210 lines
28 KiB
XML
210 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="172A31A480F076E01A17DC5330186BF0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1144.1.1" ID-ISSN="11755334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5057957" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1625189177020" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Whitfield, James B." docDate="2006" docId="03C487E75D540C61F02D447DFD32FCCF" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01144p094.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1144 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1144.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Pholetesor viminetorum" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FFFDFF9F5D630C58F1254561FFADFFD9" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Pholetesor Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="56" updateTime="1698982805304" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="04D706B1C667C28E63D56E77CF82DEFD">
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<mods:title id="A53579FD46CA523892BDFA98596AD0F5">Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Pholetesor Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="40FEF3AC5FC53C8CED73165A90E01469" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="6565989A30C29332F45657BF943614D0">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BB3A94692CEDE4937EAB43E520D05B41">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="60694F6257BF6CBE3B7E2684E15AD7CA">Whitfield, James B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="114AAECEA1A608F6EBB3DE6D3532202B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="CA9E9097987564B11D1700AD80DD978C">
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<mods:title id="58059AB7DC160E1457CE9CE1B9AECDB8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="CB10A63FD1CD15360E0CDC1744EF77B1">
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<mods:date id="2E3E0D39A883938112C04ECE1EDDC8EA">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="31DDDC0BDC94E0FF463D649C0CA9CBF7" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="4DB00A266064E82CA3A956BE75604C4E">2006-03-10</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="19C69A3A64F487E69401A5C160E729FC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="640C79ADEC0116239ACE7C28865780EE">1144</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="EF6C6D59268E163D0C0BE22F8023D1D6" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="D87557D363FBFDD33DC65119D1CB66D2">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="D285EADE46D1CC2AD4B4EB31A1F7829D">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="B965A91ADD70A6E579DAF8F5BDD909F0">94</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="540DA863624279FB017C1181BBA264A9">
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<mods:url id="4461494D8D4B86E4E659ED5C61C9DEAA">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1144.1.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="7A83B9F40D772DA985E2E04E188C72AA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="828E03349726D340201E68EEBBBC43AD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1144.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3D29527C910F98111DAC23BA58F09CD1" type="ISSN">11755334</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03C487E75D540C61F02D447DFD32FCCF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C487E75D540C61F02D447DFD32FCCF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487E75D540C61F02D447DFD32FCCF" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<subSubSection id="C377657A5D540C6FF02D447DFD1BFEEC" box="[264,694,283,310]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF02D447DFD1BFEEC" blockId="55.[264,694,283,345]" box="[264,694,283,310]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<heading id="D09A819D5D540C6FF02D447DFD1BFEEC" bold="true" box="[264,694,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D725D540C6FF02D447DFD1BFEEC" ID-CoL="4GLHJ" authority="(Wesmael)" baseAuthorityName="Wesmael" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[264,694,283,310]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Pholetesor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viminetorum">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF02D447DFD1BFEEC" bold="true" box="[264,694,283,310]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF02D447DFD87FEEF" bold="true" box="[264,554,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Pholetesor viminetorum</emphasis>
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(Wesmael)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C377657A5D540C6FF02D445EFB50FE41" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF02D445EFE5AFE80" blockId="55.[264,694,283,345]" box="[264,503,319,345]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13562A745D540C6FF034445EFEC1FE80" box="[273,364,319,345]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–26" captionStartId="86.[264,383,1731,1755]" captionTargetBox="[307,1276,349,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-42@86.[273,1314,326,1705]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURES 22–26. Forewings of: 22, Pholetesor rhygoplitoides Whitfield; 23, P. bedelliae (Viereck); 24, P. powelli Whitfield; 25, P. variabilis Whitfield; 26, P.viminetorum(Wesmael)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057967/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">figs. 26</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13562A745D540C6FF05D445EFE35FE80" box="[376,408,319,345]" captionStart="FIGURES 39–59" captionStartId="89.[264,382,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[322,1261,334,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-133@89.[305,1282,326,1598]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURES 39–59. Anterior metasomal tergites, dorsal view, of: 39, Pholetesor masneri (Mason); 40, P. bucculatricis (Muesebeck); 41, P. zelleriae Whitfield; 42, P. masoni Whitfield; 43, P. dixianus Whitfield; 44, P. pinifoliellae Whitfield; 45, Pholetesor rhygoplitoides Whitfield; 46, P. bedelliae (Viereck); 47, P. chiricahuensis Whitfield; 48, P. longicoxis Whitfield; 49, P. powelli Whitfield; 50, P. thuiellae Whitfield; 51, P. rohweri (Muesebeck); 52, P. variabilis Whitfield; 53, P. viminetorum (Wesmael); 54, P. caloptiliae Whitfield; 55, Pholetesor ornigis (Weed); 56, P. salalicus (Mason); 57, P. salicifoliellae (Mason); 58, Pholetesor circumscriptus (Nees); 59, P. pedias (Nixon)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057973/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">53</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13562A745D540C6FF081445EFE69FE80" box="[420,452,319,345]" captionStart="FIGURES 72–78" captionStartId="91.[264,382,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[298,1269,340,1369]" captionTargetId="figure-53@91.[289,1297,326,1377]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURES 72–78. Ovipositor apparati, lateral view, of: 72, Pholetesor variabilis Whitfield; 73, P. viminetorum (Wesmael); 74, P. caloptiliae Whitfield; 75, P. ornigis (Weed); 76, P. salalicus (Mason); 77, Pholetesor salicifoliellae (Mason); 78, P. pedias (Nixon)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057977/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">73</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13562A745D540C6FF0F5445EFE43FE80" box="[464,494,319,345]" captionStart="FIGURES 79–86" captionStartId="92.[264,383,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[350,1218,325,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-57@92.[342,1244,310,1748]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURES 79–86. Male genitalia, ventral view, of: 79, Pholetesor zelleriae Whitfield; 80, P. masoni Whitfield; 81, P. bedelliae (Viereck); 82, P. variabilis Whitfield; 83, P. viminetorum (Wesmael); 84, P. ornigis (Weed); 85, Pholetesor salalicus (Mason); 86, P. salicifoliellae (Mason)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057979/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">83</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF02D44E3FB50FE41" blockId="55.[264,1325,385,507]" box="[264,1277,385,409]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D725D540C6FF02D44E3FD68FE41" authority="Wesmael, 1837" authorityName="Wesmael" authorityYear="1837" box="[264,709,385,409]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viminetorum">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF02D44E3FDB5FE40" box="[264,536,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Microgaster viminetorum</emphasis>
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Wesmael, 1837
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF3F544E3FC7FFE40" box="[720,978,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nouv. Mem. Acad. Belg.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF2FD44E0FC5FFE40" bold="true" box="[984,1010,385,409]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">10</emphasis>
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: 50.
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<typeStatus id="54D688535D540C6FF50C44E0FBF3FE41" box="[1065,1118,385,408]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Type</typeStatus>
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not examined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C377657A5D540C6FF02D44C2FBAEFDEA" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF02D44C2FE10FE22" blockId="55.[264,1325,385,507]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D725D540C6FF02D44C2FD17FE63" authority="Wesmael, 1837" authorityName="Wesmael" authorityYear="1837" box="[264,698,419,442]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosus">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF02D44C2FDA4FE63" box="[264,521,419,442]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Microgaster fuliginosus</emphasis>
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Wesmael, 1837
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF3EF44C2FC78FE63" box="[714,981,419,442]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nouv. Mem. Acad. Belg.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF2FB44C2FC54FE62" bold="true" box="[990,1017,419,443]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">10</emphasis>
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: 52–53. Syn. by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B005D540C6FF59844C2FE2FFE02" author="Wilkinson, D. S." pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="35 - 226" refId="ref49025" refString="Wilkinson, D. S. (1945) Description of Palaearctic species of Apanteles (Hymen., Braconidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95, 35 - 226." type="journal article" year="1945">Wilkinson (1945)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54D688535D540C6FF0A944A5FE6CFE02" box="[396,449,452,475]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Type</typeStatus>
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not examined. See
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B005D540C6FF3B744A5FC8EFE02" author="Nixon, G. E. J." box="[658,803,452,475]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="163 - 228" refId="ref48197" refString="Nixon, G. E. J. (1973) A revision of the north-western European species of the vitripennis, pallipes, octonarius, triangulator, fraternus, formosus, parasitellae, metacarpalis and circumscriptus - groups of Apanteles Forster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 63, 163 - 228." type="journal article" year="1973">Nixon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B005D540C6FF27344A5FC71FE02" author="Papp, J." box="[854,988,452,475]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="125 - 138" refId="ref48256" refString="Papp, J. (1983 a) Contributions to the braconid fauna of Hungary. IV. Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 44, 125 - 138." type="journal article" year="1983">Papp (1983a</bibRefCitation>
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&b) for additional synonymical information.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF02D4778FBAEFDEA" blockId="55.[264,1323,537,1883]" box="[264,1027,537,563]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF02D4778FEC6FDEB" box="[264,363,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Females</emphasis>
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. Body length 2.0–
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<quantity id="4C959B145D540C6FF3604778FD0FFDEA" box="[581,674,537,563]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
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, forewing length
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<quantity id="4C959B145D540C6FF24A4778FBADFDEA" box="[879,1024,537,563]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.35" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.5 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C377657A5D540C61F01D4720FD32FCCF" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF01D4720FE1CFCFA" blockId="55.[264,1323,537,1883]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF01D4720FEDAFD83" box="[312,375,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Head</emphasis>
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. Frons 1.2–1.3x broader at midheight than medially long, weakly punctate; inner margins of eyes strongly convergent. Antennae approximately same length as forewing, very dark brown; all but apical 6 or 7 flagellomeres with 2 ranks of placodes; flagellomere 2 3.2–3.5x as long as broad; flagellomere 14 1.4–1.6x longer than broad. Palpi lighter than antennae but still deep brown. Head in dorsal view approximately 2.0x broader than medially long.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF01D4650FCE9FB02" blockId="55.[264,1323,537,1883]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D725D540C6FF01D4650FE18FC93" box="[312,437,817,842]" class="Arachnida" family="Sclerosomatidae" genus="Mesosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF01D4650FE18FC93" box="[312,437,817,842]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Mesosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Mesoscutum shallowly but distinctly punctate anteriorly, becoming more indistinctly so posteriorly; surface between punctures moderately shiny without strong metallic sheen; width just anterior to tegulae equal to that of head. Scutoscutellar scrobe relatively coarse, not set in depression. Scuellar disc much less strongly punctate than mesoscutum, shiny between punctures, approximately 1.3x longer than anteriorly broad. Metanotum weakly excavated anteriorly, nearly appressed to scutellum; transverse carinae on either side poorly developed, remnants closer to anterior edge then posterior; transverse depression on either side irregularly sculptured, not deeply impressed. Propodeum approximately 1.8x broader than long at longest point, coarsely rugose posteriorly near nucha, becoming finely rugulose anteriorly and nearly smooth in posterolateral corners; nucha with very short ridges radiating anteriorly.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF01D4188FB2AFAA2" blockId="55.[264,1323,537,1883]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF01D4188FEDAFADB" box="[312,375,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Legs.</emphasis>
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All coxae nearly black, rest of legs very dark brown except lighter tibial bases; brightness and extent of lighter yellowbrown areas strongly variable geographically. Pines on outer faces of hind tibiae about
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<quantity id="4C959B145D540C6FF3C54058FCB6FA8A" box="[736,795,1337,1363]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
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number, irregularly distributed. Apical spurs of hind tibiae subequal in length, not more than 0.4 as long as hind basitarsi.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C6FF01D40E8FBC6F9B2" blockId="55.[264,1323,537,1883]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF01D40E8FE2AFA7B" box="[312,391,1417,1442]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Wings.</emphasis>
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Tegulae very dark brown, weakly translucent. Venation of forewing unusually evenly darkbrown pigmented; stigma entirely dark brown. R1 slightly longer than stigma, about 3x as long as distance from its distal tip to end of 3Rs fold along wing edge; 2r slightly arched, equal to or longer than 1Rs, meeting it at a distinctly knobbed junction. Hindwing with anterior venation distinctly pigmented, posteriorly with pale veins; vannal lobe somewhat flattened but evenly fringed with hairs of moderate length.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D540C60F01D4318FC09FDFF" blockId="55.[264,1323,537,1883]" lastBlockId="56.[264,1324,284,1830]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D540C6FF01D4318FE14F94B" box="[312,441,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Metasoma.</emphasis>
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Tergite I 1.7–2.1x longer than broad at midlength, weakly to strongly narrowing posteriorly, strongly rugose posteriorly, weakly and longitudinally costulate anterolaterally, with weak concentric sculpturing around basal depression; apically with small raised medial polished bump. Tergite II 2.1–2.3x broader posteriorly than medially long, weakly rugulose to costulate, becoming smoother and more polished medially; hind margin distinctly convex to weakly bisinuate. Tergum III longer than tergite II, without obvious sculpturing. Laterotergites medium to dark brown. Succeeding terga of usual unsculptured, overlapping
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<typeStatus id="54D688535D5B0C60F3724425FD20FE87" box="[599,653,324,350]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
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. Hypopygium medially longer than hind basitarsus, submedailly weakly creased, setting off narrow, medial, more translucent fold; tip bluntly acuminate. Ovipositor sheaths decurved basally, broadly expanded apically into short, asymmetrical paddle shape (longer ventrally); hairs somewhat longer and denser apically; entire length of sheaths slightly longer than hind basitarsi; expanded portions only 0.75– 0.8 length of hind basitarsi. Ovipositor weakly decurved.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5B0C60F01D4755FC4CFCCF" blockId="56.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5B0C60F01D4755FE2AFD94" box="[312,391,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Males.</emphasis>
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Similar in coloration to females; body length
|
||
<quantity id="4C959B145D5B0C60F2ED4755FBF0FD97" box="[968,1117,564,590]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4C959B145D5B0C60F02D473DFE32FDAF" box="[264,415,604,630]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="2.35" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Antennae longer and more slender than in females, clearly longer than forewing and with all but apical 2–3 flagellomeres with 2 ranks of placodes. Tergite I narrower, smoother than in females; tergite II usually longer relative to its posterior width. Usually easy to associate with females on shape of metasomal tergites, wing venation and coloration, and somewhat slender overall proportions of body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5B0C60F01D4645FB29FB7F" blockId="56.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5B0C60F01D4645FE00FCE4" box="[312,429,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
I have assigned to this species specimens differing strongly in color and (to a lesser degree) in ovipositor sheath breadth from the above redescription. The leg coloration can be quite light yellowbrown (especially on the femoral apices, tibial bases and tarsomeres, but occasionally more generally) in som eastern populations (esp.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A9F8135D5B0C60F02D46A5FED6FC07" box="[264,379,964,990]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A9F8135D5B0C60F0B546A5FDBCFC07" box="[400,529,964,990]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
), to extremely dark brown at high elevations and/or latitudes. Several Rocky Mountain series (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A9F8135D5B0C60F3B6468DFCA9FBDF" box="[659,772,1004,1030]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
) have even broader, more truncate ovipositor sheaths than in the figured Alaskan material, whereas the eastern specimens in general tend to have slightly narrower sheaths. There also exists considerable variation in the width of the first metasomal tergite, but this seems to be intrapopulational more than geographical, suggesting size correlation or some other physiological cause.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5B0C60F01D41D5FC6AFA9F" blockId="56.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5B0C60F01D41D5FD8FFB14" box="[312,546,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Final instar larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described in part from European material by Short (1953). Apparently with the usual plesiomorphic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D725D5B0C60F3C941BDFCFAFB2C" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[748,855,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Pholetesor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bedelliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5B0C60F3C941BDFCFAFB2C" box="[748,855,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">bedelliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group complement of one pair of labial setae and one seta on each maxilla, and has 17 teeth on the mandible, not counting the bifid tip (Short counts 18 but includes one of the tip points).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5B0C60F01D4035FDDDFA4F" blockId="56.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">None of the nearctic specimens has been reared, so I have been unable to examine any associated cocoons and larvae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5B0C60F01D40C5FC6EFA3F" blockId="56.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5B0C60F01D40C5FE0BFA64" box="[312,422,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Cocoons.</emphasis>
|
||
The cocoons associated with palearctic material appear to be similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D725D5B0C60F00D40ADFE1DFA3C" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[296,432,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Pholetesor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bedelliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5B0C60F00D40ADFE1DFA3C" box="[296,432,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">P. bedelliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but I have seen none from nearctic material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5B0C60F01D4095FD20F977" blockId="56.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5B0C60F01D4095FDB5F9D4" box="[312,536,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B053CAC5D5B0C60F30F4095FD24F977" location="ALASKA, ALBERTA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, COLORADO, IDAHO, MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA, NEW HAMPSHIRE, NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH DAKOTA, UTAH" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="286" specimenCount-female="110" specimenCount-male="176" stateProvince="ALASKA, ALBERTA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, COLORADO, IDAHO, MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA, NEW HAMPSHIRE, NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH DAKOTA, UTAH">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6BFD785D5B0C60F30F4095FD10F9D7" box="[554,701,1524,1550]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">110 females</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6BFD785D5B0C60F3EE4095FCE7F9D7" box="[715,842,1524,1550]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">176 males</specimenCount>
|
||
: from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A9F8135D5B0C60F2BE4095FCFAF987" isEnumeration="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ALASKA, ALBERTA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, COLORADO, IDAHO, MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA, NEW HAMPSHIRE, NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH DAKOTA, UTAH</collectingRegion>
|
||
(7000' elevation),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A9F8135D5B0C60F5464325FD68F95F" isEnumeration="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">WASHINGTON, WYOMING, YUKON TERRITORY</collectingRegion>
|
||
; mostly July, August records but a few late May, June in some southerly localities
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5B0C60F01D43DDFD3EF8FF" blockId="56.[264,1324,284,1830]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">I have also examined Palearctic material in the CNC and BMNH, determined by Wilkinson, Nixon and Papp, in the Royal Museums of Scotland (MRS) and from my own collections in Britain and Europe.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5A0C61F01D447DFD2FFE77" blockId="57.[264,1323,284,790]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5A0C61F01D447DFE2FFEEC" box="[312,386,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hosts.</emphasis>
|
||
Not known to have been reared in North America. In Europe and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37A76615D5A0C61F5AC447DFA8BFEEF" box="[1161,1318,284,310]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D725D5A0C61F02D4425FE14FE84" authorityName="Wesmael" authorityYear="1837" box="[264,441,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microgaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viminetorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5A0C61F02D4425FE14FE84" box="[264,441,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. viminetorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be mainly a parasite of various elachistid miners on grasses and sedges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B005D5A0C61F048440DFDA0FE5F" author="Nixon, G. E. J." box="[365,525,364,390]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="163 - 228" refId="ref48197" refString="Nixon, G. E. J. (1973) A revision of the north-western European species of the vitripennis, pallipes, octonarius, triangulator, fraternus, formosus, parasitellae, metacarpalis and circumscriptus - groups of Apanteles Forster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 63, 163 - 228." type="journal article" year="1973">Nixon, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Nearctic distribution of this species is consistent with a possible similar host range here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5A0C61F01D44DDFCCBFD97" blockId="57.[264,1323,284,790]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5A0C61F01D44DDFE16FE0C" box="[312,443,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
The broad, asymmetrically truncate ovipositor sheaths and convex posterior margin of the second metasomal tergite are diagnostic for this species. Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D725D5A0C61F4304485FE1CFDFC" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Pholetesor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhygoplitoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B919EAE35D5A0C61F4304485FE1CFDFC" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">P. rhygoplitoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comes close in ovipositor sheath shape, but it differs so strongly in metasomal tergite shapes that confusion is unlikely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD236F15D5A0C61F01D473DFD32FCCF" blockId="57.[264,1323,284,790]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I have been unable to find consistent differences between nearctic and palearctic series, so have considered them conspecific; biological or genetic data on the nearctic populations could show this to be incorrect. In the light of its evidently northern distribution, it is not surprising that the species appears to be holarctic; this pattern is common in boreal ichneumonoids.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |