387 lines
52 KiB
XML
387 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="5EC9CDADA9A054B92803AA7644ADD7BE" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.01.002" ID-GBIF-Dataset="13003194-aa78-4067-a895-ba4829f586f1" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933857" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1712342127769" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Enemark, Heidi Larsen, Oksanen, Antti, Chriel ́, Mariann, Fevre ̀ Harslun, Jakob le, Ian, David Woolse & Mohammad, Nafi Solaiman Al-Sa" docDate="2017" docId="03D8879C3171FFD9FCE1F9D5FC20FA4E" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.6.1.16-21.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 6 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.01.002" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.2:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Setaria tundra" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFE1FFE43170FFDDFFDEFF88FFF7FFBD" masterDocTitle="Detection and molecular characterization of the mosquito-borne filarial nematode Setaria tundra in Danish roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1713351427167" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="903E47F1E5F3AE223ADC2E5C6957CC79">Detection and molecular characterization of the mosquito-borne filarial nematode Setaria tundra in Danish roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7EBE0A49FEF81395271E6009DEA98D70" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5D55D55A04B2B23D2A52F5B093A53DE0">Enemark, Heidi Larsen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FEBBDD748C7E2EFBC84957B71BEE4985">Technical University of Denmark, DK- 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark & Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 750, Sentrum, NO- 0106 Oslo, Norway</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="49350EF5AA9AB23995C4558268AC4FEE">Oksanen, Antti</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="53BF4B7F9045E83855580E23C4E87B5D">Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Production Animal and Wildlife Health Research Unit (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI- 90590, Oulu, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="966C40DA9572D89A88D4849A52F7335F">Chriel ́, Mariann</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BE500809D74735BEB63C200DF710DBCB">Technical University of Denmark, DK- 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F67E06931F6DFB03BF2841D13AB7C1BB">Fevre ̀ Harslun, Jakob le</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C9B0965012021DA72319711D3AD7AF18">Ian, David Woolse</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A820620DC12FC4CAF81ECCE4919C52B8">Mohammad, Nafi Solaiman Al-Sa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DC16D0F8BC547F1A3E9208796E706804">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="596A633C4EC7DF1081CBE3D62164EE22">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FFCB43D23DB6A39F93200267ACCD1A61">2017-04-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="07118D105CE85E58A62235D04FA4AB9F">6</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0C4A77311935DF8309C2D04ABC0C659D">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="B72D5E94EBE4AA52A56DBD835A7D9F2D">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.01.002</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="97CE3BCB39B3D7B49AFABD00A17BEF66">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="10760AA6FB995F4BC6C4206951B3F2B8" type="DOI">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.01.002</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="26372D420D298E8742CECBE313EBF55F" type="GBIF-Dataset">13003194-aa78-4067-a895-ba4829f586f1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D8879C3171FFD9FCE1F9D5FC20FA4E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="225541602" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10966663" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D8879C3171FFD9FCE1F9D5FC20FA4E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D8879C3171FFD9FCE1F9D5FC20FA4E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="C36B65013171FFDCFCE1F9D5FBB9F9CD" box="[831,1102,1629,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCE368A3171FFDCFCE1F9D5FBB9F9CD" blockId="1.[831,1102,1629,1649]" box="[831,1102,1629,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">
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<heading id="D08681E63171FFDCFCE1F9D5FBB9F9CD" bold="true" box="[831,1102,1629,1649]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B905EA983171FFDCFCE1F9D5FBB9F9CD" bold="true" box="[831,1102,1629,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">
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3.
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D093171FFDCFC80F9D6FC5EF9CC" ID-CoL="C2G5W" authority="Isaichikov & Rajewskaja, 1928" box="[862,937,1630,1649]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="1" pageNumber="17" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">Results</taxonomicName>
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and discussion
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B65013171FFDFFC81F91DFAC7F94F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="17" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCE368A3171FFDFFC81F91DFAC7F94F" blockId="1.[831,1501,1685,1984]" lastBlockId="2.[805,1475,1730,1974]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">
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The morphology of worms isolated from the peritoneal cavity was identical to
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D093171FFDCFC31F938FBBEF979" box="[1007,1097,1712,1732]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="1" pageNumber="17" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
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<emphasis id="B905EA983171FFDCFC31F938FBBEF979" box="[1007,1097,1712,1732]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">S. tundra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by light microscopy (
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<figureCitation id="134A2A0F3171FFDCFAECF939FA9CF979" box="[1330,1387,1713,1732]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[113,138,1149,1163]" captionTargetBox="[128,1486,180,1117]" captionTargetId="figure-523@3.[126,1488,178,1119]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Morphology of adult worms of Setaria tundra (A‾C) and microfilaria (D and E) recovered from roe deer in Denmark. A: Cephalic region showing the bifid projections (bp) carried on top of a peribuccal crown (pc) and one of the four cephalic papillae (cp). B: Posterior end of male worm with papillae weakly visible (arrowheads). C: Posterior end of female worm showing a knob at the tip of the tail (arrow head), that possesses longitudinal grooves and pores, a papilla (pa), and a collar composed of a row of bosses (co). D: Microfilaria collected from a female worm. The length of the microfilaria including the sheath (white arrow heads) was approximately 316 Mm, whereas the microfilaria was approximately 287 Mm, with a blunt anterior end and a tapering posterior end. E: Setaria tundra coiled under the liver capsule (case 3). Scale bars indicated for all but figure E." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986113/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). This was confirmed by sequences of the 12S rRNA and
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<emphasis id="B905EA983171FFDCFAFEF944FABAF95D" box="[1312,1357,1740,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">cox1</emphasis>
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genes, which were 99.1
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<emphasis id="B905EA983171FFDCFC41F961FC59F941" bold="true" box="[927,942,1769,1788]" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">‾</emphasis>
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99.8% identical to previously published
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D093171FFDCFAE9F960FA7BF941" box="[1335,1420,1768,1788]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="1" pageNumber="17" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
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<emphasis id="B905EA983171FFDCFAE9F960FA7BF941" box="[1335,1420,1768,1788]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">S. tundra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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isolates from
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<collectingCountry id="F366761A3171FFDCFCA8F88DFC24F8A5" box="[886,979,1797,1816]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">Germany</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F366761A3171FFDCFC03F88DFBD7F8A5" box="[989,1056,1797,1816]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">France</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F366761A3171FFDCFBF5F88DFBAFF8A5" box="[1067,1112,1797,1816]" name="Italy" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">Italy</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F366761A3171FFDCFBBCF88DFB6DF8A5" box="[1122,1178,1797,1816]" name="Spain" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">Spain</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F366761A3171FFDCFB13F88DFAEDF8A5" box="[1229,1306,1797,1816]" name="Finland" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">Finland</collectingCountry>
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. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on 12S rRNA and
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<emphasis id="B905EA983171FFDCFB79F8A8FB23F889" box="[1191,1236,1824,1844]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">cox1</emphasis>
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sequences were similar in topology and therefore only one tree is presented (
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<figureCitation id="134A2A0F3171FFDCFA9AF8B5FA8DF8ED" box="[1348,1402,1853,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[88,113,1051,1065]" captionTargetBox="[101,1460,179,1019]" captionTargetId="figure-530@4.[100,1462,178,1021]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic relationship of four isolates of Setaria tundra from distant localities in Denmark. The analysis was based on cox1 gene sequences (578 bp). Percentage bootstrap support from 1000 replicate samples is indicated at the right of the supported node. Accession numbers for sequences obtained from GenBank are given in parentheses, followed by origin of isolate, only applicable to S. tundra. The scale bar indicates distance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986117" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986117/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Accordingly, the Danish isolates described here were clearly grouped with other isolates of
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D093171FFDCFC34F8FCFBB5F835" box="[1002,1090,1908,1928]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="1" pageNumber="17" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
