318 lines
39 KiB
XML
318 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="C825F8906916A36F781BD2C8A84AF4C5" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1850.1.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8a64b160-46be-4937-a513-ad003acc4c53" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183400" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459907169790" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Craig, Matthew T." docDate="2008" docId="03D887D8FFE18D01FF59FC05FD554011" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01850p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1850" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Acanthurus nigricans" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FFE1FFA0FFE18D03FFCEFFB8FFAC4608" masterDocTitle="The goldrim surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigricans; Acanthuridae) from Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago: first record for the central Indian Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="65" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1730169143426" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="D404D5A49057D2F6C0B8D951E51B5D8D">The goldrim surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigricans; Acanthuridae) from Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago: first record for the central Indian Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="1CC7CB82A1AD805A3BDC609467A45204" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8ED89E5E3CCFB2B5B034CFEED4E0FEE6">Craig, Matthew T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E2516525F2004C91877CE8C6C513C765">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0C60E08C7676DE66F62469F8E52102D3">
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<mods:date id="25B07AC1B52B1603556B422821BD5060">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9869F52AC1D2EFB4C02FFB5F3F7295C8">2008-08-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6F6CF320C3189C990AD3410F6C5D65DA">1850</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5D1D2AD6826F47E6AA1587B84D4A629B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1850.1.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="530B7C0563624BA10BB44282485E62F8" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8DD180CBA5E39DF1894357E0CABE4426" type="Zenodo-Dep">183400</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D887D8FFE18D01FF59FC05FD554011" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6228160" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119373475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6228160" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887D8FFE18D01FF59FC05FD554011" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D887D8FFE18D01FF59FC05FD554011" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<subSubSection id="C36B6545FFE18D03FF59FC05FDE045DC" box="[151,588,956,981]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE18D03FF59FC05FDE045DC" blockId="0.[151,588,956,981]" box="[151,588,956,981]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<heading id="D08681A2FFE18D03FF59FC05FDE045DC" bold="true" box="[151,588,956,981]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FF59FC05FDE045DC" ID-CoL="64G2T" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,588,956,981]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FF59FC05FDE045DC" bold="true" box="[151,588,956,981]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FF59FC05FE2445DD" bold="true" box="[151,392,957,981]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Acanthurus nigricans</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B6545FFE18D03FF59FBB8FDEC425F" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE18D03FF59FBB8FD8E421F" blockId="0.[151,576,1024,1111]" box="[151,546,1024,1047]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FF59FBB8FD8E421F" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,546,1024,1047]" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Chaetodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FF59FBB8FEDB421F" box="[151,375,1024,1047]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Chaetodon nigricans</emphasis>
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Linnaeus, 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE18D03FF59FB98FE44423F" blockId="0.[151,576,1024,1111]" box="[151,488,1056,1079]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FF59FB98FE44423F" authority="Lesson, 1831" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" box="[151,488,1056,1079]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aliala">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FF59FB98FEFF423F" box="[151,339,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Acanthutus aliala</emphasis>
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Lesson, 1831
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE18D03FF59FBF8FDEC425F" blockId="0.[151,576,1024,1111]" box="[151,576,1088,1111]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FF59FBF8FDEC425F" authority="Cuvier, 1829" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,576,1088,1111]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaucopareius">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FF59FBF8FE1C425F" box="[151,432,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Acanthurus glaucopareius</emphasis>
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Cuvier, 1829
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B6545FFE18D03FF59FB3AFA37401F" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE18D03FF59FB3AFA37401F" blockId="0.[151,1437,1154,2009]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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While collecting reef fishes at
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<materialsCitation id="3B193C93FFE18D03FE2BFB3AFC3742D7" collectedFrom="in a hole on the wall of a precipitous drop-off" collectingDate="2008-03" country="British Indian Ocean Territory" elevation="20" latitude="-7.3" location="Cannon Point" longLatPrecision="1303" longitude="72.4" municipality="Diego Garcia" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chagos Archipelago">
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAACB4FFE18D03FE2BFB3AFDD94291" box="[485,629,1154,1177]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Diego Garcia</collectingMunicipality>
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Atoll on the southern end of the
