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<mods:title id="154669F0AB57A4A8EE3D19769FE9DBCB">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="90D8C78EA3D27770208A4734DD38A351">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5C5CE0143A6C4B72C9B2F0E50EF9C252">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E941813956033B0104B69BE73B887148">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E39AB0F014686C80C08B317EE7AA8FEE">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 &amp; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 &amp; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="D0E181C526135D5F61C4BFEDFD9741D6" bold="true" box="[151,566,427,454]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26135D5F61C4BFEDFD9741D6" ID-CoL="73CQK" authority="(Linnaeus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,566,427,454]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Metalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spatagus">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F61C4BFEDFD9741D6" bold="true" box="[151,566,427,454]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F61C4BFEDFEC441D5" bold="true" box="[151,357,427,454]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metalia spatagus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826135D5F6025BFEDFD8F41D6" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[374,558,427,453]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref40934" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226135D5F61C4BF96FEF441F9" box="[151,341,464,490]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26135D5F61C4BF96FEF441F9" box="[151,341,464,490]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1444,1468]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,514,1421]" captionTargetId="figure-90@28.[189,1398,514,1421]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 19. Metalia spatagus dried test. A. Aboral surface. B. Oral surface. CD. Lateral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021568/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 19AD</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926135D5F61C4BBE2FBDE45AF" blockId="28.[151,1151,1444,1469]" box="[151,1151,1444,1469]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F61C4BBE2FE7845AF" bold="true" box="[151,473,1444,1468]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
FIGURE 19.
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26135D5F6075BBE2FE7845AF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[294,473,1444,1468]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Metalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spatagus">
<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F6075BBE2FE7845AF" bold="true" box="[294,473,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Metalia spatagus</emphasis>
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dried test.
<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F631ABBE2FDC045AF" bold="true" box="[585,609,1444,1468]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A.</emphasis>
Aboral surface.
<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F6259BBE3FC8045AE" bold="true" box="[778,801,1445,1469]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B.</emphasis>
Oral surface.
<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F62E2BBE2FC4945AE" bold="true" box="[945,1000,1444,1469]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">CD.</emphasis>
Lateral views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30C652226135D5F61C4B842FDDB47E0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F61C4B842FEBF460D" bold="true" box="[151,286,1540,1566]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Comments</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926135D5F61C4B80AFC6446E5" blockId="28.[151,1436,1612,1783]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
This is the first occurrence of this species in
<collectingCountry id="F301763926135D5F63D2B80BFCA64674" box="[641,775,1613,1639]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
. Denuded tests of this species were recovered from Ninepin Islands and Bluff Island (
<tableCitation id="C694031226135D5F60EFB836FDB24699" box="[444,531,1648,1674]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[152,244,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. Species list of Echinoidea in Hong Kong encountered from this study. Species in bold indicate the first record." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826135D5F637DB836FCBD4698" author="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M." box="[558,796,1648,1675]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao &amp; Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
noted that this species was very abundant in the Xisha Islands, and was always present buried in coral sand under rock fragments. They reported that abundance of this species reached a maximum of 100 individuals per square meter. However, it is more rarely seen in
<collectingCountry id="F301763926135D5F65B1B8FFFAC546C0" box="[1250,1380,1721,1747]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
with only two sightings of this species from local sheltered and coral settings.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26135D5F61C4B90EFE6B4771" bold="true" box="[151,458,1864,1890]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA936A926135D5F61C4B9D7FE3247B8" blockId="28.[151,1436,1936,2035]" box="[151,403,1936,1963]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<collectingCountry id="F301763926135D5F61C4B9D7FEBC47B8" box="[151,285,1937,1963]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
,
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.
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<location id="8EC9607226135D5F6194B9F2FEBF47DD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26135D5F61C4BFEDFDDB47E0:8EC9607226135D5F6194B9F2FEBF47DD" box="[199,286,1972,1998]" country="Hong Kong" county="Hawaiian Islands" municipality="Red Sea" name="Outside" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Outside</location>
<collectingCountry id="F301763926135D5F6076B9F3FE0A47DC" box="[293,427,1973,1999]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
.
<location id="8EC9607226135D5F60E6B9F2FDBB47DD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26135D5F61C4BFEDFDDB47E0:8EC9607226135D5F60E6B9F2FDBB47DD" box="[437,538,1972,1998]" country="Hong Kong" county="Hawaiian Islands" municipality="Red Sea" name="Southern" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Southern</location>
<collectingCountry id="F301763926135D5F6372B9F2FDC947DD" box="[545,616,1972,1998]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">China</collectingCountry>
.
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distributed throughout the
<location id="8EC9607226135D5F62A9B9F2FB2547DD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26135D5F61C4BFEDFDDB47E0:8EC9607226135D5F62A9B9F2FB2547DD" box="[1018,1156,1972,1998]" country="Hong Kong" county="Hawaiian Islands" municipality="Red Sea" name="Indo-Pacific" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Indo-Pacific</location>
from
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and the
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to the
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,
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.
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