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<emphasis id="B905EA983171FFDCFC34F8FCFBB5F835" box="[1002,1090,1908,1928]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="17">S. tundra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Europe in one node that had high bootstrap values for NJ (0.99). However, sequence analysis showed slight variability within the Danish isolates, which was reflected in their topology in the phylogenetic tree. For example, the Danish isolates 2013-410-1 & 2, which geographically originated from Zealand (an island) were more closely related to the isolate 2010- 1233 that originated from Jutland (a peninsula) than the other isolate (2012-1665) from Zealand. The Danish isolate 2012-1665, with worms encapsulated in the liver capsule, had 0.5% variation in the
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<emphasis id="B905EA983172FFDFFFA3F8E1FF5DF8C0" box="[125,170,1897,1917]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">cox1</emphasis>
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compared to other Danish isolates, but had a lower level of variability (0.2
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<emphasis id="B905EA983172FFDFFF2AF80EFEF2F824" bold="true" box="[244,261,1926,1945]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">‾</emphasis>
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0.3%) and was phylogenetically more closely related to other European isolates (
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<figureCitation id="134A2A0F3172FFDFFE37F82AFDDFF808" box="[489,552,1954,1973]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[88,113,1051,1065]" captionTargetBox="[101,1460,179,1019]" captionTargetId="figure-530@4.[100,1462,178,1021]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic relationship of four isolates of Setaria tundra from distant localities in Denmark. The analysis was based on cox1 gene sequences (578 bp). Percentage bootstrap support from 1000 replicate samples is indicated at the right of the supported node. Accession numbers for sequences obtained from GenBank are given in parentheses, followed by origin of isolate, only applicable to S. tundra. The scale bar indicates distance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986117" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986117/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Despite the low bootstrap values, the general topology of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D093172FFDFFB38F94AFAAFF96B" box="[1254,1368,1730,1750]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B905EA983172FFDFFB38F94AFADEF96B" box="[1254,1321,1730,1750]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">Setaria</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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resembles a previously published tree by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3172FFDFFB80F957FADCF94F" author="Alasaad, S. & Pascucci, I. & Jowers, M. J. & Soriguer, R. C. & Zhu, X. - Q. & Rossi, L." box="[1118,1323,1759,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" pagination="285" refId="ref3952" refString="Alasaad, S., Pascucci, I., Jowers, M. J., Soriguer, R. C., Zhu, X. - Q., Rossi, L., 2012. Phylogenetic study of Setaria cervi based on mitochondrial cox 1 gene sequences. Parasitol. Res. 110, 281 ‾ 285." type="journal article" year="2012">Alasaad et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF0E66023172FFDFFF86F9EBFF4DF934" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986111" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10986111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986111/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" startId="2.[88,113,1635,1649]" targetBox="[216,1347,180,1605]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BCE368A3172FFDFFF86F9EBFF4DF934" blockId="2.[88,1476,1634,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B905EA983172FFDFFF86F9EBFF72F9CF" bold="true" box="[88,133,1635,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
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Geographical origin (black dots) of
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D093172FFDFFE7DF9EAFDF9F9CF" box="[419,526,1634,1650]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
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<emphasis id="B905EA983172FFDFFE7DF9EAFDF9F9CF" box="[419,526,1634,1650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">Setaria tundra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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recovered from six infected roe deer. A: October 2010, B: May 2011, C: December 2012, D: May 2013 (two cases), and E: March 2014.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C36B65013172FFDEFC9BF973FAABF8B3" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BCE368A3172FFDEFC9BF973FD18F93F" blockId="2.[805,1475,1730,1974]" lastBlockId="3.[113,784,1312,1974]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">
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This is the first report of
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D093172FFDFFBE4F972FB66F8B3" box="[1082,1169,1786,1806]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
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<emphasis id="B905EA983172FFDFFBE4F972FB66F8B3" box="[1082,1169,1786,1806]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">S. tundra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F366761A3172FFDFFB71F973FAF9F8B3" box="[1199,1294,1787,1806]" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Worms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093172FFDFFAA1F972FC44F897" authorityName="Assadov" authorityYear="1952" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="18" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="transcaucasica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983172FFDFFAA1F972FC44F897" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">Setaria transcaucasica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were earlier recovered from 41 out of 76 roe deer (53.9%) collected from the island LaesØ in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3172FFDFFB32F8BBFABEF8FB" box="[1260,1353,1843,1862]" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="18">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3172FFDFFA82F8BBFCA1F8DF" author="Korsholm, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="18" refId="ref5099" refString="Korsholm, H., 1988. Nematode Infections in Roe Deer and Cattle: Analysis of the Reservoir Host Problems (in Danish with English summary). Dissertation. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen." type="book" year="1988">Korsholm, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In that study, the worms recovered from younger animals were encapsulated in different visceral organs and tissues, whereas in older animals the worms were found free in the peritoneal cavity. It is hard to determine if the proposed identification of the parasites was valid in the study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFEA2FAA8FDD1FA89" author="Korsholm, H." box="[380,550,1312,1332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refId="ref5099" refString="Korsholm, H., 1988. Nematode Infections in Roe Deer and Cattle: Analysis of the Reservoir Host Problems (in Danish with English summary). Dissertation. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen." type="book" year="1988">Korsholm (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
because of the similar position of the worms in the subcapsular layer of visceral organs in that study in comparison to the current case 3 (Isolate 2012-1665) and scarce information can be found in the literature about the vectors, mode of transmission or morphology for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFDB8FA07FCFDFA1E" authorityName="Assadov" authorityYear="1952" box="[614,778,1423,1443]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="transcaucasica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFDB8FA07FCFDFA1E" box="[614,778,1423,1443]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">S. transcaucasica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Indeed the taxonomic status of this parasite is highly ambiguous. Thus it is possible that these findings were actually
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFD73FA4FFCE7FA66" box="[685,784,1479,1499]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFD73FA4FFCFBFA66" box="[685,780,1479,1499]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">S. tundra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Certainly, considering the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFDDEFA6BFDAEFA4A" box="[512,601,1507,1527]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFDDEFA6BFDAEFA4A" box="[512,601,1507,1527]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the north and east of the country it is unlikely that the parasites found in the current study represent very recent introductions into
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3173FFDEFD73F994FCFBF992" box="[685,780,1564,1583]" name="Denmark" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Nonetheless, the existence of an isolated island with a remarkably high prevalence of a vector-borne filarial nematode may present a model for studying the transmission dynamics of that parasite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E66023173FFDEFFAFFBF5FA2FFB5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986113" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10986113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986113/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" startId="3.[113,138,1149,1163]" targetBox="[128,1486,180,1117]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE368A3173FFDEFFAFFBF5FA2FFB5B" blockId="3.[113,1502,1147,1255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFFAFFBF5FF56FB36" bold="true" box="[113,161,1149,1163]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology of adult worms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFE41FBF3FDFCFB36" box="[415,523,1147,1163]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFE41FBF3FDFCFB36" box="[415,523,1147,1163]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Setaria tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFDFFFBF4FDDAFB36" bold="true" box="[545,557,1148,1163]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">‾</emphasis>
|
||
C) and microfilaria (D and E) recovered from roe deer in Denmark. A: Cephalic region showing the bifid projections (bp) carried on top of a peribuccal crown (pc) and one of the four cephalic papillae (cp). B: Posterior end of male worm with papillae weakly visible (arrowheads). C: Posterior end of female worm showing a knob at the tip of the tail (arrow head), that possesses longitudinal grooves and pores, a papilla (pa), and a collar composed of a row of bosses (co). D: Microfilaria collected from a female worm. The length of the microfilaria including the sheath (white arrow heads) was approximately 316
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFB0CFB49FB2BFB6D" bold="true" box="[1234,1244,1217,1232]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
|
||
m, whereas the microfilaria was approximately 287
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFED4FB50FEE3FB5A" bold="true" box="[266,276,1240,1255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
|
||
m, with a blunt anterior end and a tapering posterior end. E:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFD24FB5FFC91FB5B" box="[762,870,1239,1255]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFD24FB5FFC91FB5B" box="[762,870,1239,1255]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Setaria tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
coiled under the liver capsule (case 3). Scale bars indicated for all but figure E.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE368A3173FFDEFF4FF903FAABF8B3" blockId="3.[113,784,1312,1974]" lastBlockId="3.[831,1501,1312,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Infections with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFEF1F902FE72F923" box="[303,389,1674,1694]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFEF1F902FE72F923" box="[303,389,1674,1694]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are of particular interest to game meat and fur retailers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFEFFF92FFE31F907" author="Rehbinder, C." box="[289,454,1703,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="73" refId="ref5664" refString="Rehbinder, C., 1990. Some vector borne parasites in Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L). Rangifer 10, 67 ‾ 73." type="journal article" year="1990">Rehbinder, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFE0EF92FFD58F907" author="Laaksonen, S. & Kuusela, J. & Nikander, S. & Nylund, M. & Oksanen, A." box="[464,687,1703,1723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="841" refId="ref5316" refString="Laaksonen, S., Kuusela, J., Nikander, S., Nylund, M., Oksanen, A., 2007. Parasitic peritonitis outbreak in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finland. Vet. Rec. 160, 835 ‾ 841." type="journal article" year="2007">Laaksonen et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reports from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3173FFDEFF74F94BFF02F96B" box="[170,245,1731,1750]" name="Finland" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
linked poor body condition, under-developed fur in winter, dry fur, and reduced mean slaughter weight of reindeer infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFEDEF972FDA3F8B3" authority="(Laaksonen et al., 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Laaksonen" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[256,596,1786,1806]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFEDEF972FEAEF8B3" box="[256,345,1786,1806]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFEB6F973FDBCF8B3" author="Laaksonen, S. & Kuusela, J. & Nikander, S. & Nylund, M. & Oksanen, A." box="[360,587,1787,1806]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="841" refId="ref5316" refString="Laaksonen, S., Kuusela, J., Nikander, S., Nylund, M., Oksanen, A., 2007. Parasitic peritonitis outbreak in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finland. Vet. Rec. 160, 835 ‾ 841." type="journal article" year="2007">Laaksonen et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In roe deer, most infections with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFED0F89EFE92F897" box="[270,357,1814,1834]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFED0F89EFE92F897" box="[270,357,1814,1834]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have less impact on meat and coat quality but if animals are severely afflicted approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B6F3173FFDEFDAFF8BAFCF8F8FB" box="[625,783,1842,1862]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.52" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" unit="t" value="152.0">152 metric tons</quantity>
|
||
of game meat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFED7F8C7FE8BF8DF" author="DVFA & The Danish Veterinary & Food Administration" box="[265,380,1871,1890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refId="ref4490" refString="DVFA (The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration), 2012. Report on Slaughtered Animals by Species and Industry (in Danish). http: // www. foedevarestyrelsen. dk / english / Pages / default. aspx." type="url" year="2012">DVFA, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), at an approximate value of 8,8 million Euros could be potentially affected. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3173FFDEFE34F8E2FDBEF8C0" box="[490,585,1898,1917]" name="Denmark" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the annual hunting yield of roe deer is over 125,000 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFE04F80EFDAFF824" author="Asferg, T." box="[474,600,1926,1945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="2012" refId="ref4208" refString="Asferg, T., 2012. Hunting Yield for Hunting Season 2011 / 12, Memo from DCE - National Centre for Environment and Energy (in Danish). Aarhus University, Institut for Bioscience. Published on 15. October / 2012." type="journal article" year="2012">Asferg, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Infected viscera from reindeer may be condemned at meat inspection, but the carcass is considered fit for human consumption even without heat treating (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFC40FAB4FB77FAED" author="Laaksonen, S. & Kuusela, J. & Nikander, S. & Nylund, M. & Oksanen, A." box="[926,1152,1340,1360]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="841" refId="ref5316" refString="Laaksonen, S., Kuusela, J., Nikander, S., Nylund, M., Oksanen, A., 2007. Parasitic peritonitis outbreak in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finland. Vet. Rec. 160, 835 ‾ 841." type="journal article" year="2007">Laaksonen et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on the present results we consider the findings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFBF3FADFFB74FAD6" box="[1069,1155,1367,1387]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFBF3FADFFB74FAD6" box="[1069,1155,1367,1387]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
incidental and not associated with the emaciation, which was observed in three of the six cases (1, 2 & 6). In one animal (case 1) massive excretion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFAF4FA07FA54FA19" box="[1322,1443,1423,1444]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Giardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFAF4FA07FA86FA1E" box="[1322,1393,1423,1443]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Giardia</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cysts was seen and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFC05FA23FB46FA02" box="[987,1201,1451,1471]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFC05FA23FB8AFA02" box="[987,1149,1451,1471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
oocysts were also detected. Another animal (case 6) was excreting high numbers of gastrointestinal nematodes. Only a single
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFB42FA6BFB02FA4A" box="[1180,1269,1507,1527]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFB42FA6BFB02FA4A" box="[1180,1269,1507,1527]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was uncovered in the third animal (case 2) and no obvious parasitological explanation could be found for the observed enteritis and emaciation. Therefore the clinical signs may have been caused by other non-parasitic pathogens. Due to the low number of animals and the protracted study period nothing can be concluded regarding the general parasitological findings. It is worth noticing though that the zoonotic pathogens
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFC2FF92EFB3FF906" box="[1009,1224,1702,1723]" class="Conoidasida" family="Cryptosporidiidae" genus="Cryptosporidium" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFC2FF92EFB64F907" box="[1009,1171,1702,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Cryptosporidium</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFADAF92EFA76F906" box="[1284,1409,1702,1723]" class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Giardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFADAF92EFABCF907" box="[1284,1355,1702,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">Giardia</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFA4AF92FFBF1F96B" author="Garcia-Presedo, I. & Pedraza-Diaz, S. & Mezo, M. & Bautista, M. & Ortega-Mora, L. M. & Castro-Hermida, J. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="664" refId="ref4667" refString="Garcia-Presedo, I., Pedraza-Diaz, S., Gonz´alez-Warleta, M., Mezo, M., G´omez- Bautista, M., Ortega-Mora, L. M., Castro-Hermida, J. A., 2013. The first report of Cryptosporidium bovis, C. ryanae and Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblage A-II in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Spain. Vet. Parasitol. 197, 658 ‾ 664." type="journal article" year="2013">García-Presedo et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093173FFDEFBBCF94AFB41F96B" box="[1122,1206,1730,1750]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983173FFDEFBBCF94AFB41F96B" box="[1122,1206,1730,1750]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is an important vector for several zoonotic agents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFBA9F957FAAFF94F" author="Kauffmann, M. & Rehbein, S. & Hamel, D. & Lutz, W. & Heddergott, M. & Pfister, K. & Silaghi, C." box="[1143,1368,1759,1778]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="19" refId="ref4909" refString="Kauffmann, M., Rehbein, S., Hamel, D., Lutz, W., Heddergott, M., Pfister, K., Silaghi, C., 2016 Aug 19. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia spp. In roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and mouflon (Ovis musimon) in Germany. Mol. Cell. Probes. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. mcp. 2016.08.008. pii: S 0890 - 8508 (16) 30070 - 6, [Epub ahead of print]." type="book chapter" year="2016">Kauffmann et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFABFF957FC98F8B3" author="Scheid, P. & Speck, S. & Schwarzenberger, R. & Litzinger, M. & Balczun, C. & Dobler, G." pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="1273" refId="ref5777" refString="Scheid, P., Speck, S., Schwarzenberger, R., Litzinger, M., Balczun, C., Dobler, G., 2016. Detection of Rickettsia Helvetica in Ixodes ricinus infesting wild and domestic animals and in a botfly larva (Cephenemyia stimulator) infesting roe deer in Germany. Ticks Tick. Borne Dis. 7, 1268 ‾ 1273." type="journal article" year="2016">Scheid et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), were detected in all of the emaciated roe deer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B65013173FFD9FC81F89FFC20FA4E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE368A3173FFD9FC81F89FFD14FA3E" blockId="3.[831,1501,1312,1974]" lastBlockId="4.[88,757,1168,1969]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="19">
|
||
The spatio-temporal distribution and transmission of vector-borne diseases are highly affected by climatic change (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFA4CF8BBFC46F8DF" author="Hoberg, E. P. & Polley, L. & Jenkins, E. J. & Kutz, S. J. & Veitch, A. M. & Elkin, B. T." pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="17" refId="ref4771" refString="Hoberg, E. P., Polley, L., Jenkins, E. J., Kutz, S. J., Veitch, A. M., Elkin, B. T., 2008. Integrated approaches and empirical models for investigation of parasitic diseases in northern wildlife. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 10 ‾ 17." type="journal article" year="2008">Hoberg et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Previous outbreaks of setariosis in Scandinavia have been associated with unusually warm weather, and given the right circumstances the parasite has demonstrated its capacity to increase its geographic range considerably (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3173FFDEFB2DF82AFA2FF808" author="Rehbinder, C. & Christensson, D. & Glatthard, V." box="[1267,1496,1954,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" pagination="507" refId="ref5692" refString="Rehbinder, C., Christensson, D., Glatthard, V., 1975. Parasitic granulomas in reindeer. A histopathological, parasitological and bacteriological study. Nord. Vet. Med. 27, 499 ‾ 507." type="journal article" year="1975">Rehbinder et al., 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FF86FB19FEC1FB19" author="Laaksonen, S. & Solismaa, M. & Kortet, R. & Kuusela, J. & Oksanen, A." box="[88,310,1169,1188]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="1" refId="ref5366" refString="Laaksonen, S., Solismaa, M., Kortet, R., Kuusela, J., Oksanen, A., 2009. Vectors and transmission dynamics for Setaria tundra (Filarioidea; Onchocercidae), a parasite of reindeer in Finland. Parasit. Vectors 2 (1), 1." type="journal article" year="2009">Laaksonen et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional mosquito species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FDAAFB18FF47FB7D" baseAuthorityName="Ficalbi" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Coquillettidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richiardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FDAAFB18FF47FB7D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Coquillettidia richiardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FF31FB24FE23FB7D" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[239,468,1196,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FF31FB24FE23FB7D" box="[239,468,1196,1216]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Ochlerotatus annulipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) not previously known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FF86FB40FF42FB61" box="[88,181,1224,1244]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FF86FB40FF42FB61" box="[88,181,1224,1244]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vectors have been observed to carry the parasite in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3174FFD9FF86FB6DFF58FB45" box="[88,175,1253,1272]" name="Hungary" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
, potentially increasing the vector species this parasite utilizes and it is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FE40FB77FE0AFAAE" box="[414,509,1279,1299]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FE40FB77FE0AFAAE" box="[414,509,1279,1299]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not vector specific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FFBEFA94FEBBFA8D" author="Laaksonen, S. & Solismaa, M. & Kortet, R. & Kuusela, J. & Oksanen, A." box="[96,332,1308,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="1" refId="ref5366" refString="Laaksonen, S., Solismaa, M., Kortet, R., Kuusela, J., Oksanen, A., 2009. Vectors and transmission dynamics for Setaria tundra (Filarioidea; Onchocercidae), a parasite of reindeer in Finland. Parasit. Vectors 2 (1), 1." type="journal article" year="2009">Laaksonen et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FE84FA94FD7CFA92" author="Angelone-Alasaad, S. & Jowers, M. J. & Panadero, R. & Pajares, G. & Soriguer, R. C. & Morrondo, P." box="[346,651,1308,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="521" refId="ref4125" refString="Angelone-Alasaad, S., Jowers, M. J., Panadero, R., Perez-Creo´, A., Pajares, G., Diez- Banos t, P., Soriguer, R. C., Morrondo, P., 2016. First report of Setaria tundra in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from the Iberian Peninsula inferred from molecular data: epidemiological implications. Parasit. Vectors 9 (1), 521." type="journal article" year="2016">Angelone-Alasaad et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This expected plasticity in vector species is concerning considering the likelihood that global warming will expand the range of various mosquito species into northern latitudes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FDDFFAF8FD22FA3E" author="Dupouy-Camet, J." box="[513,725,1392,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="3" refId="ref4465" refString="Dupouy-Camet, J., 2016. Parasites of cold climates: a danger or in danger? FAWPAR 4, 1 ‾ 3." type="journal article" year="2016">Dupouy-Camet, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E66023174FFD9FF86FB93FC76FBEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986117" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10986117" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986117/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" startId="4.[88,113,1051,1065]" targetBox="[101,1460,179,1019]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE368A3174FFD9FF86FB93FC76FBEB" blockId="4.[88,1476,1049,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FF86FB93FF7FFB94" bold="true" box="[88,136,1051,1065]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic relationship of four isolates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FDABFB91FD16FB94" box="[629,737,1049,1065]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FDABFB91FD16FB94" box="[629,737,1049,1065]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Setaria tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from distant localities in Denmark. The analysis was based on
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FB0AFB92FB01FB94" box="[1236,1270,1050,1065]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
gene sequences (578 bp). Percentage bootstrap support from 1000 replicate samples is indicated at the right of the supported node. Accession numbers for sequences obtained from GenBank are given in parentheses, followed by origin of isolate, only applicable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FDE8FBCFFD8DFBEA" box="[566,634,1095,1111]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FDE8FBCFFD8DFBEA" box="[566,634,1095,1111]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The scale bar indicates distance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE368A3174FFD9FFA9FA04FE86F9C3" blockId="4.[88,757,1168,1969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">
|
||
While surveillance is based on voluntary submissions to the National Veterinary Laboratory nothing is known about prevalence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FFABFA4BFF38FA6A" box="[117,207,1475,1495]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FFABFA4BFF38FA6A" box="[117,207,1475,1495]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in roe deer, fallow deer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FE3CFA4BFDABFA6A" box="[482,604,1475,1495]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Dama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dama">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FE3CFA4BFDABFA6A" box="[482,604,1475,1495]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Dama dama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and red deer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FFBEFA57FF01FA4E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[96,246,1503,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FFBEFA57FF01FA4E" box="[96,246,1503,1523]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (the three cervid species present in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3174FFD9FD55FA68FD1CFA4E" box="[651,747,1504,1523]" name="Denmark" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
), although the distant geographical origin of the current cases in conjunction with their relatively diverse molecular characterization is further indicative of a well-established population. This does not preclude, however, increasing prevalence in the future as a response to climate change.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE368A3174FFD9FFA9F90FFC20FA4E" blockId="4.[88,757,1168,1969]" lastBlockId="4.[805,1475,1169,1523]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The distribution and abundance of hosts and vectors can explain the spatio-temporal presence of
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FE47F92AFE03F90B" box="[409,500,1698,1718]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FE47F92AFE07F90B" box="[409,496,1698,1718]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">S. tundra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The outbreak of setariosis in the 1970s in Scandinavia was reported a few years after the introduction of roe deer into the same area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FD9AF953FD1FF953" author="Haugerud, R. E." box="[580,744,1755,1774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="36" refId="ref4744" refString="Haugerud, R. E., 1989. Roe deer are expanding northward. (in Norwegian). Ottar 5, 31 ‾ 36." type="journal article" year="1989">Haugerud, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which suggest a likely role of roe deer in the dissemination of this parasite (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FF6AF89AFE7BF898" author="Rehbinder, C. & Christensson, D. & Glatthard, V." box="[180,396,1810,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="507" refId="ref5692" refString="Rehbinder, C., Christensson, D., Glatthard, V., 1975. Parasitic granulomas in reindeer. A histopathological, parasitological and bacteriological study. Nord. Vet. Med. 27, 499 ‾ 507." type="journal article" year="1975">Rehbinder et al., 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FE48F89AFD86F89B" author="Laaksonen, S. & Kuusela, J. & Nikander, S. & Nylund, M. & Oksanen, A." box="[406,625,1810,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="841" refId="ref5316" refString="Laaksonen, S., Kuusela, J., Nikander, S., Nylund, M., Oksanen, A., 2007. Parasitic peritonitis outbreak in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finland. Vet. Rec. 160, 835 ‾ 841." type="journal article" year="2007">Laaksonen et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is considered to be the predominant reservoir in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3174FFD9FD84F8A6FD50F8FC" box="[602,679,1838,1857]" name="Finland" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3174FFD9FF86F8C2FF43F8E0" box="[88,180,1866,1885]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
where prevalence ranges from 1.6% in North Rhine-Westphalia to up to 12.3% in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F8683174FFD9FE3AF8EEFDDAF8C4" box="[484,557,1894,1913]" country="Germany" name="Bayern" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Bavaria</collectingRegion>
|
||
in roe deer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FD6AF8EEFF3CF828" author="Czajka, C. & Becker, N. & Poppert, S. & Schmidt-Chanasit, J. & Kruger, A." pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="14" refId="ref4405" refString="Czajka, C., Becker, N., Poppert, S., Jost ¨, S., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., Kruger, A., 2012. Molecular detection of Setaria tundra (Nematoda: Filariodea) and an unidentified filarial species in mosquitoes in Germany. Parasit. Vectors 5, 14." type="journal article" year="2012">Czajka et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With a reported mean daily range of 8.5 ha in roe deer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FF4FF816FED3F80C" author="Jeppesen, J. L." box="[145,292,1950,1969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" refId="ref4839" refString="Jeppesen, J. L., 1990. Home range and movements of free-ranging roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) at KalO. Dan. Rev. Game Biol. 14, 2 ‾ 14. ISSN 0374 - 7344). Available online. http: // bios. au. dk / fileadmin / bioscience / ePublikationer / DRGB _ 14 _ 1 _. pdf." type="url" year="1990">Jeppesen,1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and an open land border between Jutland and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3174FFD9FCFBFB19FC75FB19" box="[805,898,1169,1188]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, frequent crossings are likely to occur and are an obvious possible route of the parasite into the country. How the parasite was introduced onto the island of Zealand is not clear but the heterogeneous genetic profiles found on the island could indicate multiple introductions. In northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366761A3174FFD9FB44FA88FB12FAAE" box="[1178,1253,1280,1299]" name="Finland" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
the increased prevalence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FCA2FA93FC23FA92" box="[892,980,1307,1327]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FCA2FA93FC23FA92" box="[892,980,1307,1327]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in slaughtered reindeer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FB06FA94FA4DFA8D" author="Laaksonen, S. & Kuusela, J. & Nikander, S. & Nylund, M. & Oksanen, A." box="[1240,1466,1308,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="841" refId="ref5316" refString="Laaksonen, S., Kuusela, J., Nikander, S., Nylund, M., Oksanen, A., 2007. Parasitic peritonitis outbreak in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finland. Vet. Rec. 160, 835 ‾ 841." type="journal article" year="2007">Laaksonen et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was linked to aggregation of reindeer in herds in mosquito-rich wetlands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FC4AFADCFB74FADA" author="Laaksonen, S. & Solismaa, M. & Kortet, R. & Kuusela, J. & Oksanen, A." box="[916,1155,1364,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="1" refId="ref5366" refString="Laaksonen, S., Solismaa, M., Kortet, R., Kuusela, J., Oksanen, A., 2009. Vectors and transmission dynamics for Setaria tundra (Filarioidea; Onchocercidae), a parasite of reindeer in Finland. Parasit. Vectors 2 (1), 1." type="journal article" year="2009">Laaksonen et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The risk for transmission is highly enhanced when susceptible hosts are aggregated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B7B3174FFD9FA82FAF8FC4EFA22" author="Opara, K. N. & Fagbemi, B. O." pageId="4" pageNumber="20" pagination="37" refId="ref5514" refString="Opara, K. N., Fagbemi, B. O., 2008. Population dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in human host after six years of drug control. J. Vector. Borne. Dis. 45, 29 ‾ 37." type="journal article" year="2008">Opara and Fagbemi, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D093174FFD9FB9FFA03FB6EFA22" box="[1089,1177,1419,1439]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tundra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA983174FFD9FB9FFA03FB6EFA22" box="[1089,1177,1419,1439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="20">S. tundra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not vector specific, higher rate of transmission of this parasite is accordingly expected in woodlands that are close to water, where ungulates are aggregated in large numbers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |