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<mods:title id="F0EE75E951B235E246B357D058C13DDA">North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="380E21A7133D2038A80F30B8D4DCFAF2">Liston, Andrew D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52C512073151D62813812C8CADD181CB">Prous, Marko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DA0C4849A31A36B2B3283329E482C87B">Vårdal, Hege</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C30A77A65C76590AFF48FCBE203DFC2A" box="[151,368,871,898]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="D0E793415C76590AFF48FCBE203DFC2A" bold="true" box="[151,368,871,898]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C105FAE5C76590AFF48FCBE2053FC29" authorityName=": Benes" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[151,286,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Euura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piliserra">
<emphasis id="B964F83F5C76590AFF48FCBE2053FC29" bold="true" box="[151,286,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">E. piliserra</emphasis>
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group
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<subSubSection id="C30A77A65C76590AFF48FC7722EFFADF" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="B964F83F5C76590AFF48FC77205CFC6F" bold="true" box="[151,273,942,967]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Adult. In lateral view right mandible gradually tapering, left one with swollen base and thin, blade-like apex. Vein 2r-m normally present in both fore wings. Supraclypeal area densely setose. Antenna long: in female longer than fore wing costa, in male longer than combined length of costa and pterostigma. Valvula
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dorsal view nearly parallel-sided basally, or slightly bulbous, with abruptly tapered apex; in lateral view not emarginate, or scarcely so, on either margin. Metatarsomere 4 dorsally shorter than its apical width. Lancet: very broad; annular sutures strongly arcuate. Penis valve: ventrally without small spines; base of valvispina ventrally not clearly divided from lobe on which it arises.
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<paragraph id="8BAF242D5C76590AFF18FB72243BFB6B" blockId="81.[151,1437,942,1399]" box="[199,1398,1194,1219]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Larva. Third abdominal segment with 4 dorsal annulets; 13 with setae. Suranal plate without pseudocerci.</paragraph>
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Gall. Each side of leaf-blade rolled downwards and meeting below the midvein, so forming a tube in which several larvae live: usually 35, but sometimes up to 8). At first they eat the lower epidermis and parenchyma, leaving the upper epidermis intact. Later instars leave the roll and eat the leaf-blade from the tip, leaving the midrib intact. Oviposition in the underside of leaf-blade, between midrib and edge (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8159DC5C76590AFC32FAE225A5FAFB" author="Lorenz" box="[1005,1256,1338,1363]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Lorenz, H. &amp; Kraus, M. (1957) Die Larvalsystematik der Blattwespen (Tenthredinoidea und Megalodontoidea). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 1, 1 - 389." type="journal article" year="1957">Lorenz &amp; Kraus 1957</bibRefCitation>
).
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Phenology. Bivoltine according to
<bibRefCitation id="EF8159DC5C76590AFDC3FA86238FFADF" author="Benson" box="[540,706,1374,1399]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258." type="journal article" year="1958">Benson (1958)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8159DC5C76590AFD27FA8622D3FADF" author="Benes" box="[760,926,1374,1399]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Benes, K. (1968 a) Galls and larvae of the European species of genera Phyllocolpa and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 65 (2), 112 - 137." type="journal article" year="1968" yearSuffix="a">Beneš (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
.
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