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<document id="C686E124439DF5537CE21394932CB7D4" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.280506" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a8d237ae-e81b-4589-af8b-6a3d43d2bcb0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280506" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460460039351" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Barej, Michael F., Hillers, Annika, Leaché, Adam D., Kouamé, N’Goran G, Ofori-Boateng, Caleb, Assemian, Emmanuel, Tohé, Blayda, Penner, Johannes, Hirschfeld, Mareike, Doumbia, Joseph, Gonwouo, Legrand Nono, Nopper, Joachim, Brede, Christian, Diaz, Raul, Fujita, Matthew K., Gil, Marlon &amp; H, Gabriel" docDate="2012" docId="03C487E4FF97D67756EADFCB2096FE5C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03245p029.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3245" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Astylosternus occidentalis Parker 1931" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFFDFF9CFF9FD678567DDF152408FFDB" masterDocTitle="The genus Astylosternus in the Upper Guinea rainforests, West Africa, with the description of a new species (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae)" masterLastPageNumber="29" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698303537612" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E344DBCDEBB7F4BA52AF3AE50F7DD6FB">The genus Astylosternus in the Upper Guinea rainforests, West Africa, with the description of a new species (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF97D67056EADFCB267DFF23" ID-CoL="J649" authority="Parker, 1931" authorityName="Parker" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,629,222,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67056EADFCB25D8FF23" bold="true" box="[151,464,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF97D67057AADFCB267DFF23" author="Parker" box="[471,629,222,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Parker, H. W. (1931) Some new and rare frogs from West Africa. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 492 - 498." type="journal article" year="1931">Parker, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13562A77FF97D67056EADE1424F7FEC2" box="[151,255,257,281]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStart-4="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1603,1626]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,250,930,953]" captionStartId-3="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,250,1548,1571]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1359,373,1582]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1429,604,1834]" captionTargetBox-2="[226,1360,155,911]" captionTargetBox-3="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetBox-4="[169,1431,540,1526]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[226,1360,373,1583]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[151,1436,583,1868]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[226,1360,155,911]" captionTargetId-3="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[151,1436,511,1526]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Dorsolateral, dorsal and ventral view of Astylosternus occidentalis holotype (BMNH 1947.2.5.48), an adult male from Sanduru, Sierra Leone. The inlet pictures illustrate nuptial pads on left thumb and row of spines along lower mandible; spines on belly are visible on ventral view picture." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Dorsolateral view (a, b), throat (c, d), left hand (e – g) and right foot (h) of adult male Astylosternus from the western part of the Upper Guinea forests: Astylosternus from Mont Péko (SMNS 9615: a, c, e, h; 66 mm SVL, the largest West African Astylosternus male so far known; SMNS 9616: f) and A. occidentalis from Taï National Park, Ivory Coast (b, d, g; scale bars = 1 cm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Ventral view of two adult Astylosternus occidentalis males in breeding condition, please notice spines on lower mandible, ventral parts of thighs, breast and belly, black skin layer on breast and nuptial pads on thumb, as well as whitish / greyish vocal sac skin; a) ZMB 75491, Boffa region, western Guinea; b) ZMB 75465, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." captionText-4="FIGURE 7. Lateral and dorsal view and mouth part of typical Astylosternus occidentalis from Mount Nimba (a; Gosner stage 34) and Astylosternus tadpoles from Mont Péko (b, c; Gosner stage 25) tadpoles (scale bars in a &amp; b: 1 cm; c: 1 mm)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280509/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280510/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/280511/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/280513/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 3–7</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67056EADE5C25B3FEBA" box="[151,443,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF97D67057BFDE5C2659FEBA" author="Parker" box="[450,593,329,353]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Parker, H. W. (1931) Some new and rare frogs from West Africa. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 492 - 498." type="journal article" year="1931">Parker, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, 7: 492. 
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: BMNH 1947.2.5.48. 
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locality: &quot;Sandaru, E. 
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&quot; collected on 
<date id="FFD31032FF97D67054C2DE78275CFE5E" box="[703,852,365,389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1930-06-24">24 June 1930</date>
by G.L. Bates.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF97D67056EADE842613FE72" authority="Angel, 1944" authorityName="Angel" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,539,401,425]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Hylambates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yalense">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67056EADE842574FE72" box="[151,380,401,425]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hylambates yalense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF97D67057F5DE842613FE72" author="Angel" box="[392,539,401,425]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Angel, F. (1944) Une nouvelle espece d'Amphibien (gnere Hylambates de la Haute-Guinee francaise Materiaux de la Mission Lamotte au Mont Nimba en 1942. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Ser. 2, 16, 420 - 421." type="journal article" year="1944">Angel, 1944</bibRefCitation>
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, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Ser. 2, 16: 420. 
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: MNHNP 1944.128; female, 
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. 
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locality: French Upper 
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, Yale; in secondary forest, Mont Nimba region, 
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. Synonymy with 
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by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF97D6705411DECC26FEFE2A" author="Guibe" box="[620,758,473,497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Guibe, J. (1950) Catalogue des types d'amphibiens du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Paris, nationally printed, 1 - 71." type="book chapter" year="1950">Guibé, 1950</bibRefCitation>
&quot;1948&quot;, Cat. 
<typeStatus id="54D68850FF97D67055F0DECF27D8FE29" box="[909,976,474,498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Types</typeStatus>
Amph. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.: 58. Synonymy with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF97D6705775DEE82625FDCE" ID-CoL="J649" box="[264,557,509,533]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D6705775DEE82625FDCE" box="[264,557,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Lamotte, in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF97D670549DDEE82775FDCE" author="Schiotz" box="[736,893,509,533]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Schiotz, A. (1967) The treefrogs (Rhacophoridae) of West Africa. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 25, 1 - 346." type="journal article" year="1967">Schiøtz, 1967</bibRefCitation>
, Spolia Zool. Mus. Haun., 25: 67.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF97D67056EADD3420BBFD86" blockId="8.[151,1437,329,2009]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF97D67056EADD342759FDE2" ID-CoL="J642" authority="Lamotte &amp; Zuber-Vogel 1954" authorityName="Lamotte &amp; Zuber-Vogel" authorityYear="1954" box="[151,849,545,569]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diadematus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67056EADD3425F3FDE2" box="[151,507,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astylosternus diadematus sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF97D670547FDD372759FDE2" author="Lamotte" box="[514,849,545,569]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lamotte, M. &amp; Zuber-Vogeli, M. (1954) Contribution a l'etude des batraciens de l'Ouest Africain III. - Le developpement larvaires de deux especes rheophiles, Astylosternus diadematus et Petropedetes natator. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Ser. A, 16, 1222 - 1233." type="journal article" year="1954">Lamotte &amp; Zuber-Vogel 1954</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Bull. Inst. fond. Afr. noire, Sér. A, 16, 1222. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF97D67056EADD502706FD86" ID-CoL="J649" authority="Guibe &amp; Lamotte 1958" authorityName="Guibe &amp; Lamotte" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,782,581,605]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67056EADD502609FD86" box="[151,513,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astylosternus occidentalis sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF97D6705475DD502706FD86" author="Guibe" box="[520,782,581,605]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Guibe, J. &amp; Lamotte, M. (1958) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba. XII. Batraciens (sauf Arthroleptis, Phrynobatrachus et Hyperolius). Memoires de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, 53, 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1958">Guibé &amp; Lamotte 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Mém. Inst. fond. Afr. noire, 53, 261.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3776579FF97D67656BADD7C26C0FC87" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF97D67056BADD7C265DFD5A" blockId="8.[151,1437,329,2009]" box="[199,597,617,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67056BADD7C259CFD59" bold="true" box="[199,404,617,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Material studied.</emphasis>
See Appendix 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF97D67056BADD98250EFA42" blockId="8.[151,1437,329,2009]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67056BADD98263CFD7E" bold="true" box="[199,564,653,678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Re-description of the 
<typeStatus id="54D68850FF97D67057B0DD98263CFD7E" box="[461,564,653,677]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
[
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF97D670543BDD9B2692FD7E" box="[582,666,654,677]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">BMNH</collectionCode>
1947.2.5.48; 
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF97D6705545DD982775FD7E" box="[824,893,653,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1603,1626]" captionTargetBox="[226,1359,373,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[226,1360,373,1583]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsolateral, dorsal and ventral view of Astylosternus occidentalis holotype (BMNH 1947.2.5.48), an adult male from Sanduru, Sierra Leone. The inlet pictures illustrate nuptial pads on left thumb and row of spines along lower mandible; spines on belly are visible on ventral view picture." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280509/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; measures in mm]. The adult male has a snoutvent length of 59.3 (63 according to original description; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF97D670554DDDA427B7FD12" author="Parker" box="[816,959,689,713]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Parker, H. W. (1931) Some new and rare frogs from West Africa. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 492 - 498." type="journal article" year="1931">Parker 1931</bibRefCitation>
); snout rounded in dorsal view, obtuse in lateral view, longer than eye diameter; head width 22.3, head as long as broad; interorbital distance (8) narrower than length of upper eyelid; large protruding eyes, diameter 7.6; pupil vertically elliptic; tympanum large, distinct and vertically elliptic, diameter 4.5, 2/3 of eye diameter; distance eye-nose only slightly larger (5.3), than distance nose-snout tip (4.8), internarial distance 4.7; 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67054E4DC54275FFC82" box="[665,855,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
distinct and curved, slightly bulging; loreal region concave; vomerine teeth in two short transverse rows between choanae; supratympanal fold distinct, bending from posterior corner of eyelid ventrad to a position in-between angle of mouth and forearm base; hypertrophied forearm; first finger 8.8, longer than second, 6.3; relative finger length: III&gt;I&gt;II≥IV; no digital webbing; femur length 23.7, shorter than tibia 28.2; foot with longest toe 36.8; finger and toe tips slightly broadened without forming discs; sub-articular tubercles very prominent; relative toe length: IV&gt;III&gt;V&gt;II&gt;I; distinct rudiments of webbing on toe bases; no skin fringes along toes; inner metatarsal tubercle (3.0) almost as long as shortest toe; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; skin on back “smooth” (very small spines present everywhere, only visible with higher magnification), i.e. no warts or ridges; paired vocal sac mediad to angle of mouth; vocal sac skin granular and coarsely folded; spines on lower mandible, arranged in 2–3 rows parallel to lower lip; spines conical with dark tip; large nuptial pads on thumb; scattered small spines along lateral edges of other fingers and beneath tympanum; conical spines on belly (dark in original description; possibly fainted); skin on outer part of thighs granular; skin on dorsal parts of body light brown, irregularly beset with small, roundish, dark brown spots; snout tip darker; light inter-ocular bar, posteriorly bordered by dark marking; iris uniform grey; lateral aspects of head beige, tympanum darker, upper lip with two dark bars; brown on flanks towards belly gradually fainting; limbs with indistinct brown transverse, partly interrupted bars; outer parts of thighs and sole of foot darker; ventral parts of skin yellowish white; vocal sac white like belly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF97D67056BADAB02709F94E" blockId="8.[151,1437,329,2009]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D67056BADAB02797FA65" bold="true" box="[199,927,1445,1470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Additional characters not assessed in 
<typeStatus id="54D68850FF97D67054F4DAB026F8FA66" box="[649,752,1445,1469]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and variation.
</emphasis>
Mandible with single, small, tooth-like process in front of lower jaw, with socket in between pre-maxillae; upper pre-maxillae and maxillae with numerous teeth; vomerine teeth in form of two hemispherical odontophores, perpendicular to body axis, not in contact to each other medially, each odontophore with row of teeth like tips; distance from odontophores to elliptical choanae ranging from slightly larger to slightly smaller than maximum length of odontophores; choanae smaller than odontophores; tongue broadly heart shaped, deeply notched anteriorly, densely beset with small papillae, extends along entire length of lower jaw; posterior 2/3 of tongue free.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF97D67156BAD9B42790FEE4" blockId="8.[151,1437,329,2009]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,319]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Females are larger than males; otherwise measures and body ratios do not differ substantially between sexes (summarised in 
<tableCitation id="C6EF0349FF97D6705732D9D025A6F906" box="[335,430,1733,1757]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,232,416,437]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,465,896]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measures [mm] of West African Astylosternus. For abbreviations see Material &amp; Methods section." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF12667AFF9CD67B56EADEB520B0FE6E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF12667AFF9CD67B56EADEB520B0FE6E">Tables 1</tableCitation>
&amp; 
<tableCitation id="C6EF0349FF97D67057A8D9D025EDF906" box="[469,485,1733,1757]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,231,1444,1465]" captionText="TABLE 2. Indices of body measures of West African Astylosternus (compare Tab. 1). For abbreviations see Material &amp; Methods sec-" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</tableCitation>
). Males have external vocal sacs, which can be white to deep black; dark brown to black nuptial pads (see below), slightly hypertrophied forearms and skin along 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF97D6705266D9FC20D0F8DA" box="[1051,1240,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
more prominent, slightly swollen; the latter region in females much less distinct. Breeding males from 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF97D670521CD81820BAF8FE" box="[1121,1202,1805,1829]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Guinea</collectingCountry>
with black spines in pectoral region (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF97D6705728D8242592F892" box="[341,410,1841,1865]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,930,953]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,155,911]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[226,1360,155,911]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ventral view of two adult Astylosternus occidentalis males in breeding condition, please notice spines on lower mandible, ventral parts of thighs, breast and belly, black skin layer on breast and nuptial pads on thumb, as well as whitish / greyish vocal sac skin; a) ZMB 75491, Boffa region, western Guinea; b) ZMB 75465, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280511/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
b; not seen in males from 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF97D67054B3D8272750F892" box="[718,856,1841,1866]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF97D670551BD82427BFF892" box="[870,951,1841,1865]" name="Liberia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Liberia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF97D670558ED8242082F892" box="[1011,1162,1841,1865]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
; spines exhibiting same colour as rest of belly, but see above for 
<typeStatus id="54D68850FF97D6705403D84026EDF8B6" box="[638,741,1877,1901]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
); spiny ventral area slightly converging towards and almost reaching vent; caudal half of ventral surface of shanks with honeycomb-like structure, in each comb a black roundish spine; respective surfaces of females smooth or slightly granular (caudad part of shanks). Whereas spines on breast and belly in breeding males (black nuptial pads on thumb) of all populations are almost always present, spines on shanks may be absent (
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF96D6715460DF822653FF74" box="[541,603,151,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">ZMB</collectionCode>
75469, 75468, both males with black nuptial pads on thumb and black spines on throat) or only weakly developed. Spiny pectoral area with loose black skin on otherwise white venter in males from western 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF96D67157FEDFCA25DCFF2C" box="[387,468,223,247]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF96D6715798DFCA2623FF2C" box="[485,555,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,930,953]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,155,911]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[226,1360,155,911]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ventral view of two adult Astylosternus occidentalis males in breeding condition, please notice spines on lower mandible, ventral parts of thighs, breast and belly, black skin layer on breast and nuptial pads on thumb, as well as whitish / greyish vocal sac skin; a) ZMB 75491, Boffa region, western Guinea; b) ZMB 75465, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280511/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
a), skin loosens or even disappears in preservation; in these males the throat along the lower mandible is almost black and males from Boffa have distinct spines in the angle of the mouth (less distinct or absent in others). No or traces of pedal webbing (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF96D671554ADE322773FEE4" box="[823,891,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[162,1429,604,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,583,1868]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsolateral view (a, b), throat (c, d), left hand (e – g) and right foot (h) of adult male Astylosternus from the western part of the Upper Guinea forests: Astylosternus from Mont Péko (SMNS 9615: a, c, e, h; 66 mm SVL, the largest West African Astylosternus male so far known; SMNS 9616: f) and A. occidentalis from Taï National Park, Ivory Coast (b, d, g; scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280510/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
h).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12667AFF96D67156EAD956269EF94C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280509/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[226,1359,373,1582]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF96D67156EAD956269EF94C" blockId="9.[151,1436,1603,1687]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF96D67156EAD956251BF982" bold="true" box="[151,275,1603,1626]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Dorsolateral, dorsal and ventral view of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF96D67154C5D95127CAF981" box="[696,962,1604,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF96D67154C5D95127CAF981" box="[696,962,1604,1626]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype (BMNH 1947.2.5.48), an adult male from Sanduru, Sierra Leone. The inlet pictures illustrate nuptial pads on left thumb and row of spines along lower mandible; spines on belly are visible on ventral view picture.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF96D67256BAD9D12692FE2F" blockId="9.[151,1436,1732,2008]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,500]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The dorsal colour varies significantly between and within populations (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF96D6715598D9D1202EF907" box="[997,1062,1732,1756]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
a–p) and ranges from almost uniform coloured dorsal surfaces in grey, beige, yellow, orange, light and dark brown; to animals with regular or irregular dark spots on back; spots or bars on extremities; unmarked flanks and flanks with darker spots. A clear intraocular band is almost always visible, as is a dark barred upper lip. The most common colour patterns are shown in 
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF96D67156EAD84124D1F8B7" box="[151,217,1876,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
a, b and d, respectively. Rarely animals with a chocolate brown back and an irregular pattern of reddish spots have been found (e.g. two females: 
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF96D6715458D86C266AF84B" box="[549,610,1913,1936]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">ZMB</collectionCode>
75375 from Loma mountains; 
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF96D67155C3D86C27F3F84B" box="[958,1019,1913,1936]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">ZMB</collectionCode>
75361 from the Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, 
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF96D67157FCD88925CBF86F" box="[385,451,1948,1972]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig. 
<date id="FFD31032FF96D67157C9D88925CBF86F" box="[436,451,1948,1972]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6</date>
</figureCitation>
i, both 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF96D671546CD88926AEF86F" box="[529,678,1948,1972]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
). On Simandou we found one frog with olive spots on the back, the edges of these spots beset with black points (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF96D67154E3D8D526ECF803" box="[670,740,1984,2008]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
h). 
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF96D6715577D8D4274EF803" box="[778,838,1985,2008]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">ZMB</collectionCode>
75473 shows an especially pronounced dotted back pattern, being light beige with black spots where the edges of spots are darker than their interior part. In contrast, 
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF95D67256EADFA824DCFF0F" box="[151,212,189,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ZMB</collectionCode>
75479 (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF95D672574DDFA9257BFF0F" box="[304,371,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
e) is more or less greyish, exhibiting a “dirty” pattern without distinct black spots or dots. Animals from 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF95D672576EDFF52592FF2C" box="[275,410,223,248]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, i.e. the region of 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF95D6725416DFF52687FF2C" box="[619,655,224,247]" name="Thailand" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Taï</collectingCountry>
National Park, most often were yellow with small black points (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF95D6725313DFCA24AFFEC7" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[162,1429,604,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,583,1868]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsolateral view (a, b), throat (c, d), left hand (e – g) and right foot (h) of adult male Astylosternus from the western part of the Upper Guinea forests: Astylosternus from Mont Péko (SMNS 9615: a, c, e, h; 66 mm SVL, the largest West African Astylosternus male so far known; SMNS 9616: f) and A. occidentalis from Taï National Park, Ivory Coast (b, d, g; scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280510/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
b). Whereas some specimens have distinct black bars on fore and hind limbs (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF95D672526ADE112053FEC7" box="[1047,1115,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
a, k, n); others have uniform (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF95D67256E2DE3224ECFEE4" box="[159,228,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
c, d, f) or a mottled limb pattern (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF95D6725414DE3226A7FEE4" box="[617,687,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 
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</figureCitation>
g). The iris colour of all specimens was uniform grey. Throat and belly white to flesh coloured (exception some breeding males, see above), throats may be also speckled with dark brown patches, in some individuals (e.g. 
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF95D6725411DE6526A1FE5C" box="[620,681,368,391]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ZMB</collectionCode>
75479) belly almost translucent; lower side of extremities grey to fleshy pinkish. Overall males seem to exhibit more often darker colours with less distinct pattern than females. These colour patterns all faint in preservation, usually resulting in specimens with beige to dark brown backs, black points and dots usually remaining discernible.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12667AFF95D67256EAD877251DF80F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280510/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[162,1429,604,1834]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF95D67256EAD877251DF80F" blockId="10.[151,1436,1890,2004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF95D67256EAD877251BF8A3" bold="true" box="[151,275,1890,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Dorsolateral view (a, b), throat (c, d), left hand (e–g) and right foot (h) of adult male 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF95D6725204D8772109F8A3" box="[1145,1281,1890,1912]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF95D6725204D8772109F8A3" box="[1145,1281,1890,1912]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the western part of the Upper Guinea forests: 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF95D6725473D894269EF84C" box="[526,662,1921,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF95D6725473D894269EF84C" box="[526,662,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mont Péko (SMNS 9615: a, c, e, h; 66 mm SVL, the largest West African 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF95D67256BFD88A2543F86E" box="[194,331,1951,1973]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF95D67256BFD88A2543F86E" box="[194,331,1951,1973]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male so far known; SMNS 9616: f) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF95D6725489D8B52784F86E" box="[756,908,1951,1973]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF95D6725489D8B52784F86E" box="[756,908,1951,1973]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Taï National Park, Ivory Coast (b, d, g; scale bars = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF12667AFF94D67356EADCB72166FC28" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280511/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[226,1360,155,911]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF94D67356EADCB72166FC28" blockId="11.[151,1436,930,1011]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D67356EADCB7251CFC63" bold="true" box="[151,276,930,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Ventral view of two adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF94D6735451DCB6273EFC62" box="[556,822,931,953]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D6735451DCB6273EFC62" box="[556,822,931,953]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males in breeding condition, please notice spines on lower mandible, ventral parts of thighs, breast and belly, black skin layer on breast and nuptial pads on thumb, as well as whitish / greyish vocal sac skin; a) ZMB 75491, Boffa region, western Guinea; b) ZMB 75465, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF94D67356BADB0A27B6FB7B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1055,2032]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The dorsal skin texture ranges from almost smooth (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF94D6735561DB0A2769FBEC" box="[796,865,1055,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
e), to slightly granular (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF94D6735213DB0A20BBFBEC" box="[1134,1203,1055,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF94D67352D9DB0A20BBFBEC" box="[1188,1203,1055,1079]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="g" value="6.0">6</quantity>
</figureCitation>
g, i), irregularly best with longish flat warts (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF94D67357DDDB5725EAFB81" box="[416,482,1090,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
f), to animals which exhibit a more or less smooth back skin and flanks with discontinuous longitudinal rows of narrow ridges (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF94D6735409DB7026BFFBA6" box="[628,695,1125,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1816,1839]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[244,1346,180,1796]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Variation of life coloration in Astylosternus occidentalis, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
a). We could not detect a consistent pattern of skin texture correlated with sex, age or season (e.g. breeding 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D6735411DB9F26BCFB7A" box="[620,692,1162,1185]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">versus</emphasis>
non-breeding animals).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF94D67356BADBBE2690FAAF" blockId="11.[151,1436,1055,2032]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D67356BADBBE25B8FB1F" bold="true" box="[199,432,1195,1220]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Advertisement call.</emphasis>
Described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF94D6735424DBB92706FB1F" author="Schiotz" box="[601,782,1196,1220]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Schiotz, A. (1964 b) The voices of some West African amphibians. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 127, 35 - 83." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">Schiøtz (1964b)</bibRefCitation>
based on a specimen (
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF94D6735268DBB9206FFB1F" box="[1045,1127,1196,1220]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ZMUC</collectionCode>
R 074932) from Kassewe, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF94D67356EADBDA2523FB3C" box="[151,299,1231,1255]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
. The call consists of two parts. The first part seems to be very similar to a call which we heard from 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF94D67356EADBE62526FAD0" box="[151,302,1267,1291]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D67356EADBE62526FAD0" box="[151,302,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mont Péko and which resembled the deep rattling call of some 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF94D6735244DBE620B5FAD0" box="[1081,1213,1267,1291]" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D6735244DBE620B5FAD0" box="[1081,1213,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ptychadena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF94D6735289DBE62521FAF5" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schillukorum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D6735289DBE62170FAD0" box="[1268,1400,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ptychadena</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D67356EADA032521FAF5" box="[151,297,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">schillukorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF94D6735746DA032604FAF5" author="Schiotz" box="[315,524,1302,1327]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Schiotz, A. (1964 b) The voices of some West African amphibians. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 127, 35 - 83." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">Schiøtz, A. 1964b</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF94D673544ADA0326ECFAF5" box="[567,740,1302,1326]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Abrana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floweri">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D673544ADA0326ECFAF5" box="[567,740,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Abrana floweri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; M.- 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF94D673555DDA03273FFAF5" box="[800,823,1302,1326]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O</collectingCountry>
. Rödel, unpubl. data). The second, buzzing note was often heard alone, the first note was always followed by the second. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF94D67355DEDA2C20C1FA8A" box="[931,1225,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D67355DEDA2C20C1FA8A" box="[931,1225,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF94D673536DDA2F213BFA8A" box="[1296,1331,1338,1361]" name="Thailand" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Taï</collectingCountry>
National Park, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF94D67356A5DA482557FAAF" box="[216,351,1372,1397]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, uttered a buzzing call only.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF94D67356BADA95212BF82B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1055,2032]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF94D67356BADA95252EFA43" bold="true" box="[199,294,1408,1432]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tadpole</emphasis>
[description based on 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF94D6735453DA942782FA43" author="Lamotte" box="[558,906,1408,1432]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Lamotte, M. &amp; Zuber-Vogeli, M. (1954) Contribution a l'etude des batraciens de l'Ouest Africain III. - Le developpement larvaires de deux especes rheophiles, Astylosternus diadematus et Petropedetes natator. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Ser. A, 16, 1222 - 1233." type="journal article" year="1954">Lamotte &amp; Zuber-Vogeli 1954</bibRefCitation>
and tadpoles stored in 
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF94D67352E7DA9420F8FA43" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[1178,1264,1409,1432]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MNHN</collectionCode>
and 
<collectionCode id="ED7CAE37FF94D6735356DA942162FA43" box="[1323,1386,1409,1432]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ZMB</collectionCode>
, see Appendix 1]. Exotrophic, lentic tadpoles; Gosner Stage 25– 
<specimenCount id="9D6BFD7BFF94D6735534DAB6276CFA60" box="[841,868,1443,1467]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="larva">35</specimenCount>
larvae with: body elongate almost rectangular in dorsal, slightly ovoid in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF94D6735441DAD22688FA04" box="[572,640,1479,1503]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1548,1571]" captionTargetBox="[169,1431,540,1526]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,511,1526]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Lateral and dorsal view and mouth part of typical Astylosternus occidentalis from Mount Nimba (a; Gosner stage 34) and Astylosternus tadpoles from Mont Péko (b, c; Gosner stage 25) tadpoles (scale bars in a &amp; b: 1 cm; c: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280513/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
a), sides of body almost parallel; large lateral sacs originating posterior to eye run along flanks, less distinct in smaller than in large larvae; snout in dorsal view broadly rounded, a bit more pointed in lateral view; small eyes, positioned dorsolaterally; nares small, positioned dorsolaterally, closer to snout tip than to eyes; oral apparatus in anteroventral position; dorsal lip wide and smooth, with large anterior gap between marginal papillae; lateral papillae in multiple rows; ventral lip with large, uni- or biserial marginal papillae; upper jaw sheath massif, broad U-shaped, with strongly serrated margin; lower jaw sheath massif, V-shaped, margin strongly serrated; Stage 25 tadpoles and older have a labial tooth-row formula of 1:2+2/2+2:1 or 1:1+1/ 2+2:1; all keratodont rows on skin sheaths; kertodonts set very dense to each other; labial keratodonts unidenticulate, connected by hyaline skin reaching almost tips of keratodonts; vent tube dextral; spiracle sinistral; very long tail axis (approx. 2.5 times body length); tail axis height exceeds height of dorsal and most parts of ventral fin; dorsal fin originates slightly posterior to tail body junction; dorsal fin almost parallel to tail axis up to tail tip; ventral fin mostly narrower than tail axis, only in last third broader than tail axis; ventral fin almost parallel to tail axis; tail tip rounded; lines of pores (probably neuromast canals making up a side line system) starting on snout-tip; extending dorsally between eyes in two parallel rows to insertion of dorsal tail fin, below eyes dorsal from spiracle to about mid-body on flanks; pore rows circumventing eyes; visibility of pore rows better in younger stages; body more or less uniform dark brown to almost black, tail fin dark brown to almost black in last third of tail.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF12667AFF93D67456EAD80D262FF83C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280512/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[244,1345,180,1796]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF93D67456EAD80D262FF83C" blockId="12.[151,1436,1816,2023]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF93D67456EAD80D251BF8F5" bold="true" box="[151,275,1816,1839]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Variation of life coloration in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF93D6745437D80C275CF8F4" box="[586,852,1817,1839]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF93D6745437D80C275CF8F4" box="[586,852,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, note differing back pattern and skin structure, as well as uniform grey coloured irises; a) female, Mount Nimba, south-eastern Guinea; b) ZMB 75475, female, Putu Range, eastern Liberia; c) and d) males, Boffa region, western Guinea; e) ZMB 75479, female, Putu Range; f) male, south-western Guinea; g) female, Mount Nimba; h) male, Simandou Range, south-eastern Guinea; i) ZMB 75361, female, 57.9 mm, Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone; j) female, Fouta Djalon, Guinea; k) female, Mount Nimba; l) juvenile, Simandou Range; m) female, Fouta Djalon; n) ZMB 75475, male, Seliti, Sierra Leone; o) ZMB 75464, female, Ziama forest, south-eastern Guinea; p) female, Gola forest, western Liberia.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF92D67556BADF822179FE77" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The largest tadpole, Gosner Stage 37, measured 29.2/94.3 (body length/total length). Metamorphosing froglets (with rests of tail) measured 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF92D67557A1DFA92688FF0F" box="[476,640,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.16" metricValueMax="3.57" metricValueMin="2.75" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="31.6" valueMax="35.7" valueMin="27.5">27.5–35.7 mm</quantity>
SVL (x ± sd: 32.3 ± 2.8; 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D67555D9DFA827BFFF0F" box="[932,951,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N</emphasis>
= 10). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D675527EDFA92096FF0F" author="Parker" box="[1027,1182,188,212]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Parker, H. W. (1936) Amphibians from Liberia and the Gold Coast. Zoologische Mededelingen, 19, 87 - 102." type="journal article" year="1936">Parker (1936)</bibRefCitation>
reported tadpoles collected in 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF92D675577CDFCA255DFF2C" box="[257,341,223,247]" name="Liberia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Liberia</collectingCountry>
, the largest larvae with fully grown hind limbs measuring 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF92D675558BDFCA204EFF2C" box="[1014,1094,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="88.0">88 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="4C959B17FF92D675522ADFCA20A1FF2C" box="[1111,1193,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
to the tail); a freshly metamorphosed froglet had a SVL of 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF92D6755435DE112694FEC7" box="[584,668,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D67554D5DE10201BFEC7" author="Lamotte" box="[680,1043,260,284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Lamotte, M. &amp; Zuber-Vogeli, M. (1954) Contribution a l'etude des batraciens de l'Ouest Africain III. - Le developpement larvaires de deux especes rheophiles, Astylosternus diadematus et Petropedetes natator. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Ser. A, 16, 1222 - 1233." type="journal article" year="1954">Lamotte &amp; Zuber-Vogeli (1954)</bibRefCitation>
hint on the delayed appearance of the extremities, an adaptation to maintain, as long as possible, a good swimming performance in fast flowing habitats. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D67556B6DE5925E9FEBF" author="Guibe" box="[203,481,332,356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Guibe, J. &amp; Lamotte, M. (1958) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba. XII. Batraciens (sauf Arthroleptis, Phrynobatrachus et Hyperolius). Memoires de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, 53, 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1958">Guibé &amp; Lamotte (1958)</bibRefCitation>
mention tadpole sizes of close to 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF92D6755526DE5927A8FEBF" box="[859,928,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
shortly before metamorphosis. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D675537FDE592194FEBF" author="Parker" box="[1282,1436,332,356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Parker, H. W. (1936) Amphibians from Liberia and the Gold Coast. Zoologische Mededelingen, 19, 87 - 102." type="journal article" year="1936">Parker (1936)</bibRefCitation>
hints on the similarity of his tadpoles (body shape, proportions and dentition) with Angel’s (1930) description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF92D67556EADE80259AFE77" box="[151,402,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Gampsosteonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batesi">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D67556EADE80259AFE77" box="[151,402,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gampsosteonyx batesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(tadpoles from Foumban, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF92D67554C1DE81273CFE77" box="[700,820,404,428]" name="Cameroon" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
; thus most likely being tadpoles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF92D67552BCDE812169FE77" box="[1217,1377,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diadematus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D67552BCDE812169FE77" box="[1217,1377,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. diadematus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF92D67556EAD9192133F99A" blockId="13.[151,1436,1548,1601]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D67556EAD919251BF9F9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1548,1571]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Lateral and dorsal view and mouth part of typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF92D6755565D919202AF9F9" box="[792,1058,1548,1570]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D6755565D919202AF9F9" box="[792,1058,1548,1570]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mount Nimba (a; Gosner stage 34) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF92D6755694D93E257AF99A" box="[233,370,1579,1601]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D6755694D93E257AF99A" box="[233,370,1579,1601]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tadpoles from Mont Péko (b, c; Gosner stage 25) tadpoles (scale bars in a &amp; b: 1 cm; c: 1 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF92D67656BAD97B263AFEE4" blockId="13.[151,1436,1645,2029]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D67556BAD97B258CF95D" bold="true" box="[199,388,1645,1670]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Natural history.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF92D67557F6D97826B8F95E" box="[395,688,1645,1669]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D67557F6D97826B8F95E" box="[395,688,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs along swift to fast-flowing creeks and streams in dense forest from almost sea level (
<quantity id="4C959B17FF92D67557C6D984260CF972" box="[443,516,1681,1705]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="130.0">130 m</quantity>
) to about 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF92D6755408D98426C1F972" box="[629,713,1681,1705]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
a.s.l. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D675556ED9842013F972" author="Guibe" box="[787,1051,1681,1705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Guibe, J. &amp; Lamotte, M. (1958) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba. XII. Batraciens (sauf Arthroleptis, Phrynobatrachus et Hyperolius). Memoires de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, 53, 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1958">Guibé &amp; Lamotte 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D675525BD98420B1F972" author="Bohme" box="[1062,1209,1681,1705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Bohme, W. (1994) Frosche und Skinke aus dem Regenwaldgebiet Sudost - Guineas, Westafrika. I. Einleitung; Pipidae, Arthroleptidae, Bufonidae. herpetofauna, 16 (92), 11 - 19." type="journal article" year="1994">Böhme 1994</bibRefCitation>
; this study). Its habitats may consist of primary as well as degraded or fragmented forests within the rainforest zone or dense gallery forest in the southern part of the humid 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF92D675542ED9CC26ACF92A" box="[595,676,1753,1777]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guinea</collectingCountry>
savanna zone (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D675552DD9CC2043F92A" author="Rodel" box="[848,1099,1753,1777]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Rodel, M. - O. &amp; Branch, W. R. (2002) Herpetological survey of the Haute Dodo and Cavally forests, western Ivory Coast, Part I: Amphibians. Salamandra, 38, 245 - 268." type="journal article" year="2002">Rödel &amp; Branch 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Ernst &amp; Rödel 2006; Ernst 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D67553F5D9CE24A5F8CD" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. 2006; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D675577ED9E825F3F8CE" author="Hillers" box="[259,507,1789,1813]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Hillers, A. &amp; Rodel, M. - O. (2007) The amphibians of three national forests in Liberia, West Africa. Salamandra, 43, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2007">Hillers &amp; Rödel 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D6755475D9E826EDF8CE" author="Hillers" box="[520,741,1789,1814]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Hillers, A., Loua, N. - S. &amp; Rodel, M. - O. (2008 a) A preliminary assessment of the amphibians of the Fouta Djallon, Guinea, West Africa. Salamandra, 44, 113 - 122." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Hillers 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D6755421D9EA2686F8CD" box="[604,654,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
; this study). The species is usually not abundant and patchily distributed, similar to other anuran species associated with rivers in forests of hilly or mountainous areas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF92D6755340D83424DBF886" author="Lamotte" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Lamotte, M. (1966) Types de repartition geographique de quelques batraciens dans l'Ouest Africain. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Ser. A, 28, 1140 - 1148." type="journal article" year="1966">Lamotte 1966</bibRefCitation>
). In Mont Sangbé National Park individuals were observed within the forest in a steep valley (Rödel 2003). Whereas the vegetation on the valley ground and slopes consisted of rainforest trees, the hill tops carried savanna vegetation. One 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF92D6755729D89B25F4F87D" box="[340,508,1934,1958]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D6755729D89B25F4F87D" box="[340,508,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male was found still within forest but only a few meters from true 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF92D6755373D8982157F87E" box="[1294,1375,1933,1957]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guinea</collectingCountry>
treesavanna (Rödel 2003). Similarly 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF92D6755473D8A726BFF811" box="[526,695,1970,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF92D6755473D8A726BFF811" box="[526,695,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded in gallery forest in the savanna zone of southeastern and western 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF92D6755706D8C025C4F836" box="[379,460,2005,2029]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(this study). Guinean specimens in particular have been regularly encountered in some distance to water. Most populations, however, were recorded within forest close to flowing water. Males are calling from the forest floor close to but not in water (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67654CADFA92769FF0F" author="Schiotz" box="[695,865,188,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Schiotz, A. (1964 b) The voices of some West African amphibians. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 127, 35 - 83." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="b">Schiøtz 1964b</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast to Central African 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67652A9DFA92163FF0F" box="[1236,1387,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67652A9DFA92163FF0F" box="[1236,1387,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we never observed West African frogs of the genus using the terminal phalanges of their hind feet in defence (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67656EADE112598FEC7" author="Blackburn" box="[151,400,260,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Blackburn, D. C., Hanken, J. &amp; Jenkins, F. A. (2008) Concealed weapons: erectile claws in African frogs. Biology Letters, 4, 355 - 357." type="journal article" year="2008">
Blackburn 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676576EDE10254CFEC7" box="[275,324,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). However, phalanges of western and central African 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765596DE11208AFEC7" box="[1003,1154,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765596DE11208AFEC7" box="[1003,1154,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are anatomically indistinguishable (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D6765718DE32262EFEE4" author="Barej" box="[357,550,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Barej, M. F., Bohme, W., Perry, S. F., Wagner, P. &amp; Schmitz, A. (2010) The hairy frog, a curly fighter? - A novel hypothesis on the function of hairs and claw-like terminal phalanges, including their biological and systematic significance (Anura: Arthroleptidae: Trichobatrachus). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 243 - 263." type="journal article" year="2010">
Barej 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67657D7DE3C25EBFE9B" box="[426,483,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF91D67656BADE59210BFDE7" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The reproduction behaviour is unknown. Tadpoles can usually be observed at night on the ground of slow or almost stagnant parts of forest creeks and rivers. Larger rivers as well as very small tributaries are inhabited. When disturbed tadpoles flee immediately into deeper and fast flowing water or burrow themselves into loose sediment of the shallow parts. Other anuran species which often occur in syntopy with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765272DEAD20B2FE0B" box="[1039,1210,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765272DEAD20B2FE0B" box="[1039,1210,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676528FDEAD2584FE2F" authority="Ahl, 1924" authorityName="Ahl" authorityYear="1924" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Amietophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="togoensis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676528FDEAD2509FE2F" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amietophrynus togoensis</emphasis>
(Ahl, 1924)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67657EADEC92190FE2F" authority="Blackburn, Kosuch, Schmitz, Burger, Wagner, Gonwouo, Hillers" authorityName="Blackburn, Kosuch, Schmitz, Burger, Wagner, Gonwouo, Hillers" box="[407,1432,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Cardioglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67657EADEC926B3FE2F" box="[407,699,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cardioglossa occidentalis</emphasis>
Blackburn, Kosuch, Schmitz, Burger, Wagner, Gonwouo, Hillers
</taxonomicName>
, &amp; Rödel, 2008, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765726DD1526E4FDCC" authority="Schiotz, 1967" authorityName="Schiotz" authorityYear="1967" box="[347,748,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765726DD152634FDC3" box="[347,572,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Leptopelis macrotis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D6765434DEEA26E4FDCC" author="Schiotz" box="[585,748,511,535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Schiotz, A. (1967) The treefrogs (Rhacophoridae) of West Africa. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 25, 1 - 346." type="journal article" year="1967">Schiøtz, 1967</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765481DD152190FDCC" authority="Barbour &amp; Loveridge, 1927" authorityName="Barbour &amp; Loveridge" authorityYear="1927" box="[764,1432,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Phrynobatrachidae" genus="Phrynobatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liberiensis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765481DD152048FDC3" box="[764,1088,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Phrynobatrachus liberiensis</emphasis>
Barbour &amp; Loveridge, 1927
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67656EADD31264DFDE7" authority="Boulenger, 1905" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,581,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Petropedetidae" genus="Petropedetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natator">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67656EADD312589FDE7" box="[151,385,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Petropedetes natator</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1905
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676542DDD3026BCFDE7" box="[592,692,549,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Petropedetidae" genus="Conraua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676542DDD3026BCFDE7" box="[592,692,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Conraua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676555BDD3120F6FDE7" authority="Boulenger, 1915" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1915" box="[806,1278,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Hyperoliidae" genus="Hyperolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chlorosteus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676555BDD312020FDE7" box="[806,1064,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hyperolius chlorosteus</emphasis>
(Boulenger, 1915)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF91D67656BADD5226C0FC87" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
On Mont Péko, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D6765701DD5D2608FD84" box="[380,512,583,608]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF91D676546DDD52265BFD84" box="[528,595,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1288,1311]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,484,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,470,1266]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Known records of West African Astylosternus taxa; circles: Astylosternus occidentalis, black circle: “ type locality ” (compare text); triangles: A. laticephalus sp. nov., black triangle: type locality; black square: Mont Péko, locality of A. sp. (for exact localities see Appendix 1); country boundaries, topography and three major rivers (Sassandra, Bandama, Volta) are indicated; map based on the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model: www. ersdac. or. jp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280514/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) the local 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67654B1DD5D276BFDBB" box="[716,867,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67654B1DD5D276BFDBB" box="[716,867,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in particular their larvae, behaved differently. We collected two males and tadpoles (see taxonomic remarks) close to the summit at about 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D6765208DD7920C2FD5F" box="[1141,1226,620,644]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
a.s.l. at the border of a heavily overgrown shallow creek (Rödel &amp; Ernst 2003), flowing over massive granite underground. These males were calling at night, well concealed in small cavities under stones close to the creek’s bank. Several more males were heard but could not be exactly localised. The tadpoles were caught in shallow, slow flowing parts of the same creek and in very shallow (&lt;
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D676545BDDE92656FCCF" box="[550,606,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
water height) flooded parts in the open moorlands (see fig. 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D676537ADDE9213BFCCF" box="[1287,1331,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
Rödel &amp; Ernst 2003). Other frogs observed close to this site were 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676556BDC352101FCEC" authority="Werner, 1908" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1908" box="[790,1289,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schillukorum">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676556BDC352792FCE3" box="[790,922,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ptychadena</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67655BBDC352050FCE3" box="[966,1112,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">schillukorum</emphasis>
(Werner, 1908)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676533DDC3426CCFC87" authority="Laurent, 1958 (Rodel &amp; Ernst 2003)" authorityName="Laurent, 1958 (Rodel &amp; Ernst" authorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Hyperoliidae" genus="Hyperolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamottei">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676533DDC34252AFC87" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hyperolius lamottei</emphasis>
Laurent, 1958 (Rödel &amp; Ernst 2003)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3776579FF91D67756BADC722096FE5C" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF91D67656BADC722009FB1F" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67656BADC722568FC5B" bold="true" box="[199,352,871,896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676571ADC7D2684FC5B" box="[359,652,872,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676571ADC7D2684FC5B" box="[359,652,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astylosternus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the western part of the Upper Guinean forests (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF91D6765334DC722185FCA4" box="[1353,1421,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1288,1311]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,484,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,470,1266]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Known records of West African Astylosternus taxa; circles: Astylosternus occidentalis, black circle: “ type locality ” (compare text); triangles: A. laticephalus sp. nov., black triangle: type locality; black square: Mont Péko, locality of A. sp. (for exact localities see Appendix 1); country boundaries, topography and three major rivers (Sassandra, Bandama, Volta) are indicated; map based on the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model: www. ersdac. or. jp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280514/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Records have been published from 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D676544CDC9926CBFC7F" box="[561,707,908,932]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67654A9DC99276CFC7F" author="Parker" box="[724,868,908,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Parker, H. W. (1931) Some new and rare frogs from West Africa. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 492 - 498." type="journal article" year="1931">Parker 1931</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D676550EDC992012FC7F" author="Schiotz" box="[883,1050,908,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Schiotz, A. (1964 a) A preliminary list of amphibians collected in Sierra Leone. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 127, 19 - 33 + 1 plate." type="book chapter" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Schiøtz 1964a</bibRefCitation>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D676524DDC992089FC7F" box="[1072,1153,908,932]" name="Liberia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Liberia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67652EFDC99212AFC7F" author="Parker" box="[1170,1314,908,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Parker, H. W. (1936) Amphibians from Liberia and the Gold Coast. Zoologische Mededelingen, 19, 87 - 102." type="journal article" year="1936">Parker 1936</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D676534DDC992515FC1C" author="Hillers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hillers, A. &amp; Rodel, M. - O. (2007) The amphibians of three national forests in Liberia, West Africa. Salamandra, 43, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2007">Hillers &amp; Rödel 2007</bibRefCitation>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D676574CDCBA258AFC1C" box="[305,386,943,967]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67657EDDCBA2691FC1C" author="Guibe" box="[400,665,943,967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Guibe, J. &amp; Lamotte, M. (1958) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba. XII. Batraciens (sauf Arthroleptis, Phrynobatrachus et Hyperolius). Memoires de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, 53, 241 - 273." type="journal article" year="1958">Guibé &amp; Lamotte 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67654D8DCBA2730FC1C" author="Bohme" box="[677,824,943,967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Bohme, W. (1994) Frosche und Skinke aus dem Regenwaldgebiet Sudost - Guineas, Westafrika. I. Einleitung; Pipidae, Arthroleptidae, Bufonidae. herpetofauna, 16 (92), 11 - 19." type="journal article" year="1994">Böhme 1994</bibRefCitation>
; Rödel &amp; Bangoura 2004; Rödel 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67652D2DCA420E8FC13" box="[1199,1248,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. 2004; Hillers 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67653F5DCA424BCFC37" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2006, 2008a); 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D6765721DCC025D7FC37" box="[348,479,980,1005]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D6765790DCC126EFFC37" author="Rodel" box="[493,743,980,1004]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Rodel, M. - O. &amp; Branch, W. R. (2002) Herpetological survey of the Haute Dodo and Cavally forests, western Ivory Coast, Part I: Amphibians. Salamandra, 38, 245 - 268." type="journal article" year="2002">Rödel &amp; Branch 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Rödel 2003; Ernst &amp; Rödel 2006; Ernst 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67652CCDCC020E1FC37" box="[1201,1257,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2006; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D6765348DCC1250EFBD4" author="Hillers" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hillers, A., Veith, M. &amp; Rodel, M. - O. (2008 b) Effects of forest fragmentation and habitat degradation on West African leaf-litter frogs. Conservation Biology, 22, 762 - 772." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="b">
Hillers 
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67653F5DCC024A5FBCB" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. 2008b
</bibRefCitation>
). The 
<typeStatus id="54D68850FF91D6765737DCEC2572FBCA" box="[330,378,1017,1041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
specimen was collected at Sandaru in 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D6765551DCE227B6FBCB" box="[812,958,1015,1040]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
. We tried to localise this locality and identified two places with this name at 7.8 / -11.0 and 8.4 / -10.7, respectively. In the map (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF91D6765225DB092092FBEF" box="[1112,1178,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1288,1311]" captionTargetBox="[165,1418,484,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,470,1266]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Known records of West African Astylosternus taxa; circles: Astylosternus occidentalis, black circle: “ type locality ” (compare text); triangles: A. laticephalus sp. nov., black triangle: type locality; black square: Mont Péko, locality of A. sp. (for exact localities see Appendix 1); country boundaries, topography and three major rivers (Sassandra, Bandama, Volta) are indicated; map based on the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model: www. ersdac. or. jp." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280514/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) we have used the first coordinates to plot the “ 
<typeStatus id="54D68850FF91D67657D0DB2A25D7FB8C" box="[429,479,1087,1111]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
locality”, although, we failed to identify any objective criteria on which we could decide whether the one or the other Sandaru was meant by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D6765546DB7127D2FBA7" author="Parker" box="[827,986,1124,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Parker, H. W. (1931) Some new and rare frogs from West Africa. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 492 - 498." type="journal article" year="1931">Parker (1931)</bibRefCitation>
. Both localities, however, are comparatively close to each other and well within the range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765575DB9D27B8FB7B" box="[776,944,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765575DB9D27B8FB7B" box="[776,944,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Records from 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D676521EDB9220A4FB44" box="[1123,1196,1159,1183]" name="Ghana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ghana</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67652C1DB92215DFB44" author="Hughes" box="[1212,1365,1159,1183]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hughes, B. (1988) Herpetology in Ghana (West Africa). British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 25, 29 - 38." type="journal article" year="1988">Hughes 1988</bibRefCitation>
) most likely are based on misidentifications of the species which is described below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF91D67656BADBDA206EF994" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67656BADBDA25B7FB33" bold="true" box="[199,447,1231,1256]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67657BADBC526A1FB33" box="[455,681,1232,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Hylambates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yalense">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67657BADBC526A1FB33" box="[455,681,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hylambates yalense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been described from Mount Nimba, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D67652FDDBDA20D9FB3C" box="[1152,1233,1231,1255]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D676529CDBDA2163FB3C" author="Angel" box="[1249,1387,1231,1255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Angel, F. (1944) Une nouvelle espece d'Amphibien (gnere Hylambates de la Haute-Guinee francaise Materiaux de la Mission Lamotte au Mont Nimba en 1942. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Ser. 2, 16, 420 - 421." type="journal article" year="1944">Angel 1944</bibRefCitation>
; not 1940 as cited in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D676572CDBE025C7FAD7" author="Frost" box="[337,463,1268,1292]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Frost, D. R. (2010) Amphibian species of the World: an online reference. Version 5.4 (8 April 2010). Electronic Database accessible at http: // research. amnh. org / vz / herpetology / amphibia / American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (accessed 25 July 2010)." type="journal article" year="2010">Frost 2010</bibRefCitation>
). According to A. Ohler (pers. comm. 
<date id="FFD31032FF91D67655FEDBE12020FAD7" box="[899,1064,1268,1292]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2005-02">February 2005</date>
) the 
<typeStatus id="54D68850FF91D676521FDBE0209AFAD6" box="[1122,1170,1269,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67652C4DBE02138FAD7" box="[1209,1328,1268,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Hylambates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yalense">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67652C4DBE02138FAD7" box="[1209,1328,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. yalense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been donated to the collection of the Institute Fondamental d’Afrique Noire in Dakar, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D6765257DA02208EFAF4" box="[1066,1158,1303,1327]" name="Senegal" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Senegal</collectingCountry>
. However, there it could not be traced (A. Seck, pers. comm. 
<date id="FFD31032FF91D676543CDA2826B3FA8F" box="[577,699,1340,1365]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2005-05">May 2005</date>
). According to the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67652F4DA292119FA8F" author="Angel" box="[1161,1297,1340,1364]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Angel, F. (1944) Une nouvelle espece d'Amphibien (gnere Hylambates de la Haute-Guinee francaise Materiaux de la Mission Lamotte au Mont Nimba en 1942. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Ser. 2, 16, 420 - 421." type="journal article" year="1944">Angel 1944</bibRefCitation>
) the 
<typeStatus id="54D68850FF91D6765332DA28218AFA8E" box="[1359,1410,1341,1365]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
, a female of 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D676577ADA4A255EFAA3" box="[263,342,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="64.0">64 mm</quantity>
SVL, would deviate from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67654DADA752745FAA3" box="[679,845,1376,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67654DADA752745FAA3" box="[679,845,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
description given above by the following characters: nares in equal distance to eye and snout tip (instead of nares closer to snout); internarial distance equal to interorbital distance (instead of interobital distance larger). All other characters listed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D6765225DAB220F9FA64" author="Angel" box="[1112,1265,1447,1471]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Angel, F. (1944) Une nouvelle espece d'Amphibien (gnere Hylambates de la Haute-Guinee francaise Materiaux de la Mission Lamotte au Mont Nimba en 1942. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Ser. 2, 16, 420 - 421." type="journal article" year="1944">Angel (1944)</bibRefCitation>
are within the range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765684DAD92597FA3F" box="[249,415,1484,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765684DAD92597FA3F" box="[249,415,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D67657D0DAD925C4FA3F" box="[429,460,1484,1508]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">As</collectingCountry>
the two differences might be simply due to different ways in taking these measures and as we had a large number of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765794DAE5269AF9D3" box="[489,658,1520,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765794DAE5269AF9D3" box="[489,658,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vouchers and tissue samples available from Mount Nimba and surroundings (see Appendix 1), all of which were identical to other 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676551BD9012003F9F7" box="[870,1035,1556,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676551BD9012003F9F7" box="[870,1035,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations, we follow Lamotte (in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC4B03FF91D67656EAD9222523F994" author="Schiotz" box="[151,299,1591,1615]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Schiotz, A. (1967) The treefrogs (Rhacophoridae) of West Africa. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 25, 1 - 346." type="journal article" year="1967">Schiøtz 1967</bibRefCitation>
) in regarding 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67657B4D92D26A1F98B" box="[457,681,1592,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Hylambates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yalense">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67657B4D92D26A1F98B" box="[457,681,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hylambates yalense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67655C5D92D2057F98B" box="[952,1119,1592,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67655C5D92D2057F98B" box="[952,1119,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF91D67756BAD9492774FF0F" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765686D949259AF9AF" box="[251,402,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765686D949259AF9AF" box="[251,402,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mont Péko National Park, 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D6765573D948279BF9AF" box="[782,915,1628,1653]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF91D67655D9D94927FCF9AF" box="[932,1012,1628,1652]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[162,1429,604,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,583,1868]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsolateral view (a, b), throat (c, d), left hand (e – g) and right foot (h) of adult male Astylosternus from the western part of the Upper Guinea forests: Astylosternus from Mont Péko (SMNS 9615: a, c, e, h; 66 mm SVL, the largest West African Astylosternus male so far known; SMNS 9616: f) and A. occidentalis from Taï National Park, Ivory Coast (b, d, g; scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280510/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
a, c, d; SMNS 9615, male, 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D6765352D9492190F9AF" box="[1327,1432,1628,1652]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.65" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="66.5">66.5 mm</quantity>
; 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D67656EAD96A24F4F94C" box="[151,252,1663,1687]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.76" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="67.6">67.6 mm</quantity>
in life, SMNS 9616, male, 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D6765447D96A26AAF94C" box="[570,674,1663,1687]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.18" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="51.8">51.8 mm</quantity>
; 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D67654D2D96A271CF94C" box="[687,788,1663,1687]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.56" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="55.6">55.6 mm</quantity>
in life, 7.0 / -7.2, 
<date id="FFD31032FF91D676559AD96A20B0F94C" box="[999,1208,1663,1687]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2000-09-01">1 September 2000</date>
, densely overgrown creek on granite mountain,&gt; 
<quantity id="4C959B17FF91D676579DD9B1263CF967" box="[480,564,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; coll. R. Ernst &amp; M.- 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D6765523D9B1277DF967" box="[862,885,1700,1724]" name="Iceland" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O</collectingCountry>
. Rödel) appeared to differ from other 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765361D9B124C0F93B" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765361D9B124C0F93B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations (compare Rödel &amp; Ernst 2003). Their head width is in the range of the new species described below (
<tableCitation id="C6EF0349FF91D6765694D9F92548F8DF" box="[233,320,1772,1796]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,231,1444,1465]" captionText="TABLE 2. Indices of body measures of West African Astylosternus (compare Tab. 1). For abbreviations see Material &amp; Methods sec-" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 2</tableCitation>
), thus wider than in typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676540AD9F92715F8DF" box="[631,797,1772,1796]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676540AD9F92715F8DF" box="[631,797,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. One male (SMNS 9615) was larger than any other 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676531FD9F924F6F8F3" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676531FD9F924F6F8F3" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the western Upper 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D676546BD81A266FF8FC" box="[534,615,1807,1831]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Guinea</collectingCountry>
forests (
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF91D67654BAD81A2701F8FC" box="[711,777,1807,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1292,1315]" captionTargetBox="[399,1189,178,1291]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[395,1198,150,1303]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Box plots of snout-vent length (A) and snout-vent length / head width (B) in adult West African Astylosternus taxa. Given are median and 25 and 75 % quartiles. Astylosternus laticephalus sp. nov. females have broader heads than A. occidentalis. Sample sizes: A. occidentalis: females: 45, males: 34; A. laticephalus sp. nov. females: 9, males: 2; A. sp. Mont Péko males: 2 (compare text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280507/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). They seemed to be more massive and had a smooth back skin (in life 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D676575CD82125C0F897" box="[289,456,1844,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D676575CD82125C0F897" box="[289,456,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
granular skin, warts or ridges are usually discernible). For measures of both males see 
<tableCitation id="C6EF0349FF91D67656EAD84224EFF8B4" box="[151,231,1879,1903]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,232,416,437]" captionTargetBox="[151,1427,465,896]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measures [mm] of West African Astylosternus. For abbreviations see Material &amp; Methods section." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF12667AFF9CD67B56EADEB520B0FE6E" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF12667AFF9CD67B56EADEB520B0FE6E">Tabs. 1</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="C6EF0349FF91D6765760D8422526F8B4" box="[285,302,1879,1903]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,231,1444,1465]" captionText="TABLE 2. Indices of body measures of West African Astylosternus (compare Tab. 1). For abbreviations see Material &amp; Methods sec-" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">2</tableCitation>
. At the same locality we collected tadpoles (ZMB 77194, 
<figureCitation id="13562A77FF91D67655CBD84227FFF8B4" box="[950,1015,1879,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1548,1571]" captionTargetBox="[169,1431,540,1526]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,511,1526]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Lateral and dorsal view and mouth part of typical Astylosternus occidentalis from Mount Nimba (a; Gosner stage 34) and Astylosternus tadpoles from Mont Péko (b, c; Gosner stage 25) tadpoles (scale bars in a &amp; b: 1 cm; c: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280513/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
b, c; same collection details as SMNS 9615 and 9616). The larval habitat was different to that of other known 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67655B1D869206BF84F" box="[972,1123,1916,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67655B1D869206BF84F" box="[972,1123,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astylosternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations (see above). A species endemic to the Mont Péko region in 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF91D67654F1D8B42718F863" box="[652,784,1952,1977]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
would be in line with recent findings in other frog genera of similar ecological requirements (
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D6765458D8D02681F807" box="[549,649,1989,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Petropedetidae" genus="Conraua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D6765458D8D02681F807" box="[549,649,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Conraua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF91D67654C2D8D12758F807" box="[703,848,1988,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Petropedetidae" genus="Petropedetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF91D67654C2D8D12758F807" box="[703,848,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Petropedetes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; M.F. Barej &amp; M.- 
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. Rödel unpubl. data). However, given the range of variation within the various 
<taxonomicName id="4C6D4D71FF90D67754CFDF8D2751FF6B" box="[690,857,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Astylosternus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF90D67754CFDF8D2751FF6B" box="[690,857,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations, further vouchers and genetic samples are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of the Mont Péko frogs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD236F2FF90D67756BADFCA2096FE5C" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B919EAE0FF90D67756BADFCA25B4FF23" bold="true" box="[199,444,223,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Conservation status.</emphasis>
Given the rather wide distribution of the species, including various protected areas (i.e. 
<collectingCountry id="F37A7662FF90D67756EADE1024B3FEC7" box="[151,187,261,284]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Taï</collectingCountry>
National Park, Sapo National Park, Mount Nimba Biosphere Reserve) and its apparent potential to survive in altered forest habitats, the current IUCN RedList classification of “Least Concern” should be kept. If new findings would proof the Mont Péko frogs being a separate species; this taxon would be highly threatened due to a restricted range of occurrence and very intense pressure of logging and other anthropogenic activities.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>