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<collectingRegion id="49B5F82CFFE18D03FC2CFB3AFB124291" box="[994,1214,1154,1177]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Chagos Archipelago</collectingRegion>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE455009FFE18D03FB01FB3AFA8C4291" box="[1231,1312,1154,1177]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" precision="925" value="-7.3">7º18’ S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE455009FFE18D03FAE0FB3AFA234291" box="[1326,1423,1154,1177]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" precision="925" value="72.4">72º24’ E</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE18D03FF59FB1DFE7542B4" box="[151,473,1189,1212]" name="British Indian Ocean Territory" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">British Indian Ocean Territory</collectingCountry>
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(BIOT) in
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<date id="FFCF100EFFE18D03FD9EFB1DFD7842B4" box="[592,724,1189,1212]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" value="2008-03">
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<collectingDate id="EF8BE9E6FFE18D03FD9EFB1DFD7842B4" box="[592,724,1189,1212]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" value="2008-03">
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March
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<docYear id="9317DA35FFE18D03FD52FB1DFD7842B4" box="[668,724,1189,1212]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">2008</docYear>
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</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, a solitary
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FC89FB1DFC6542B4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[839,969,1189,1212]" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Chaetodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FC89FB1DFC6542B4" box="[839,969,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">A. nigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was observed
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<collectedFrom id="386D7533FFE18D03FBABFB1DFEE742D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">in a hole on the wall of a precipitous drop-off</collectedFrom>
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near
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<location id="8EAE6015FFE18D03FE47FB70FDB742D7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887D8FFE18D01FF59FC05FD554011:8EAE6015FFE18D03FE47FB70FDB742D7" box="[393,539,1224,1247]" country="British Indian Ocean Territory" latitude="-7.3" longLatPrecision="1303" longitude="72.4" municipality="Diego Garcia" name="Cannon Point" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" stateProvince="Chagos Archipelago">Cannon Point</location>
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in approximately
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<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE18D03FD2CFB70FCBD42D7" box="[738,785,1224,1247]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="20.0">
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<elevation id="005CD1FDFFE18D03FD2CFB70FCBD42D7" box="[738,785,1224,1247]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="20.0">20m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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water depth
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</materialsCitation>
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. Recognizing the importance of this record, the author collected the individual using a pole spear and photographed the specimen upon returning to the diving platform (
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<figureCitation id="134A2A4BFFE18D03FF50FAB5FF55432C" box="[158,249,1293,1316]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,747,771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1409,255,722]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,255,722]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Acanthurus nigricans at Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183401/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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). The individual was
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<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE18D03FE2AFAB5FD84432C" box="[484,552,1293,1316]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="93.0">93mm</quantity>
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SL, and was presumed to be a stray as none had been observed on previous dives. On several subsequent dives, however, the species was observed, photographed, and collected at two other locations around the atoll (Barton Point and Horseburgh Point). The three sites lie on separate sides of the atoll indicating that the species is not restricted to any one location at Diego Garcia (
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<figureCitation id="134A2A4BFFE18D03FCE9FACDFC284384" box="[807,900,1397,1420]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[289,1297,814,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[289,1298,814,1853]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory. Asterisks (*) indicate approximate collecting localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183402/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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) and is an uncommon but not rare member of the ichthyofaunal community. In total,
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<specimenCount id="9D77FD47FFE18D03FDDAFA20FD0A43A7" box="[532,678,1432,1455]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
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were collected and sampled for genetic analysis, while several others were observed but not collected. Those not collected spanned a wide size range (~
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<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE18D03FC35FA02FBED43D9" box="[1019,1089,1466,1489]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="80.0">80mm</quantity>
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– ~
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<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE18D03FBA7FA02FB1043D9" box="[1129,1212,1466,1489]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="130.0">130mm</quantity>
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) indicating that multiple year classes were present. Two specimens were deposited as vouchers at the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography Marine Vertebrates Collection, La Jolla, California (BPBM 40895, SIO 08-95).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B6545FFE18D01FF0BF99AFD554011" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE18D03FF0BF99AFC474179" blockId="0.[151,1437,1154,2009]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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It is noteworthy that
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FE66F99AFD874031" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[424,555,1570,1593]" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Chaetodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FE66F99AFD874031" box="[424,555,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">A. nigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FCCAF99AFC764031" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1803" box="[772,986,1570,1593]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achilles">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FCCAF99AFC764031" box="[772,986,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Acanthurus achilles</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species complex known for their propensity to hybridize (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE18D03FE9DF9FDFDDE4054" author="Randall, J. E. & Frische, J." box="[339,626,1605,1628]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" pagination="51 - 56" refId="ref2103" refString="Randall, J. E. & Frische, J. (2000) Hybrid surgeonfishes of the Acanthurus achilles complex. Aqua 4, 51 - 56." year="2000">Randall and Frische, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The four species in this complex (
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FC3FF9FDFB094054" authority="Shaw" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1803" box="[1009,1189,1605,1628]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achilles">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FC3FF9FDFBCE4054" box="[1009,1122,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">A. achilles</emphasis>
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Shaw
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FB7EF9FDFA3B4054" authority="Schmidt" authorityName="Schmidt" box="[1200,1431,1605,1628]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FB7EF9FDFA9A4054" box="[1200,1334,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">A. japonicus</emphasis>
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Schmidt
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FF59F9D0FE364077" authority="Bennett" authorityName="Bennett" box="[151,410,1640,1663]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucosternon">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FF59F9D0FE924077" box="[151,318,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">A. leucosternon</emphasis>
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Bennett
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FE1EF9D0FDFE4077" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[464,594,1640,1663]" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Chaetodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FE1EF9D0FDFE4077" box="[464,594,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">A. nigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) are thought to hybridize where their distributional ranges overlap.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE18D03FAECF9D0FF7140A9" author="Marie A. D. & van Herwerden, L. & Choat, J. H. & Hobbs, J. P. A." pageId="0" pageNumber="65" pagination="841" refId="ref2019" refString="Marie A. D., van Herwerden, L., Choat, J. H. & Hobbs, J. P. A. (2007) Hybridization of reef fishes at the Indo-Pacific biogeographic barrier: a case study. Coral Reefs 26, 841 - 850." year="2007">Marie et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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confirmed the existence of the hybrid
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FDB7F933FC1740AA" box="[633,955,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FDB7F933FC8C40AA" box="[633,800,1675,1698]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucosternon">A. leucosternon</taxonomicName>
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x
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FCF7F933FC1740AA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[825,955,1675,1698]" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Chaetodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">A. nigricans</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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from Cocos (Keeling) and Christmas Islands (eastern Indian Ocean) using genetic techniques. At Diego Garcia, one individual was observed and collected (SIO 08- 95) which displayed the color pattern described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE18D03FD07F968FC5E40EF" author="Randall, J. E. & Frische, J." box="[713,1010,1744,1767]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" pagination="51 - 56" refId="ref2103" refString="Randall, J. E. & Frische, J. (2000) Hybrid surgeonfishes of the Acanthurus achilles complex. Aqua 4, 51 - 56." year="2000">Randall and Frische (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE18D03FBE4F968FB5440EF" author="Marie A. D. & van Herwerden, L. & Choat, J. H. & Hobbs, J. P. A." box="[1066,1272,1744,1767]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" pagination="841" refId="ref2019" refString="Marie A. D., van Herwerden, L., Choat, J. H. & Hobbs, J. P. A. (2007) Hybridization of reef fishes at the Indo-Pacific biogeographic barrier: a case study. Coral Reefs 26, 841 - 850." year="2007">Marie et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as this hybrid. Although yet to be confirmed genetically, we presume this to be the case and document the presence of this hybrid at Diego Garcia. Following the collecting trip, the author was provided with a photographic record of a recently transformed juvenile
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FE88F880FD254147" box="[326,649,1848,1871]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FE88F880FE424147" box="[326,494,1848,1871]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucosternon">A. leucosternon</taxonomicName>
|
||
x
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FDC8F880FD254147" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[518,649,1848,1871]" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Chaetodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">A. nigricans</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
hybrid from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE18D03FCDBF880FCD44147" box="[789,888,1848,1871]" name="Maldives" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
by Mr. John Coppolino. This marks the first record of the hybrid at
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE18D03FE8FF8E2FE084179" box="[321,420,1882,1905]" name="Maldives" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
and may indicate the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE18D03FCDEF8E3FC3E417A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[784,914,1883,1906]" family="Chaetodontidae" genus="Chaetodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE18D03FCDEF8E3FC3E417A" box="[784,914,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">A. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE18D02FF0BF8C5FE4E46D9" blockId="0.[151,1437,1154,2009]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,152,209]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Diego Garcia is a small atoll situated on the southernmost end of the Great Chagos Bank (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A4BFFE18D03FB4CF8C5FB73419C" box="[1154,1247,1917,1940]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[289,1297,814,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[289,1298,814,1853]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory. Asterisks (*) indicate approximate collecting localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183402/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, inset). This area, which is the southerly portion of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE18D03FDD3F818FDD941BF" box="[541,629,1952,1975]" name="Maldives" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Maldive</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE18D03FDB3F818FD4741BF" box="[637,747,1952,1975]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Laccadive</collectingCountry>
|
||
ridge, is a scattered series of atolls and banks separated by water depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE18D03FECBF87AFE2B41D1" box="[261,391,1986,2009]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="500.0">500–2000m</quantity>
|
||
. The Chagos Archipelago is one of the most isolated in the world, separated by approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE08D02FF59FF20FF4146A7" box="[151,237,152,175]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" unit="km" value="2700.0">2700km</quantity>
|
||
from its nearest neighbor to the East (Cocos [Keeling] Islands),
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE08D02FC53FF20FC5846A7" box="[925,1012,152,175]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" unit="km" value="1900.0">1900km</quantity>
|
||
to the West (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE08D02FB4EFF20FB5B46A7" box="[1152,1271,152,175]" name="Seychelles" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE08D02FAF9FF20FA2D46A7" box="[1335,1409,152,175]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" unit="km" value="500.0">500km</quantity>
|
||
to the North (southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE08D02FEA0FF02FE7A46D9" box="[366,470,186,209]" name="Maldives" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E6646FFE08D02FF59FD53FA30450A" box="[151,1436,747,771]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183401/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[151,1409,255,722]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE08D02FF59FD53FA30450A" blockId="1.[151,1436,747,771]" box="[151,1436,747,771]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE08D02FF59FD53FEB5450B" bold="true" box="[151,281,747,771]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE08D02FE07FD53FD02450A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[457,686,747,770]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE08D02FE07FD53FD02450A" box="[457,686,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Acanthurus nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E6646FFE08D02FF59F8ECFE054184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183402/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[289,1297,814,1853]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE08D02FF59F8ECFE054184" blockId="1.[151,1436,1876,1932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE08D02FF59F8ECFEB64164" bold="true" box="[151,282,1876,1900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Map of Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory. Asterisks (*) indicate approximate collecting localities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE08D01FF0BF80FFC3E47EF" blockId="1.[151,1435,1975,2033]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,1561]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The fish fauna of the Chagos Archipelago was until recently relatively unknown. Early collections were made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE08D02FF59F862FE8641F9" author="Regan, C. T." box="[151,298,2010,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" pagination="217" refId="ref2132" refString="Regan, C. T. (1908) Report on the marine fishes collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner in the Indian Ocean. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London, Ser. 2, Zoology 12, 217 - 255." year="1908">Regan (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who recorded 32 species of shore fishes. Part of this collection has been lost casting some uncertainty on those records (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE38D01FEFDFF20FDE346A7" author="Winterbottom, R. & Emery, A. R. & Holm, E." box="[307,591,152,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refId="ref2224" refString="Winterbottom, R., Emery, A. R. & Holm, E. (1989) An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Chagos Archipelago central Indian Ocean. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributuion No. 145. 226 pp." year="1989">
|
||
Winterbottom
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FE1FFF20FDAC46A7" box="[465,512,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A collection of subtidal fishes was made by Adair Fehlmann of the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center in 1967, and these specimens are currently housed at the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FB48FF02FB1946D9" box="[1158,1205,186,209]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
National Museum of Natural History. From
|
||
<date id="FFCF100EFFE38D01FE5EFF65FD8C46FC" box="[400,544,221,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" value="1971" valueMax="1975">1971 to 1975</date>
|
||
a Japanese fisheries feasibility study for the Indian Ocean performed exploratory long lining and reported 78 species from Chagos (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE38D01FD65FEB8FC26471F" author="Kyushin, K. & Amaoka, K. & Nakaya, K. & Ida, H." box="[683,906,256,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refId="ref1983" refString="Kyushin, K., Amaoka, K., Nakaya, K. & Ida, H. (1977) Fishes of Indian Ocean, Japan Marine Fishery Resource Center, 392 pp." year="1977">
|
||
Kyushin
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FCC0FEB8FC91471F" box="[782,829,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1977
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The 1984 FAO Species Identification Sheets for the western Indian Ocean report 168 species from Chagos. The most comprehensive collection of fishes at Chagos was that of Richard Winterbottom and Alan Emery who visited the area for two and half months in 1978/9. This survey covered depths from the intertidal to
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B2BFFE38D01FDCEFED0FD9C4777" box="[512,560,360,383]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" unit="m" value="48.0">48m</quantity>
|
||
and the specimens are deposited at the Royal Ontario Museum. Subsequently, R. Charles Anderson participated in a survey of fishes in Chagos citing several new records. These two surveys yielded a total of 773 species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE38D01FEBDFE15FD2747CC" author="Winterbottom, R. & Emery, A. R. & Holm, E." box="[371,651,429,452]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refId="ref2224" refString="Winterbottom, R., Emery, A. R. & Holm, E. (1989) An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Chagos Archipelago central Indian Ocean. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributuion No. 145. 226 pp." year="1989">
|
||
Winterbottom
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FDDEFE15FD9347CC" box="[528,575,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE38D01FD59FE15FBA147CC" author="Winterbottom, R. & Anderson, R. C." box="[663,1037,429,452]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refId="ref2178" refString="Winterbottom, R. & Anderson, R. C. (1997) A revised checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology Ichthyological Buleltin No. 66. 28 pP." year="1997">Winterbottom and Anderson, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite the thorough surveys of the fish fauna of the Chagos Archipelago, no records exist for
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FCC6FE68FC3E47EF" box="[776,914,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE38D01FCC6FE68FC2247EF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[776,910,464,487]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">A. nigricans</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE38D01FF0BFE4AFAC244D1" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1561]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FF0BFE4AFF4E4401" box="[197,226,498,521]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
part of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FEABFE4AFE114401" box="[357,445,498,521]" name="Maldives" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Maldive</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FE0BFE4AFD9F4401" box="[453,563,498,521]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Laccadive</collectingCountry>
|
||
ridge, the Chagos Archipelago has similar faunal characteristics to its northerly neighbors, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FEFBFDADFE344424" box="[309,408,533,556]" name="Maldives" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Randall and Anderson, 1993). Chagos is only known to have three endemic species and shows greater affinities to the southern rather than the northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FCCDFD80FCCA4447" box="[771,870,568,591]" name="Maldives" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE38D01FCB8FD80FB5F4447" author="Winterbottom, R. & Anderson, R. C." box="[886,1267,568,591]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refId="ref2178" refString="Winterbottom, R. & Anderson, R. C. (1997) A revised checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology Ichthyological Buleltin No. 66. 28 pP." year="1997">Winterbottom and Anderson, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FAF7FD80FA304447" box="[1337,1436,568,591]" name="Maldives" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
ichthyofauna is recognizable as two distinct assemblages, with the northern portion of that archipelago sharing affinities with eastern Indian Ocean fishes and the southern portion (including Chagos) having more representative species of the western Indian Ocean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE38D01FE5CFD18FCBC44BF" author="Winterbottom, R. & Anderson, R. C." box="[402,784,672,695]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refId="ref2178" refString="Winterbottom, R. & Anderson, R. C. (1997) A revised checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology Ichthyological Buleltin No. 66. 28 pP." year="1997">Winterbottom and Anderson, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This difference has been attributed to the proximity of the eastward flowing Equatorial Counter Current for at least a portion of the year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE38D01FC13FD7AFAF944D1" author="Winterbottom, R. & Anderson, R. C." box="[989,1365,706,729]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refId="ref2178" refString="Winterbottom, R. & Anderson, R. C. (1997) A revised checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology Ichthyological Buleltin No. 66. 28 pP." year="1997">Winterbottom and Anderson, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)..
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE38D01FF0BFD5DFDD24294" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1561]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Our observations and collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE38D01FD86FD5DFD6744F4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[584,715,741,764]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FD86FD5DFD6744F4" box="[584,715,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">A. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not fit this mechanism of dispersal from a western “source” and present a challenge to the traditional view of Indian Ocean reef fish biogeography. The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE38D01FB2EFCB0FACF4517" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1248,1379,776,799]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FB2EFCB0FACF4517" box="[1248,1379,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">A. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates a route of dispersal to Chagos from the eastern Indian Ocean (perhaps from Christmas and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FB55FC92FA304549" box="[1179,1436,810,833]" name="Cocos (Keeling) Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
where they are relatively abundant). There are three possible mechanisms that readily explain this eastward dispersal: 1. The species dispersed via a continental route, through the Bay of Bengal, across
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FBE7FCC8FBCF458F" box="[1065,1123,880,903]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and downward through the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FF59FC2AFF5645A1" box="[151,250,914,937]" name="Maldives" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Chagos, 2. The species dispersed via direct larval transport to Chagos, and 3. Release of aquarium specimens. Accidental or intentional release of aquarium specimens is highly unlikely; Diego Garcia is currently the site of a
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FF59FC60FE8A45E7" box="[151,294,984,1007]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
Naval Support Facility and no aquarium trade is present.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE38D01FC5BFC60FBC345E7" box="[917,1135,984,1007]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurs" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FC5BFC60FBC345E7" box="[917,1135,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Acanthurs nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been recorded from continental localities in the northern Indian Ocean, nor has it been recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FC29FC42FBE64219" box="[999,1098,1018,1041]" name="Maldives" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
despite a booming recreational diving industry and the numerous surveys of R. C. Anderson who has resided in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FBEEFBA5FB2F423C" box="[1056,1155,1053,1076]" name="Maldives" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
for over a decade (R. C. Anderson, pers. comm.). In addition, the photographic record of the hybrid from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366765EFFE38D01FC31FBF8FBCE425F" box="[1023,1122,1088,1111]" name="Maldives" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
only provides equivocal evidence of the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE38D01FE50FBDBFD8D4272" box="[414,545,1123,1146]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurs" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FE50FBDBFD8D4272" box="[414,545,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">A. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there. Thus dispersal via a continental route is also unlikely. The remaining hypothesis invokes direct larval transport to Chagos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36CEFFE38D01FF0BFB10FD554011" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1561]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Although eastward flowing surface currents may be responsible for transporting larvae from the western Indian Ocean to Chagos,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE38D01FEACFB73FE4B42EA" box="[354,487,1227,1250]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurs" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FEACFB73FE4B42EA" box="[354,487,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">A. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has clearly dispersed from the eastern Indian Ocean, likely via direct larval transport. Unlike the largely predictable Pacific Ocean gyre, surface currents in the Indian Ocean are variable. For example, during northeast monsoonal periods (November–March), the North Equatorial Current flows westward between 5ºN and 2ºS, yet during the southwest monsoon season (April–October) this same current reverses and flows eastward. In addition, this current is known to oscillate between the northern and southern hemispheres during inter-monsoonal periods with the formation of an eastward flowing “jet” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B3FFFE38D01FDB9FAC0FCA44387" author="Wyrtki, K." box="[631,776,1400,1423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" pagination="262" refId="ref2270" refString="Wyrtki, K. (1973) An equatorial jet in the Indian Ocean. Science 181, 262 - 264." year="1973">Wyrtki, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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). Coupled with the complex atmospheric and oceanographic changes associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), a phenomenon not unlike the well known El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the surface currents that likely facilitate long-distance larval dispersal in the Indian Ocean are a complex system. The presence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D4DFFE38D01FDCEFA58FD2F43FF" box="[512,643,1504,1527]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanthurs" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B905EADCFFE38D01FDCEFA58FD2F43FF" box="[512,643,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">A. nigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at Diego Garcia indicates that stochastic instances of larval transport from the eastern Indian Ocean to Chagos have likely occurred.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |