treatments-xml/data/A5/61/87/A56187E9FFBAFFEAFF674447D742D733.xml

<document id="F7DE553A5B2761152CCF2E365C4E96C5" ID-CLB-Dataset="281937" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2023.910.2363" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a77ab889-b9ba-4cd7-ab73-263d01750a3f" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10319699" ID-ZooBank="4670E7D8-8F93-40E5-9FF7-8B8FE517C0AB" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1702119584414" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ačanski, Jelena, Tot, Tamara, Grković, Ana, Miličić, Marija, Radenković, Snežana &amp; Vujić, Ante" docDate="2023" docId="A56187E9FFBAFFEAFF674447D742D733" docLanguage="en" docName="EJT.2023.910.98-114.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 910" docSource="https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2363/10347" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Merodon natans" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="107" masterDocId="5958FF91FFBDFFE3FFDA454FD248D408" masterDocTitle="An assessment of new character in hoverfly species delimitation using linear and geometric morphometrics - genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Syrphidae) as a case study" masterLastPageNumber="114" masterPageNumber="98" pageNumber="105" updateTime="1702557359239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="EC28C32A793395BA238BE265412E6090">An assessment of new character in hoverfly species delimitation using linear and geometric morphometrics - genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Syrphidae) as a case study</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="929CF7A1D957AC18DD2855C644E3D31E">Ačanski, Jelena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D2288A63170CC459DFB3D0B412CA2211">University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute - Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, Novi Sad, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="387D962175C68A2B14F64CCF0FCD8C0B">Tot, Tamara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E958B3D97345ED18FAFA52112A628DDF">University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D5E11DA860E47B8A2DC1B6A0D8C53FE7" type="email">tamarat@dbe.uns.ac.rs</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7B12CABAEB543CE233D04259FF141F40">Grković, Ana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4344266D75E7BBA92A476B34FE088AD6">University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4284BE41D3DD03A943968B01748551B5">Miličić, Marija</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A94BB4005158F9EF882304ECDCA679BD">University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute - Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, Novi Sad, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CA49B93D2B333E972BA0BF2295B03D03" type="email">marija.milicic@biosense.rs</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="1E49BE9896C9182FAC7D52EA3379439A">Radenković, Snežana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F652FAC9C7DBA966FD5D76E72B5D0990">Vujić, Ante</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F8FD5864C83AFCB5619C2758EEFA8845">University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="36B7EC6FC279197EAE6E84752BE020B1">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4A622763762DDF1AC200CFACABBFBB20">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="382991B4F277BD89DCDB50958126DE80">910</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="65D26574FFBAFFE4FF674447D3A5D52D" box="[189,493,264,293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFBAFFE4FF674447D3A5D52D" blockId="7.[189,493,264,293]" box="[189,493,264,293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FF674447D3A5D52D" bold="true" box="[189,493,264,293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFBAFFE4FF674447D3DFD52D" ID-CoL="8CSZX" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[189,407,264,293]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">Merodon natans</taxonomicName>
group
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<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFBAFFE4FF674473D391D55E" blockId="7.[189,473,316,342]" box="[189,473,316,342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">
<heading id="763F8193FFBAFFE4FF674473D391D55E" bold="true" box="[189,473,316,342]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FF674473D391D55E" bold="true" box="[189,473,316,342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">Linear morphometrics</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFBAFFE4FF674424D73BD5E7" blockId="7.[189,1399,363,496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">
ANOVA did not find significant differences between the sexes (ANOVA: 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FBD04423D654D58D" box="[1034,1052,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">F</emphasis>
<subScript id="B14C34BAFFBAFFE4FBC64431D60AD584" attach="left" box="[1052,1090,382,396]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">2,108</subScript>
= 1.2; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FB564423D6D6D58D" box="[1164,1182,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.05). However, highly significant differences between species were found (ANOVA: 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FC2944C0D64DD5A0" box="[1011,1029,399,424]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">F</emphasis>
<subScript id="B14C34BAFFBAFFE4FBDF44EED662D5A7" attach="left" box="[1029,1066,417,431]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">2,111</subScript>
= 72.1; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FB5744C0D6D7D5A0" box="[1165,1183,399,424]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFBAFFE4FAD644C1D042D5C4" authority="(Fabricius, 1794)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FAD644C1D371D5C3" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">Merodon calcaratus</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1794)
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had a larger angle at the intersection of the R4+5 vein and the middle line, indicating that this species has a less sinuate R4+5 vein than other species of the 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFBAFFE4FBA84499D688D5E7" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[1138,1216,470,495]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FBA84499D688D5E7" box="[1138,1216,470,495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">natans</emphasis>
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group (
<figureCitation id="B5F32A7AFFBAFFE4FAC6449AD72BD5E7" box="[1308,1379,469,495]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[181,1451,716,1795]" captionTargetId="graphics-92@5.[171,1439,831,1794]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Box plot showing a comparison of the angle at the intersection of the R4+5 vein and the middle line for all species used in the analysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10377214" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10377214/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFBAFFE4FF674759D120D638" blockId="7.[189,872,534,560]" box="[189,872,534,560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">
<heading id="763F8193FFBAFFE4FF674759D120D638" bold="true" box="[189,872,534,560]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FF674759D120D638" bold="true" box="[189,872,534,560]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">Geometric morphometrics analysis of R4+5 vein shape</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFBAFFE4FF67470AD3CAD68A" blockId="7.[189,1398,581,643]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">
Due to sexual dimorphism, analyses were performed separately on males and females (ANOVA: 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FAC44709D778D657" box="[1310,1328,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">F</emphasis>
37, 234 = 5.348; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FED74726D357D68A" box="[269,287,617,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01).
</paragraph>
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Regarding male specimens, DA clearly separated all species pairs based on R4+5 vein sinuation (
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FF1D4782D291D6EE" box="[199,217,717,742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). 94.41% of all specimens were correctly classified into a priori defined groups. CVA produced two highly significant axes (CV1: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.0625; χ 
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= 338.211; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFB614445D685D52B" box="[1211,1229,266,291]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01; CV2: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.282; χ 
<superScript id="DABD9BB7FFB5FFEBFE284463D3B3D532" attach="left" box="[498,507,300,314]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">2</superScript>
= 154.55; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFDA74462D0C7D54E" box="[637,655,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). CV1, with 58% of the total shape variation, separated 
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<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFF67441FD32AD561" box="[189,354,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. calcaratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFE75441FD0B1D562" authority="(Fabricius, 1794)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[431,761,335,362]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFE75441FD06ED561" box="[431,550,336,361]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. natans</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1794)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFCED441FD740D562" authority="Vujic &amp; Radenkovic, 2011" authorityName="Vujic &amp; Radenkovic" authorityYear="2011" box="[823,1288,335,362]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulveris">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFCED441FD1F7D561" box="[823,959,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. pulveris</emphasis>
Vujić &amp; Radenković, 2011
</taxonomicName>
, whereas CV2, with 42%, separated 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFDCA443CD0C3D584" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[528,651,371,396]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFDCA443CD0C3D584" box="[528,651,371,396]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFD05443CD123D584" authorityName="Vujic &amp; Radenkovic" authorityYear="2011" box="[735,875,370,396]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulveris">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFD05443CD123D584" box="[735,875,370,396]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. pulveris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B5F32A7AFFB5FFEBFCA5443DD195D585" box="[895,989,370,397]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[189,231,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[251,1337,833,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-154@7.[251,1337,823,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of males of the Merodon natans group. A. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. B. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the wing shape variability from Vujić et al. (2021c). C. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability D. Superimposed outline drawings showing R4+5 vein shape differences among males of the investigated species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10319715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10319715/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">Fig 5A</figureCitation>
). Superimposed outline drawings indicated that 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFEB944D8D04ED5B8" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[355,518,406,432]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFEB944D8D04ED5B8" box="[355,518,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. calcaratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the least sinuate R4+5 vein (
<figureCitation id="B5F32A7AFFB5FFEBFC5044D9D1A1D5B9" box="[906,1001,406,433]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[189,231,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[251,1337,833,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-154@7.[251,1337,823,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of males of the Merodon natans group. A. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. B. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the wing shape variability from Vujić et al. (2021c). C. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability D. Superimposed outline drawings showing R4+5 vein shape differences among males of the investigated species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10319715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10319715/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="79B76677FFBAFFE4FF67420ED753D3E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10319715" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10319715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10319715/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" startId="7.[189,231,1857,1883]" targetBox="[251,1337,833,1799]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFBAFFE4FF67420ED753D3E0" blockId="7.[189,1399,1857,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FF67420ED340D354" bold="true" box="[189,264,1857,1884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of males of the 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFBAFFE4FBB3420ED76DD353" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[1129,1317,1857,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FBB3420ED76DD353" box="[1129,1317,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">Merodon natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FF67422BD29AD376" bold="true" box="[189,210,1892,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">A</emphasis>
. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FBEF422AD601D377" bold="true" box="[1077,1097,1893,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">B</emphasis>
. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the wing shape variability from 
<bibRefCitation id="49594B0EFFBAFFE4FD3742C7D19CD3AA" author="Vujic A. &amp; Tot T. &amp; Andric A. &amp; Acanski J. &amp; Sasic Zoric Lj. &amp; Perez-Banon C. &amp; Aracil A. &amp; Veselic S. &amp; Arok M. &amp; Mengual Sanchis X. &amp; van Eck A." box="[749,980,1928,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105" pagination="343 - 378" refId="ref9756" refString="Vujic A., Tot T., Andric A., Acanski J., Sasic Zoric Lj., Perez-Banon C., Aracil A., Veselic S., Arok M., Mengual Sanchis X. &amp; van Eck A. 2021 c. Review of the Merodon natans group with description of a new species, a key to the adults of known species of the natans lineage and first descriptions of some preimaginal stages. Arthropod Systematics &amp; Phylogeny 79: 343 - 378. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / asp. 79. e 65861" type="journal article" year="2021">
Vujić 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FCEE42C6D126D3AA" box="[820,878,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">et al.</emphasis>
(2021c)
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FC0542C7D1BCD3AA" bold="true" box="[991,1012,1928,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">C</emphasis>
. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFBAFFE4FB7242E4D6F5D3CD" bold="true" box="[1192,1213,1963,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="105">D</emphasis>
. Superimposed outline drawings showing R4+5 vein shape differences among males of the investigated species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFB5FFEBFF674498D606D6CD" blockId="8.[189,1399,471,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">
Females of all species pairs differed highly significantly by R4+5 vein shape (DA: 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFB4D4497D6E1D5F9" box="[1175,1193,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). Overall, classification success was high, 98.50% of all female specimens were correctly classified based on vein sinuation. All females of 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFE324751D0C3D630" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[488,651,542,568]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFE324751D0C3D630" box="[488,651,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. calcaratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were correctly classified. CVA produced two highly significant axes (CV1: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.34; χ 
<superScript id="DABD9BB7FFB5FFEBFDA9470FD034D646" attach="left" box="[627,636,576,590]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">2</superScript>
= 378.52; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFD25470DD159D653" box="[767,785,578,603]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01; CV2: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.208; χ 
<superScript id="DABD9BB7FFB5FFEBFB29470FD6B4D646" attach="left" box="[1267,1276,576,590]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">2</superScript>
= 175.89; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFF64472AD298D676" box="[190,208,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). As in males, the first axis clearly separated 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFC9C472AD1A3D676" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[838,1003,612,638]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFC9C472AD1A3D676" box="[838,1003,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. calcaratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFBED472AD6E5D676" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[1079,1197,613,638]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFBED472AD6E5D676" box="[1079,1197,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFB33472AD727D676" authorityName="Vujic &amp; Radenkovic" authorityYear="2011" box="[1257,1391,612,638]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulveris">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFB33472AD727D676" box="[1257,1391,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. pulveris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas CV2, with 42% of the total shape variation, separated 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFC4247C7D644D6A9" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[920,1036,648,673]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFC4247C7D644D6A9" box="[920,1036,648,673]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFB8B47C7D69FD6A9" authorityName="Vujic &amp; Radenkovic" authorityYear="2011" box="[1105,1239,647,673]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulveris">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFB8B47C7D69FD6A9" box="[1105,1239,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. pulveris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="B5F32A7AFFB5FFEBFB3C47C8D70CD6A9" box="[1254,1348,647,673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,231,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[254,1337,781,1802]" captionTargetId="figure-212@8.[251,1337,771,1813]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of females of the Merodon natans group. A. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. B. Scatter plot of individual scores showing wing the shape variability from Vujić et al. (2021c). C. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability D. Superimposed outline drawings showing the R4+5 vein shape differences among females of the investigated species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10377216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10377216/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). As in males, females of 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFE6B47E4D01CD6CC" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[433,596,682,708]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFE6B47E4D01CD6CC" box="[433,596,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">M. calcaratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had the least sinuate R4+5 vein (
<figureCitation id="B5F32A7AFFB5FFEBFC0147E5D608D6CD" box="[987,1088,682,709]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,231,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[254,1337,781,1802]" captionTargetId="figure-212@8.[251,1337,771,1813]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of females of the Merodon natans group. A. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. B. Scatter plot of individual scores showing wing the shape variability from Vujić et al. (2021c). C. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability D. Superimposed outline drawings showing the R4+5 vein shape differences among females of the investigated species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10377216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10377216/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">Fig. 6 D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="79B76677FFB5FFEBFF67420ED712D3E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10377216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10377216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10377216/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" startId="8.[189,231,1857,1883]" targetBox="[254,1337,781,1802]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFB5FFEBFF67420ED712D3E0" blockId="8.[187,1399,1857,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFF67420ED344D353" bold="true" box="[189,268,1857,1883]" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of females of the 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB5FFEBFB6C420ED73FD353" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[1206,1399,1857,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFB6C420ED73FD353" box="[1206,1399,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">Merodon natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFECB422BD36ED376" bold="true" box="[273,294,1892,1918]" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">A</emphasis>
. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFB73422AD6F5D377" bold="true" box="[1193,1213,1893,1919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">B</emphasis>
. Scatter plot of individual scores showing wing the shape variability from 
<bibRefCitation id="49594B0EFFB5FFEBFC8E42C7D67AD3AA" author="Vujic A. &amp; Tot T. &amp; Andric A. &amp; Acanski J. &amp; Sasic Zoric Lj. &amp; Perez-Banon C. &amp; Aracil A. &amp; Veselic S. &amp; Arok M. &amp; Mengual Sanchis X. &amp; van Eck A." box="[852,1074,1928,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="106" pagination="343 - 378" refId="ref9756" refString="Vujic A., Tot T., Andric A., Acanski J., Sasic Zoric Lj., Perez-Banon C., Aracil A., Veselic S., Arok M., Mengual Sanchis X. &amp; van Eck A. 2021 c. Review of the Merodon natans group with description of a new species, a key to the adults of known species of the natans lineage and first descriptions of some preimaginal stages. Arthropod Systematics &amp; Phylogeny 79: 343 - 378. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / asp. 79. e 65861" type="journal article" year="2021">
Vujić 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFC4242C6D198D3AA" box="[920,976,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">et al.</emphasis>
(2021c)
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFBE142C7D618D3AA" bold="true" box="[1083,1104,1928,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB5FFEBFB7542E4D68CD3CD" bold="true" box="[1199,1220,1963,1989]" pageId="8" pageNumber="106">D</emphasis>
. Superimposed outline drawings showing the R4+5 vein shape differences among females of the investigated species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFB4FFEAFF674447D6FBD52B" blockId="9.[189,1203,264,291]" box="[189,1203,264,291]" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">
<heading id="763F8193FFB4FFEAFF674447D6FBD52B" bold="true" box="[189,1203,264,291]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" reason="3">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFF674447D6FBD52B" bold="true" box="[189,1203,264,291]" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">Combined geometric morphometrics analysis of R4+5 vein shape and wing shape</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFB4FFEAFF674477D33ED57D" blockId="9.[189,1399,311,374]" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">
Due to sexual dimorphism, analyses were performed separately on males and females (ANOVA: 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFAF84477D77CD559" box="[1314,1332,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">F</emphasis>
<subScript id="B14C34BAFFB4FFEAFAEE4405D72AD550" attach="left" box="[1332,1378,330,344]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">60,211</subScript>
= 7.93; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFEDA4413D35AD57D" box="[256,274,348,373]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFB4FFEAFF6744D2D6A0D663" blockId="9.[189,1399,413,619]" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">
Males of all species pairs differed highly significantly using both semilandmarks and landmarks (DA: 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFF67448DD287D5D3" box="[189,207,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). Classification success was excellent, only 
<specimenCount id="3BCEFD76FFB4FFEAFCE3448DD194D5D3" box="[825,988,449,476]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
out of 143 was misclassified (
<specimenCount id="3BCEFD76FFB4FFEAFA90448ED295D5F7" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" type="generic">
one 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB4FFEAFF6744A9D295D5F7" authorityName="Vujic &amp; Radenkovic" authorityYear="2011" box="[189,221,486,511]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulveris">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFF6744A9D295D5F7" box="[189,221,486,511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">M.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</specimenCount>
pulveris as 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB4FFEAFEAB44A9D3AED5F7" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[369,486,486,511]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFEAB44A9D3AED5F7" box="[369,486,486,511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">M. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). CVA produced two highly significant axes (CV1: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.019; χ 
<superScript id="DABD9BB7FFB4FFEAFF104747D29BD61E" attach="left" box="[202,211,520,534]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">2</superScript>
= 505.313; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFEB94746D33DD62A" box="[355,373,521,546]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01; CV2: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.199; χ 
<superScript id="DABD9BB7FFB4FFEAFC894747D114D61E" attach="left" box="[851,860,520,534]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">2</superScript>
= 208.199; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFC314746D1B5D62A" box="[1003,1021,521,546]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). The first CV axis, with 69% of the total shape variation clearly separated 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB4FFEAFCCA4762D1CED64E" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[784,902,557,582]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFCCA4762D1CED64E" box="[784,902,557,582]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">M. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB4FFEAFC0B4762D61ED64E" authorityName="Vujic &amp; Radenkovic" authorityYear="2011" box="[977,1110,556,582]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulveris">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFC0B4762D61ED64E" box="[977,1110,556,582]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">M. pulveris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas CV2, with the rest of the variability, clearly separated 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB4FFEAFD56471ED167D662" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[652,815,592,618]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFD56471ED167D662" box="[652,815,592,618]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">M. calcaratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other two species (
<figureCitation id="B5F32A7AFFB4FFEAFBA4471FD693D663" box="[1150,1243,592,619]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[189,231,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[251,1337,833,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-154@7.[251,1337,823,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of males of the Merodon natans group. A. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. B. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the wing shape variability from Vujić et al. (2021c). C. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability D. Superimposed outline drawings showing R4+5 vein shape differences among males of the investigated species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10319715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10319715/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D7736FFFFB4FFEAFF6747DDD742D733" blockId="9.[189,1398,658,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">
Females of all three species were correctly classified into a priori defined groups. All species pairs differed highly significantly (DA: 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFD8F47F9D02FD6C7" box="[597,615,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). CVA produced two highly significant axes (CV1: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.0046; χ 
<superScript id="DABD9BB7FFB4FFEAFE764796D3FDD6EF" attach="left" box="[428,437,729,743]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">2</superScript>
= 611.459; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFD9E4795D01ED6FB" box="[580,598,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01; CV2: Wilks’ Lambda = 0.113; χ 
<superScript id="DABD9BB7FFB4FFEAFBEE4796D675D6EF" attach="left" box="[1076,1085,729,743]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">2</superScript>
= 247.88; 
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFB654795D699D6FB" box="[1215,1233,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.01). Both CV axes clearly separated all species, the first CV1, with 75% of the total variation, separated 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB4FFEAFAD847B1D73ED71F" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[1282,1398,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFAD847B1D73ED71F" box="[1282,1398,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">M. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB4FFEAFF27466DD3E8D733" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[253,416,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFF27466DD3E8D733" box="[253,416,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">M. calcaratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas CV2 separated 
<taxonomicName id="EAC84D7CFFB4FFEAFD11466DD119D733" authorityName="Vujic &amp; Radenkovic" authorityYear="2011" box="[715,849,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Merodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulveris">
<emphasis id="1FBCEAEDFFB4FFEAFD11466DD119D733" box="[715,849,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">M. pulveris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other two species (
<figureCitation id="B5F32A7AFFB4FFEAFB45466ED6B4D733" box="[1183,1276,801,827]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,231,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[254,1337,781,1802]" captionTargetId="figure-212@8.[251,1337,771,1813]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of females of the Merodon natans group. A. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. B. Scatter plot of individual scores showing wing the shape variability from Vujić et al. (2021c). C. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability D. Superimposed outline drawings showing the R4+5 vein shape differences among females of the investigated species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10377216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10377216/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="107">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>