245 lines
34 KiB
XML
245 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="A5A1C799FE914568542D0B46B9E0B63A" ID-CLB-Dataset="9223" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4895.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8c98e9f6-7bd0-4a15-9fe2-6015700904d1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4358718" ID-ZooBank="002F9E9D-43AA-4CD3-89FB-FD41EEEE4B18" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1608285294972" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vedenina, Varvara, Sevastianov, Nikita & Tarasova, Tatiana" docDate="2020" docId="03D81D4EFFCD0E16FF4EF9AA4B251E58" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4895.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4895 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gomphocerus sibiricus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="519" masterDocId="FFE16536FFC10E18FFD9FF6449251B55" masterDocTitle="Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories" masterLastPageNumber="527" masterPageNumber="505" pageNumber="517" updateTime="1698847735368" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="542AD510E37146C658CE2CE4356C85C2">Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4E35E8502A2582C44C138C0E6E649916">Vedenina, Varvara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1D707F083A4AFD414CE57CECEB6F3A1D" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2694-4152</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="CFA49E271C31597CD2757C17DD132AD7">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. & vedenin @ iitp. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2694 - 4152</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E3ACCE8F172F6B931DF074E20D9A96AC" type="email">vedenin@iitp.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7B57997FA7911EDF751890767F8EF14E">Sevastianov, Nikita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B528EA2C448D0FD517BC68B477CA5362" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1563-5194</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="2573DA1FA2B7FCA2F7632B3EDD7C911D">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. & met 3254 @ yandex. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1563 - 5194</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="73971888EAAE6C8150BC03A73D1097E8" type="email">met3254@yandex.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C8D91A9648CFD7686F69F04F29F879C4">Tarasova, Tatiana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7E22DCBC4165AC4185E9F5B26AB21204">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. & thomisida @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7956 - 9333</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C2C25F083A7B69AA7BE0463AC0D070B2" type="email">thomisida@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="805BC94023C12228086AEAE181AFD564">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D9032521EB3310F3230B9BA25F5E4649">
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<mods:date id="097E8289D4FE4AD4A8AF6B7153B6FA90">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DE345FD6E6295DB11B06F2704DF694CF">2020-12-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0CCA1269608128DF14032FC8CAF5632C">4895</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0BA3669D2CAED377F86E3304B22547FA" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4895.4.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D81D4EFFCD0E16FF4EF9AA4B251E58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4362351" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176234789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4362351" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D81D4EFFCD0E16FF4EF9AA4B251E58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D81D4EFFCD0E16FF4EF9AA4B251E58" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">
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<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFCD0E14FF4EF9AA4BA31DBD" box="[151,646,1742,1769]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCD0E14FF4EF9AA4BA31DBD" blockId="12.[151,646,1742,1769]" box="[151,646,1742,1769]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">
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<heading id="D0861B34FFCD0E14FF4EF9AA4BA31DBD" bold="true" box="[151,646,1742,1769]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCD0E14FF4EF9AA4BA31DBD" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[151,646,1742,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFCD0E14FF4EF9AA4BA31DBD" bold="true" box="[151,646,1742,1769]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFCD0E14FF4EF9AA488A1DBC" bold="true" box="[151,431,1742,1769]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Gomphocerus sibiricus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1767)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFCD0E14FF4EF8734CB81C00" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCD0E14FF4EF8734CB81C00" blockId="12.[151,1437,1815,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFCD0E14FF4EF87348141C64" bold="true" box="[151,305,1815,1841]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Scandinavia, northern half of European
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCD0E14FD2BF8734A1A1C64" box="[754,831,1815,1841]" name="Russia" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, Siberia, northern part of the Russian Far East, steppes of
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCD0E14FF6FF85F48061C00" box="[182,291,1851,1877]" name="Mongolia" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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and northern
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCD0E14FE66F85F4B231C00" box="[447,518,1851,1877]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">China</collectingCountry>
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. Mountains of Western Europe,
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCD0E14FCB5F85F4ACB1C00" box="[876,1006,1851,1877]" name="Turkey" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
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, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Tibet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFCD0E14FF1EF83B4AA31CCA" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCD0E14FF1EF83B4AA31CCA" blockId="12.[151,1437,1815,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFCD0E14FF1EF83B48761C2C" bold="true" box="[199,339,1887,1913]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Material. 2.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B19A605FFCD0E14FE80F83B4A5B1CCA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3003796322" collectingDate="2018-06-26" country="Kazakhstan" latitude="52.506668" location="Akmola region" longLatPrecision="108" longitude="68.72" municipality="Balkashino" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCD0E14FE80F83B48FA1C2C" box="[345,479,1887,1913]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<location id="8EAEFA83FFCD0E14FE31F83B4BB61C2C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D81D4EFFCD0E16FF4EF9AA4B251E58:8EAEFA83FFCD0E14FE31F83B4BB61C2C" box="[488,659,1887,1913]" country="Kazakhstan" latitude="52.506668" longLatPrecision="108" longitude="68.72" municipality="Balkashino" name="Akmola region" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Akmola region</location>
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,
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<locationDeviation id="9A7CB57AFFCD0E14FD46F83B4A931C2C" box="[671,950,1887,1913]" location="Kokshetau" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">
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<quantity id="4C8901BDFFCD0E14FD46F83B4BC31C2C" box="[671,742,1887,1913]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" unit="km" value="90.0">90 km</quantity>
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SW of Kokshetau
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</locationDeviation>
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||
, environs of
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BAA3622FFCD0E14FB9FF83B4DE21C2C" box="[1094,1223,1887,1913]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Balkashino</collectingMunicipality>
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, meadows near the forest,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFCD0E14FF3CF8E748471CC8" box="[229,354,1923,1950]" degrees="52" direction="north" minutes="30,4" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" precision="92" value="52.506668">52°30,4’ N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFCD0E14FEB7F8E748C21CC8" box="[366,487,1923,1949]" degrees="68" direction="east" minutes="43,2" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" precision="92" value="68.72">68°43,2’ E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="FFCF8A98FFCD0E14FE2AF8E74B511CC8" box="[499,628,1923,1949]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" value="2018-06-26">
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<collectingDate id="EF8B7370FFCD0E14FE2AF8E74B511CC8" box="[499,628,1923,1949]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" value="2018-06-26">26.06.2018</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, song recordings in 4 ³
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFCD0E16FF1EF8C34B251E58" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCD0E16FF1EF8C34C6D1BAC" blockId="12.[151,1437,1815,2021]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis id="B905704AFFCD0E14FF1EF8C348951C94" bold="true" box="[199,432,1959,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">References to song.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCD0E14FE60F8C34B661C97" author="Faber, A." box="[441,579,1959,1986]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refId="ref11836" refString="Faber, A. (1953) Laut- und Gebardensprache bei Insekten (Orthoptera). Mitteilungen des Staatlichen Museums fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 198 pp. [in German]" type="book" year="1953">Faber, 1953</bibRefCitation>
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: verbal description only, calling and courtship songs;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCD0E14FB75F8C34C1A1C94" author="Elsner, N." box="[1196,1343,1959,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" pagination="67 - 102" refId="ref11734" refString="Elsner, N. (1974) Neuroethology of Sound Production in Gomphocerinae Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) I. Song Patterns and Stridulatory Movements. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 88, 67 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00695923" type="journal article" year="1974">Elsner, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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: recordings from
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCD0E14FEC9F8AF48BC1CB0" box="[272,409,1995,2021]" name="Switzerland" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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, courtship song;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCD0E14FD86F8AF4AA31CB0" author="Ragge, D. R. & Reynolds, W. J." box="[607,902,1995,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refId="ref12333" refString="Ragge, D. R. & Reynolds, W. J. (1998) The Songs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe. Harley Books, Natural History Museum, London, 591 pp." type="book" year="1998">Ragge & Reynolds, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: recordings from
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCD0E14FB8DF8AF4D851CB0" box="[1108,1184,1995,2021]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">France</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCD0E14FB05F8AF4C351CB0" box="[1244,1296,1995,2021]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Italy</collectingCountry>
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, calling and courtship songs;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCF0E16FE81FFF34B9F1BE4" author="Bukhvalova, M. A. & Vedenina, V. Yu." box="[344,698,151,177]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" pagination="109 - 125" refId="ref11553" refString="Bukhvalova, M. A. & Vedenina, V. Yu. (1998) Contributions to the study of acoustic signals of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) from Russia and adjacent countries. I. New recordings of the сalling songs of grasshoppers from Russia and adjacent countries. Russian Entomological Journal, 7, 109 - 125." type="journal article" year="1998">Bukhvalova & Vedenina, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: recordings from
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCF0E16FC5CFFF34AF51BE4" box="[901,976,151,177]" name="Russia" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(Chita region), calling song;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCF0E16FAF8FFF348B11B80" author="Tishechkin, D. Yu. & Bukhvalova, M. A." pageId="14" pageNumber="519" pagination="165 - 188" refId="ref12668" refString="Tishechkin, D. Yu. & Bukhvalova, M. A. (2009 b) Acoustic communication in grasshopper communities (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae): segregation of acoustic niches. Russian Entomological Journal, 18, 165 - 188." type="journal article" year="2009">Tishechkin & Bukhvalova, 2009b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: recordings from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCF0E16FD82FFDF4B831B80" box="[603,678,187,213]" name="Russia" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
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||
<collectingRegion id="49B562BAFFCF0E16FD6DFFDF4A3F1B83" box="[692,794,187,214]" country="Russia" name="Buryatiya" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Buryatia</collectingRegion>
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||
), calling song;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCF0E16FC1CFFDF4DAE1B80" author="Tishechkin, D. Yu." box="[965,1163,187,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" pagination="531 - 547" refId="ref12559" refString="Tishechkin, D. Yu. (2017) Contributions to the study of gomphocerine grasshoppers calling songs (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) with notes on taxonomic status and distribution of some forms from Kyrgyzstan. Zootaxa, 4318 (3), 531 - 547. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4318.3.6" type="journal article" year="2017">Tishechkin, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: recordings from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCF0E16FA88FFDF4CB91B80" box="[1361,1436,187,213]" name="Russia" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B562BAFFCF0E16FF46FFBB48651BAF" box="[159,320,223,250]" country="Russia" name="Irkutsk" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Irkutsk region</collectingRegion>
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) and
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCF0E16FEA7FFBB4B241BAC" box="[382,513,223,249]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
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||
, calling song;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCF0E16FD7AFFBB4AB31BAC" author="Willemse, L. & Kleukers, R. & Ode, B." box="[675,918,223,249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" refId="ref13161" refString="Willemse, L., Kleukers, R. & Ode, B. (2018) The grasshoppers of Greece. EIS Kenniscentrum Insecten and Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, 439 pp." type="book" year="2018">
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||
Willemse
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||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FCCDFFBB4A601BAC" box="[788,837,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">et al</emphasis>
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., 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: recordings from
|
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<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCF0E16FB85FFBB4D8B1BAC" box="[1116,1198,223,249]" name="Greece" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Greece</collectingCountry>
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, calling song.
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0EFCD0FFCC0E15FF4EF82149F11CB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358764" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4358764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358764/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="518" startId="13.[151,250,1861,1885]" targetBox="[221,1337,181,1817]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCC0E15FF4EF82149F11CB8" blockId="13.[151,1437,1861,2029]" pageId="13" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCC0E15FF4EF82148361C08" bold="true" box="[151,275,1861,1885]" pageId="13" pageNumber="518">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCC0E15FBA1F8214C411C08" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[1144,1380,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="518" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCC0E15FBA1F8214C411C08" box="[1144,1380,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="518">Gomphocerus sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Akmola region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectrum shown for the element 1 (G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCF0E16FF1EFE6648121998" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FF1EFE66482C1A49" bold="true" box="[199,265,258,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Song.</emphasis>
|
||
The courtship song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCF0E16FDC9FE674BB11A48" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[528,660,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FDC9FE674BB11A48" box="[528,660,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">G. sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
starts as an echeme similar to the calling song but lasting longer, up to 2 min (element 1). The echeme begins quietly, reaching maximum intensity in about 6–12 s (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFCF0E16FB01FE434C7E1A14" box="[1240,1371,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[221,1337,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-20@13.[221,1367,179,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Gomphocerus sibiricus from Akmola region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectrum shown for the element 1 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358764/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Fig. 9 A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The echeme consists of syllables repeated at the rate of about 5-6/s. The hind legs are almost synchronously moved up and down, but the sound (6-7 pulses) is only produced during the down-stroke (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFCF0E16FB8CFE0B4D931ADC" box="[1109,1206,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[221,1337,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-20@13.[221,1367,179,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Gomphocerus sibiricus from Akmola region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectrum shown for the element 1 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358764/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Fig. 9 F</figureCitation>
|
||
). One leg is usually moved down gradually, whereas another leg is moved down in a stepwise manner. The frequency spectrum of the sound occupies a broad band up to 50 kHz with many maxima in the range of 5–30 kHz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFCF0E16FB5FFED34DCD1A84" box="[1158,1256,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[221,1337,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-20@13.[221,1367,179,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Gomphocerus sibiricus from Akmola region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectrum shown for the element 1 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358764/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Fig. 9 G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The element 1 is sometimes followed by a series of much quieter syllables (element 2 or ‘aftersong’) repeated at the rate similar to that in the main echeme (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFCF0E16FE0CFE9B4B72194C" box="[469,599,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[221,1337,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-20@13.[221,1367,179,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Gomphocerus sibiricus from Akmola region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectrum shown for the element 1 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358764/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Fig. 9 A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The main echeme with ‘aftersong’ or without it may be repeated several times until a male would reach a high degree of excitation. Then, the male demonstrates a complex visual display. The anterior part of the body is raised, the palps are moved, and the clubbed antennae are swung in such a way as they describe a cone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFCF0E16FE51FD0F48FE19D0" box="[392,475,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1688,1712]" captionTargetBox="[228,1379,1337,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-563@14.[155,1432,1317,1664]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Positions of antennae in a male of Gomphocerus sibiricus during courtship, when producing the element 1 (A), when producing the element 3 (B–F). The antennae are swung in such a way as they describe a cone when producing one longer pulse and 3–4 shorter pulses (see Fig. 9 E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Simultaneously with the antennae movements, the legs produce 3–4 short pulses and one longer pulse (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFCF0E16FEB9FDEB489B19FC" box="[352,446,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[221,1337,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-20@13.[221,1367,179,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Oscillograms and frequency spectrum of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Gomphocerus sibiricus from Akmola region. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–F). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–3. Frequency spectrum shown for the element 1 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358764/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Fig. 9 E</figureCitation>
|
||
). This visual display may be repeated several times before the male attempts to copulate with a female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCF0E16FF1EFDB348AE1808" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">
|
||
The attempt to copulate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCF0E16FE27FDB34BA719A4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[510,642,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FE27FDB34BA719A4" box="[510,642,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">G. sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is accompanied by boxing movements with the fore legs unusual for other gomphocerine grasshoppers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFCF0E16FDF9FD9F4B571840" box="[544,626,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,664,688]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,196,610]" captionTargetId="figure-20@15.[156,1431,181,640]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. The boxing movements of a male of Gomphocerus sibiricus during mounting a female. (A) The male starts to climb the female; (B) the male lifts fore legs with swollen tibiae (marked by grey colour); (C) the male beats the female with swollen tibiae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358776/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCF0E16FD60FD9F4A1E1840" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[697,827,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FD60FD9F4A1E1840" box="[697,827,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">G. sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males have conspicuously swollen fore tibiae. During climbing on the female, the male beats her with his fore tibiae, lifting them almost vertically and dropping them at the rate of about 20/s.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCF0E16FF1EFC024D6F18B8" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FF1EFC0248F318D4" bold="true" box="[199,470,870,897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Comparative remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Our recordings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCF0E16FD7CFC034A0318D4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[677,806,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FD7CFC034A0318D4" box="[677,806,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">G. sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCF0E16FCB0FC034AC918D4" box="[873,1004,871,897]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
do not differ from the recordings made by various authors from other regions. However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCF0E16FD3BFCEF4A4018F0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[738,869,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FD3BFCEF4A4018F0" box="[738,869,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">G. sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCF0E16FC72FCEF4D1418F0" box="[939,1073,907,933]" name="Switzerland" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCF0E16FB99FCEF4DF518F0" author="Elsner, N." box="[1088,1232,907,933]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" pagination="67 - 102" refId="ref11734" refString="Elsner, N. (1974) Neuroethology of Sound Production in Gomphocerinae Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) I. Song Patterns and Stridulatory Movements. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 88, 67 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00695923" type="journal article" year="1974">Elsner, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) both legs always produce identical stridulatory pattern. By contrast, it often happens in the specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFCF0E16FB56FCCB4C37189C" box="[1167,1298,943,969]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
that one leg is moved down gradually, whereas another leg is moved down in a stepwise manner.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFCF0E16FF1EFC934B251E58" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">
|
||
Despite courtship behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCF0E16FDF3FC934B881F44" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[554,685,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FDF3FC934B881F44" box="[554,685,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">G. sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been previously described from Western Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCF0E16FAD7FC934CB21F44" author="Faber, A." box="[1294,1431,1014,1041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" refId="ref11836" refString="Faber, A. (1953) Laut- und Gebardensprache bei Insekten (Orthoptera). Mitteilungen des Staatlichen Museums fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 198 pp. [in German]" type="book" year="1953">Faber, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCF0E16FF4EFB7F480D1F60" author="Elsner, N." box="[151,296,1051,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" pagination="67 - 102" refId="ref11734" refString="Elsner, N. (1974) Neuroethology of Sound Production in Gomphocerinae Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) I. Song Patterns and Stridulatory Movements. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 88, 67 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00695923" type="journal article" year="1974">Elsner, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFCF0E16FEECFB7F4B721F60" author="Ragge, D. R. & Reynolds, W. J." box="[309,599,1051,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" refId="ref12333" refString="Ragge, D. R. & Reynolds, W. J. (1998) The Songs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe. Harley Books, Natural History Museum, London, 591 pp." type="book" year="1998">Ragge & Reynolds, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), there are no figures that illustrate the antennae movements. The characteristic boxing movements that precede mating are also not comprehensively discussed in the literature, despite the video recordings of these movements are available in Internet (e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=F3e3kSuD- _A). The swollen fore tibiae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCF0E16FDDAFBE34BA21FF4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[515,647,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FDDAFBE34BA21FF4" box="[515,647,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">G. sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are a characteristic feature of this species used in various taxonomic keys, but the function of this feature is not usually discussed. It is very likely that the males box the females to stimulate them to mate. Thus, sexual selection is suggested to be the main driving force for evolving the swollen fore tibiae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFCF0E16FEF4FB97488A1E58" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[301,431,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Gomphocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905704AFFCF0E16FEF4FB97488A1E58" box="[301,431,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">G. sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |