFANO G. & ESU D. & FICCARELLI G. & GIROTTI O. & KOTSAKIS T. & MASINI F. & MAZZA P. & MEZZABOTTA C. & PALOMBO M. R. & PETRONIO C. & ROOK L. & SALA B. & SARDELLA R. & ZANALDA E. & TORRE D." box="[1018,1233,1682,1708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" pagination="369 - 388" refId="ref14975" refString="GLIOZZI E., ABBAZZI L., ARGENTI A., AZZAROLI A., CALOI L., CAPASSO BARBATO L., DI STEFANO G., ESU D., FICCARELLI G., GIROTTI O., KOTSAKIS T., MASINI F., MAZZA P., MEZZABOTTA C., PALOMBO M. R., PETRONIO C., ROOK L., SALA B., SARDELLA R., ZANALDA E. & TORRE D. 1997. - Biochronology of selected Mammals. Molluscs and Ostracodes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Italy. The state of the art. Rivista. Italiana. Paleontologia. S. 103: 369 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 5299" type="book chapter" year="1997">
|
||
Gliozzi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FBB8F94F01E2F96C" box="[1109,1166,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and documented only from few sites: Cesi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD79FFD7FBB5F96E0052F90C" author="FICCARELLI G. & ABBAZZI L. & ALBIANELLI A. & BERTINI A. & COLTORTI M. & MAGNATTI M. & MASINI F. & MAZZA P. & MEZZABOTTA C. & LEONE G. & ROOK L. & RUSTIONI M. & TORRE D." box="[1112,1342,1714,1740]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" pagination="507 - 518" refId="ref14569" refString="FICCARELLI G., ABBAZZI L., ALBIANELLI A., BERTINI A., COLTORTI M., MAGNATTI M., MASINI F., MAZZA P., MEZZABOTTA C., NAPO- LEONE G., ROOK L., RUSTIONI M. & TORRE D. 1997. - Cesi, an early Middle Pleistocene site in the Colfiorito Basin (Umbro- Marchean Apennine), central Italy. Journal of Quaternary Science 12 (6): 507 - 518. https: // doi. org / dfmjkf" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Ficcarelli
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FB28F96F0190F90C" box="[1221,1276,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Venosa-Notarchirico (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD79FFD7FC2BF90E01B9F92C" author="PALOMBO M. R. & ALBERDI M. T." box="[966,1237,1746,1772]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" pagination="115 - 140" refId="ref16412" refString="PALOMBO M. R. & ALBERDI M. T. 2017. - Light and shadows in the evolution of South European stenonoid horses. Fossil Imprint 73 (1 - 2): 115 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / if- 2017 - 0006" type="journal article" year="2017">Palombo & Alberdi 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Fontana Ranuccio (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD79FFD7FCDBF92E017DF8CC" author="BIDDITTU I. & CASSOLI P. F. & RADICATI DI BROZZOLO F. & SEGRE A. G. & NALDINI E. & VILLA I." box="[822,1041,1778,1804]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" pagination="53 - 71" refId="ref12408" refString="BIDDITTU I., CASSOLI P. F., RADICATI DI BROZZOLO F., SEGRE A. G., SEGRE- NALDINI E. & VILLA I. 1979. - Anagni, a K-Ar dated Lower and Middle Pleistocene site, Central Italy: preliminary report. Quaternaria 21: 53 - 71." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Biddittu
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FC71F92F06BDF8CC" box="[924,977,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In AP, the Mosbach horse is identified for the first time in a few localities, which unfortunately lack of absolute radiometric determinations. As for the European material, in the AP the Mosbach horse was well-distinct for its large teeth sized, which is larger to the wild horse (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD79FFD7FC58F84E017CF86B" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[949,1040,1937,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD79FFD7FC58F84E017CF86B" box="[949,1040,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD79FFD7FBC0F84D011CF86B" box="[1069,1136,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1425,1443]" captionTargetBox="[162,1436,217,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-481@12.[793,1325,857,1393]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. — Boxplot of the length of the lower teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups, see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864295" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864295/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD79FFD7FB6CF84D01E3F86C" box="[1153,1167,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[133,144,1415,1433]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,211,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-26@13.[773,1371,837,1405]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Boxplot of the length of the upper teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar; (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864297/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">5</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD79FFD7FB72F84D0191F86B" box="[1183,1277,1937,1963]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="10.[808,819,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the upper teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD7EFFD0FCC5FF07004DFEDA">Tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD79FFD7FAE0F84D0077F86B" box="[1293,1307,1937,1963]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. — Table of p-values for the linear model of the lower teeth with corner point parameterization testing the null hypothesis of no-differences between the mean of the MIS 9-8 and the other samples (p-value> 0.05)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD7FFFD1FF69FF0707F0FEDA">3</tableCitation>
|
||
) and display different values of the protocone index (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD79FFD7FB17F86D0050F80B" box="[1274,1340,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1482,1500]" captionTargetBox="[159,1456,208,1472]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Protocone index of the upper teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887213/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="28">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). According to several authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD79FFD7FBD7F80D018CF82B" author="GUADELLI J. L." box="[1082,1248,2001,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" pagination="163 - 188" refId="ref15212" refString="GUADELLI J. L. 2007. - Etude paleontologique des grands mammiferes, in RAYNAL J. P. (ed.), Sainte-Anne I, Sinzelles, Polignac, Haute-Loire. Le Paleolithique moyen de l'unite J 1. Archeo-Logis / CDERAD, Laussonne: 163 - 188." type="book chapter" year="2007">Guadelli 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD79FFD7FB1FF80D00F1F82B" author="UZUNIDIS A." box="[1266,1437,2001,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refId="ref17843" refString="UZUNIDIS A. 2017. - Grands herbivores de la fin du Pleistocene moyen au debut du Pleistocene superieur dans le sud de la France. Implications anthropologiques pour la lignee neandertalienne. These de doctorat, Universite d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, 156 p." type="book" year="2017">Uzunidis 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the last occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7AFFD4FE68F9EF075BF98C" authorityName="von Reichenau" authorityYear="1903" box="[389,567,1586,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosbachensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FE68F9EF075BF98C" box="[389,567,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">E. mosbachensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
took place during the late Middle Pleistocene, probably during the MIS 6, although no general consensus was reached (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FD84F9AE0471F96C" author="BOULBES N. & VAN ASPEREN E. N." pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="301" refId="ref13301" refString="BOULBES N. & VAN ASPEREN E. N. 2019. - Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7: 301. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fevo. 2019.00301" type="journal article" year="2019">Boulbes & van Asperen 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the first historical appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7AFFD4FF69F96F05B9F90C" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[132,213,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FF69F96F05B9F90C" box="[132,213,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in AP is from Grotta del Cavallo during the early Late Pleistocene (<109 ka) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FE2DF90E07C0F92C" author="ZANCHETTA G. & GIACCIO B. & BINI M. & SARTI L." box="[448,684,1746,1772]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref17948" refString="ZANCHETTA G., GIACCIO B., BINI M. & SARTI L. 2018. - Tephrostratigraphy of Grotta del Cavallo, Southern Italy: Insights on the chronology of Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews 182: 65 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2017.12.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zanchetta
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FDDAF90F0700F92C" box="[567,620,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, a new dispersal of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7AFFD4FE93F92F077CF8CC" box="[382,528,1778,1804]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FE93F92F04D3F8CC" box="[382,447,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could have taken place during the late Middle Pleistocene. This possible scenario is consistent with the results of the aDNA analysis performed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7AFFD4FF47F88E0590F8AC" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[170,252,1874,1900]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FF47F88E0590F8AC" box="[170,252,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which revealed that the wild horse originated at about 240.000 years ago (late Middle Pleistocene), differing therefore from the earlier form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7AFFD4FDA4F84E0479F80C" authority="(George & Rider 1986)" baseAuthorityName="George & Rider" baseAuthorityYear="1986" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FDA4F84E07E7F86B" box="[585,651,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
(George & Rider 1986)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unfortunately, the taxonomic uncertainty for the Middle Pleistocene sample from Italian Peninsula record prevents an in-depth reconstruction of the caballoid horse lineage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FC26F98E012BF9AC" author="BERZI A." box="[971,1095,1618,1644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="29 - 33" refId="ref12376" refString="BERZI A. 1972. - An Early Middle Pleistocene fauna at Monte Oliveto (S. Gimignano, Siena, Italy). Palaeontographia Italica 68: 29 - 33." type="journal article" year="1972">Berzi 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FBB8F98E0031F9AC" author="CALOI L. & PALOMBO M. R." box="[1109,1373,1618,1644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="187 - 221" refId="ref13388" refString="CALOI L. & PALOMBO M. R. 1987. - Osservazioni sugli equidi italiani del Pleistocene medio inferiore. Geologica Romana 26: 187 - 221." type="journal article" year="1987">Caloi & Palombo 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FA81F98E06CDF94C" author="STRANI F. & DEMIGUEL D. & BONA F. & SARDELLA R. & BIDDITTU I. & BRUNI L. & DE CASTRO A. & GUADAGNOLI F. & BELLUCCI L." pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="238 - 247" refId="ref17355" refString="STRANI F., DEMIGUEL D., BONA F., SARDELLA R., BIDDITTU I., BRUNI L., DE CASTRO A., GUADAGNOLI F. & BELLUCCI L. 2018. - Ungulate dietary adaptations and palaeoecology of the Middle Pleistocene site of Fontana Ranuccio (Anagni, Central Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 496: 238 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2018.01.041" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Strani
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FCC4F9AF0633F94C" box="[809,863,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FC42F9AE0685F94C" author="STRANI F. & PUSHKINA D. & BOCHERENS H. & BELLUCCI L. & SARDELLA R. & DEMIGUEL D." box="[943,1001,1650,1676]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="176" refId="ref17439" refString="STRANI F., PUSHKINA D., BOCHERENS H., BELLUCCI L., SARDELLA R. & DEMIGUEL D. 2019. - Dietary adaptations of Early and Middle Pleistocene equids from the Anagni basin (Frosinone, central Italy). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7: 176. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fevo. 2019.00176" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FC15F9AE0111F94C" author="STRANI F." box="[1016,1149,1650,1676]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref17312" refString="STRANI F. 2020. - Impact of Early and Middle Pleistocene major climatic events on the palaeoecology of Southern European ungulates. Historical Biology: 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0 8912963.2020. 1782898" type="book chapter" year="2020">Strani 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3DA304E4BD7AFFD4FF69FA1600C3FA1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887213" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5887213" box="[132,1455,1482,1500]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887213/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" startId="14.[132,143,1482,1500]" subCaptionStartIDs="14.[1233,1350,1482,1500]" subCaptionStarts="Abbr" targetBox="[159,1456,208,1472]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7AFFD4FF69FA1600C3FA1C" blockId="14.[132,1455,1482,1500]" box="[132,1455,1482,1500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">
|
||
FIG. 6. — Protocone index of the upper teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7AFFD4FDE3FA1607EBFA1C" box="[526,647,1482,1500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FDE3FA16072EFA1C" box="[526,578,1482,1500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AB189A8EBD7AFFD4FB7EFA1601A6FA1C" box="[1171,1226,1482,1500]" country="Italy" name="Puglia" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">Apulia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Abbreviations: see
|
||
<tableCitation id="245E61D7BD7AFFD4FA82FA1600C6FA1C" box="[1391,1450,1482,1500]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[129,140,221,239]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — Equus Linnaeus, 1758 fossil material from the late Middle to Early Holocene of the Apulian Peninsula. Date abbreviations: Biochr., biochronology; Chrono-cult., chrono-cultural;" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3DA304E4BD71FFDFFF6CFF0104EEFEC5" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="3DA304E4BD71FFDFFF6CFF0104EEFEC5">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7AFFD5FCD2F94E066FF82C" blockId="14.[807,1457,1586,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[130,780,1554,2028]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The last occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7AFFD4FBC2F94F0110F96C" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[1071,1148,1682,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FBC2F94F0110F96C" box="[1071,1148,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Italian Peninsula took place during the end of Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene (18-9.1 ka BP). During the end of Late Pleistocene (16-12 ka BP),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7AFFD4FC8DF92F06C0F8CC" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[864,940,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FC8DF92F06C0F8CC" box="[864,940,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was well diffused across the Italian Peninsula, as documented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FC34F8CE01AFF8EC" author="LEONARDI M. & BOSCHIN F. & GIAMPOUDAKIS K. & BEYER R. M. & KRAPP M. & BENDREY R. & SOMMER R. & BOSCATO P. & ICA A. & BRAVO D. & ORLANDO L." box="[985,1219,1810,1836]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="5589" refId="ref15752" refString="LEONARDI M., BOSCHIN F., GIAMPOUDAKIS K., BEYER R. M., KRAPP M., BENDREY R., SOMMER R., BOSCATO P., MAN- ICA A., NUOGUES- BRAVO D. & ORLANDO L. 2018. - Late Quaternary horses in Eurasia in the face of climate and vegetation change. Science Advances 4 (7): eaar 5589. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / sciadv. aar 5589" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Leonardi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FBD2F8CE011EF8EC" box="[1087,1138,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
at Grotta delle Mura, Grotta Paglicci, Palidoro, Romito and Vado Arancio.During the Early Holocene however, its presence was exclusively reported from Grotta delle Mura (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FBAEF8AE005EF84B" author="BON M. & BOSCATO P." box="[1091,1330,1905,1932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref12706" refString="BON M. & BOSCATO P. 1993. - Analisi paleontologica e paleoecologica di macro e micromammiferi dei livelli romanelliani e mesolitici della Grotta delle Mura (Monopoli, Bari). Quaternaria Nova 3: 53 - 104." type="journal article" year="1993">Bon & Boscato 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7AFFD4FAA0F8AD06FBF86B" author="LEONARDI M. & BOSCHIN F. & GIAMPOUDAKIS K. & BEYER R. M. & KRAPP M. & BENDREY R. & SOMMER R. & BOSCATO P. & ICA A. & BRAVO D. & ORLANDO L." pageId="14" pageNumber="29" pagination="5589" refId="ref15752" refString="LEONARDI M., BOSCHIN F., GIAMPOUDAKIS K., BEYER R. M., KRAPP M., BENDREY R., SOMMER R., BOSCATO P., MAN- ICA A., NUOGUES- BRAVO D. & ORLANDO L. 2018. - Late Quaternary horses in Eurasia in the face of climate and vegetation change. Science Advances 4 (7): eaar 5589. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / sciadv. aar 5589" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Leonardi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7AFFD4FCC4F84E0637F86B" box="[809,859,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The radiometric dating of level 3 indicates an age ranging from 17913-1738 to 13009-12688 cal BP, whereas that of level 2 varies between 9451-9125 to 9527-8982 cal BP (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7BFFD5FF55F9CE04F0F9ED" author="LEONARDI M. & BOSCHIN F. & GIAMPOUDAKIS K. & BEYER R. M. & KRAPP M. & BENDREY R. & SOMMER R. & BOSCATO P. & ICA A. & BRAVO D. & ORLANDO L." box="[184,412,1554,1581]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" pagination="5589" refId="ref15752" refString="LEONARDI M., BOSCHIN F., GIAMPOUDAKIS K., BEYER R. M., KRAPP M., BENDREY R., SOMMER R., BOSCATO P., MAN- ICA A., NUOGUES- BRAVO D. & ORLANDO L. 2018. - Late Quaternary horses in Eurasia in the face of climate and vegetation change. Science Advances 4 (7): eaar 5589. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / sciadv. aar 5589" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Leonardi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FEC9F9CF0436F9EC" box="[292,346,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; recalibrated using Oxcal v. 4.4, IntCal20 curve). Recently, new radiometric analysis has been performed on Grotta dei Cervi, which records the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7BFFD5FF6EF9AF05A2F94C" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[131,206,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FF6EF9AF05A2F94C" box="[131,206,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at 10175-9701 cal BP (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7BFFD5FE2BF9AF0590F96C" author="DE GROSSI MAZZORIN J. & MONTEFINESE R." pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refId="ref14245" refString="DE GROSSI MAZZORIN J. & MONTEFINESE R. 2017. - L'estinzione del cavallo selvatico in Italia e la nuova introduzione allo stato domestico. Congress " Fisica Nucleare e Preistoria " Sala Convegni - CEDAD - Universita del Salento." type="proceedings paper" year="2017">De Grossi Mazzorin & Montefinese 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (recalibrated using Oxcal v. 4.4, IntCal20 curve). A long gap was detected in the horse fossil record, between the occurrences from Grotta delle Mura and Grotta dei Cervi and those from the bronze age localities of Santa Rosa di Roviglio (4149-4112 to 3492-3355 cal BP) and Montale (4089-3057 to 3370-3219 cal BP) (recalibrated using Oxcal v. 4.4, IntCal20 curve). This gap has been interpreted as the local excinction of wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7BFFD5FF5AF8AE046DF84B" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[183,257,1905,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FF5AF8AE046DF84B" box="[183,257,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was later reintroduced in the Italian Peninsula by recent human populations. This disappearance during the Early Holocene could be linked to a marked reduction of steppe- and tundra-like landscapes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7BFFD5FDF0F80D079EF82B" author="LEONARDI M. & BOSCHIN F. & GIAMPOUDAKIS K. & BEYER R. M. & KRAPP M. & BENDREY R. & SOMMER R. & BOSCATO P. & ICA A. & BRAVO D. & ORLANDO L." box="[541,754,2001,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" pagination="5589" refId="ref15752" refString="LEONARDI M., BOSCHIN F., GIAMPOUDAKIS K., BEYER R. M., KRAPP M., BENDREY R., SOMMER R., BOSCATO P., MAN- ICA A., NUOGUES- BRAVO D. & ORLANDO L. 2018. - Late Quaternary horses in Eurasia in the face of climate and vegetation change. Science Advances 4 (7): eaar 5589. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / sciadv. aar 5589" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Leonardi
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FD6EF80E07D9F82B" box="[643,693,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3DA304E4BD7BFFD5FF69FA1F00C3FA15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5887217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5887217" box="[132,1455,1475,1493]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5887217/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" startId="15.[132,143,1475,1493]" targetBox="[132,1439,212,1455]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7BFFD5FF69FA1F00C3FA15" blockId="15.[132,1455,1475,1493]" box="[132,1455,1475,1493]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">
|
||
FIG. 7. — Postflexid index of the lower teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7BFFD5FDE5FA1F07EDFA15" box="[520,641,1475,1493]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FDE5FA1F0750FA15" box="[520,572,1475,1493]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">Equus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia.Abbreviations: see Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6963546CBD7BFFCAFCD2F9CE006BFB2E" blockId="15.[807,1457,1554,2028]" lastBlockId="16.[807,1458,949,1262]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The wild horse is a common element of the mammal assemblages from AP during the late Aurelian, showing a homogenous body size through the time. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7BFFD5FA66F98F06B6F94C" author="VAN ASPEREN E. N." pageId="15" pageNumber="30" pagination="1974 - 1983" refId="ref17659" refString="VAN ASPEREN E. N. 2012. - Late Middle Pleistocene horse fossils from northwestern Europe as biostratigraphic indicators. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 1974 - 1983. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jas. 2012.02.025" type="journal article" year="2012">van Asperen (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, size oscillations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7BFFD5FB28F9AF0075F94C" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[1221,1305,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FB28F9AF0075F94C" box="[1221,1305,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can occur in response to climatic change, with the specimens from glacial stages being smaller and more robust, possibly as an adaptation to colder environmental conditions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7BFFD5FB46F90E004EF92D" author="MAYR E." box="[1195,1314,1746,1773]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" pagination="105 - 108" refId="ref16037" refString="MAYR E. 1956. - Geographical character gradients and climatic adaptation. Evolution 10: 105 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2406103" type="journal article" year="1956">Mayr 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7BFFD5FAC3F90E00C5F92C" author="JAMES F. C." box="[1326,1449,1746,1772]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" pagination="365 - 390" refId="ref15614" refString="JAMES F. C. 1970. - Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate. Ecology 51: 365 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1935374" type="journal article" year="1970">James 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7BFFD5FCC4F92E012CF8CD" author="LINDSTEDT S. L. & BOYCE M. S." box="[809,1088,1778,1805]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" refId="ref15839" refString="LINDSTEDT S. L. & BOYCE M. S. 1985. - Seasonality, fasting endurance, and body size in mammals. American Naturalist 125: 873 - 787. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 284385" type="journal volume" year="1985">Lindstedt & Boyce 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD7BFFD5FBBDF92E0028F8CC" author="BLACKBURN T. M. & GASTON K. J. & LODER N." box="[1104,1348,1778,1804]" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" pagination="165 - 174" refId="ref12465" refString="BLACKBURN T. M., GASTON K. J. & LODER N. 1999. - Geographic gradients in body size: a clarification of Bergmann's rule. Diversity and Distributions. 5: 165 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1472 - 4642.1999.00046. x" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Blackburn
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FB21F92F006EF8CC" box="[1228,1282,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the contrary, interglacial horses could be larger with more slender limb proportions. Some populations of interglacial
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7BFFD5FA8CF8EE00DDF88C" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[1377,1457,1842,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FA8CF8EE00DDF88C" box="[1377,1457,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be characterized by small and robust individuals (always less robust than glacial ones). The body-size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEDC2FEFBD7BFFD5FA8FF8AE00C2F84B" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" box="[1378,1454,1905,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD7BFFD5FA8FF8AE00C2F84B" box="[1378,1454,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="30">E. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Apulia region during the MIS 7-5 to MIS 2 is quite constant and no changes can be detected. According to van Asperen (2010), this stasis could suggest that the wild horse was in low competition for resources in a stable landscape constantly dominated by open-environments (i.e, steppe-like and/or grasslands). Another feature which could fluctuate as response to climatic change is the proportion of the muzzle, where the skulls from glacial stages possess a wide and short muzzle and
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD64FFCAFEE0FB89041CFBAE" box="[269,368,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">vice versa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFE92FB880755FBAE" author="EISENMANN V." box="[383,569,1108,1134]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" refId="ref14473" refString="EISENMANN V. 2014. - Main Caballine Crania Morphs. https: // vera-eisenmann. com / main-caballine-crania-morphs" type="url" year="2014">Eisenmann 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Crégut-Bonnoure
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD64FFCAFF6BFBA905D6FB4E" box="[134,186,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFEEAFBA8072AFB4E" author="BOULBES N. & VAN ASPEREN E. N." box="[263,582,1140,1167]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" pagination="301" refId="ref13301" refString="BOULBES N. & VAN ASPEREN E. N. 2019. - Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7: 301. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fevo. 2019.00301" type="journal article" year="2019">Boulbes & van Asperen 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, there is no chronological differences among cranial proportions of caballoid horse through the Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFEEFFB08042CFB2E" box="[258,320,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,842,860]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,189,821]" captionTargetId="figure-701@16.[787,1444,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864299/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), despite a possible evolutionary trend for explaining these different cranial proportions was proposed. Specimens from deposits attributed to glacial stages (n = 15) display a short and wide muzzle as in the cases of the Middle Pleistocene sites of Cuane de l’Arago (MIS 14-12) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD64FFCAFF62FAAF05B5FA4D" box="[143,217,1395,1421]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFF01FAAF04B8FA4E" author="EISENMANN V. & BONNOURE E. & MOIGNE A. M." box="[236,468,1395,1422]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" pagination="157 - 173" refId="ref14492" refString="EISENMANN V., CREGUT- BONNOURE E. & MOIGNE A. M. 1985. - Equus mosbachensis et les grands chevaux de la Caune de l'Arago et de Lunel-Viel: craniologie comparee. Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, 4 e serie, Section C, Sciences de la terre, Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 7: 157 - 173. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 55708570" type="journal article" year="1985">
|
||
Eisenmann
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD64FFCAFE85FAA804F4FA4D" box="[360,408,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1985
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Igue des Rameaux (MIS 10-9) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD64FFCAFF3EFA4F044DFA6D" box="[211,289,1427,1453]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFED0FA4F0489FA6D" author="UZUNIDIS A." box="[317,485,1427,1453]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" refId="ref17843" refString="UZUNIDIS A. 2017. - Grands herbivores de la fin du Pleistocene moyen au debut du Pleistocene superieur dans le sud de la France. Implications anthropologiques pour la lignee neandertalienne. These de doctorat, Universite d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, 156 p." type="book" year="2017">Uzunidis 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or Late Pleistocene ones of Coulet des Roches (MIS 2) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD64FFCAFE08FA6F075DFA0D" box="[485,561,1459,1485]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (Crégut-Bonnoure
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD64FFCAFF6BFA0805D0FA2D" box="[134,188,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018), Jaurens (MIS 3) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD64FFCAFE34FA0F0749FA2D" box="[473,549,1491,1517]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFDD3FA0F07A3FA2D" author="GUERIN C." box="[574,719,1491,1517]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" pagination="21 - 39" refId="ref15264" refString="GUERIN C. 1999. - La Fage-aven I (commune de Noailles), middle Pleistocene, and Jaurens (commune de Nespouls), upper Pleistocene. A comparison of two paleontological sites in Correze, France, in GAUDZINSKI S. & TURNER E. (eds), The Role of Early Humans in the Accumulation of European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Bone Assemblages. Monographie des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, vol. 42: 21 - 39." type="journal article" year="1999">Guérin 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Sirejol (MIS 3) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD64FFCAFED8FA2F04ECF9CD" box="[309,384,1523,1549]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFE78FA2F0708F9CD" author="PHILIPPE M. & MOURER C. & EVIN J." box="[405,612,1523,1549]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" pagination="57 - 67" refId="ref16550" refString="PHILIPPE M., MOURER C. & EVIN J. 1980. - Les gisements paleontologiques quaternaires des Causses de Martel et de Gramat (Correze et Lot): faunes et chronologie. Publications du Musee des Confluences 18 (1): 57 - 67." type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Philippe
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD64FFCAFE18FA2F074BF9CD" box="[501,551,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFD91FA2F0795F9CD" box="[636,761,1523,1549]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="29.[504,516,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="APPENDIX 9. — Equus crania from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe." pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Appendix 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Whereas, the crania from interglacial stages (n = 2) possess an elongated and narrow muzzle, as the specimens from Middle Pleistocene sites of Lunel-Viel (MIS 11) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD64FFCAFDF0F98E0708F9AC" box="[541,612,1618,1644]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFD94F98E066EF9AC" author="BONIFAY M. F." box="[633,770,1618,1644]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" pagination="233 - 281" refId="ref12747" refString="BONIFAY M. F. 1980. - Le Cheval du Pleistocene moyen des grottes de Lunel-Viel (Herault). Gallia prehistoire 23 (2): 233 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / galip. 1980.1652" type="journal article" year="1980">Bonifay 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFF6BF9AE0415F94D" author="EISENMANN V. & BONNOURE E. & MOIGNE A. M." box="[134,377,1650,1677]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" pagination="157 - 173" refId="ref14492" refString="EISENMANN V., CREGUT- BONNOURE E. & MOIGNE A. M. 1985. - Equus mosbachensis et les grands chevaux de la Caune de l'Arago et de Lunel-Viel: craniologie comparee. Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, 4 e serie, Section C, Sciences de la terre, Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 7: 157 - 173. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 55708570" type="journal article" year="1985">
|
||
Eisenmann
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD64FFCAFEEAF9AF0457F94C" box="[263,315,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1985
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Mosbach (MIS 13) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD64FFCAFD74F9AE066EF94C" box="[665,770,1650,1676]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D4D299DBD64FFCAFF7DF94E0422F96C" author="MAUL L. C. & REKOVETS L. & HEINRICH W. D. & KELLER T. & STORCH G." box="[144,334,1682,1708]" pageId="16" pageNumber="31" pagination="129 - 147" refId="ref16067" refString="MAUL L. C., REKOVETS L., HEINRICH W. D., KELLER T. & STORCH G. 2000. - Arvicola mosbachensis (Schmidtgen 1911) of Mosbach 2: a basic sample for the early evolution of the genus and a reference for further biostratigraphical studies. Senckenbergiana lethaea 80 (1): 129 - 147." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Maul
|
||
<emphasis id="5BA8887EBD64FFCAFF39F94F0467F96C" box="[212,267,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFE87F94E04C7F96C" box="[362,427,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,842,860]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,189,821]" captionTargetId="figure-701@16.[787,1444,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864299/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFE51F94E0753F96C" box="[444,575,1682,1708]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="29.[504,516,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="APPENDIX 9. — Equus crania from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe." pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Appendix 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). An exception is represented by the cranium from Last Glacial (MIS 2; 22, 730 ± 835 ka) of Fontainhas (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="11CB14FCBD64FFCAFE7FF90E049FF92D" box="[402,499,1746,1773]" name="Portugal" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
), since its proportions fall outside the variability of the glacial caballoid horses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFD29F92E066EF8CC" box="[708,770,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,842,860]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,189,821]" captionTargetId="figure-701@16.[787,1444,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864299/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFF6BF8CE046FF8EC" box="[134,259,1810,1836]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="29.[504,516,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="APPENDIX 9. — Equus crania from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe." pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Appendix 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The proportions of the two studied skulls, San Sidero and Cardamone specimens, corroborated the glacial/ interglacial separation. Indeed, the skull from Cardamone biochronologically referred to Last Glacial falls in the variability of the glacial group, representing one of the largest specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFF62F86D05A1F80B" box="[143,205,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,842,860]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,189,821]" captionTargetId="figure-701@16.[787,1444,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864299/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFF36F86D0436F80B" box="[219,346,1969,1995]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="29.[504,516,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="APPENDIX 9. — Equus crania from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe." pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Appendix 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Contrary, the proportions of the skull from San Sidero (MIS 9-8) differ from those of the glacial group, and are similar to those of Mosbach and Lunel-Viel ones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFCDFFC080602FC2F" box="[818,878,980,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,842,860]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,189,821]" captionTargetId="figure-701@16.[787,1444,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5864299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5864299/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1E748E9BD64FFCAFC96FC08069BFC2F" box="[891,1015,980,1007]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="29.[504,516,219,237]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="APPENDIX 9. — Equus crania from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe." pageId="16" pageNumber="31">Appendix 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finally, considering the large variability of the skull size of caballoid horses during the Middle and Late Pleistocene, no evolutionary trend can be recognized. Nevertheless, based on the proportions of the muzzle, two groups are identified from the Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe, which reflect an adaptation to climate (glacial and interglacial stages). Therefore, the proportions of the muzzle of caballoid horse clearly reveal important information on climatic conditions and palaeoenvironment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |