241 lines
36 KiB
XML
241 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="51A2188814D097DEA9445FC3BED1749B" ID-CLB-Dataset="29969" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64ecf750-0843-4e43-9400-2f9a3f37ce9b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1280866" ID-ZooBank="A7B0734A-5F12-4724-9A9F-324BA1BE9BD4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1528183171769" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Martins, Luciana & Tavares, Marcos" docDate="2018" docId="03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4429.1.8.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4429 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann 1941" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="160" masterDocId="FF8AFFB1FF88D131FFE4E061FF82FF8D" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="157" pageNumber="158" updateTime="1698547108187" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="658458BCE2043AC15068AE51F537D19B">A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F10D128948271C8ADE40E8E250475507">Martins, Luciana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8B89538052ED23B5EB61A936C6AED73B">Tavares, Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F5EBF55C202ED7FCD3EDFD8BF67EB610">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C3CF73EEFFB0288D3059B83AA319409A">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="539A3A885DE40D8DD9C545A6AEA37A33">2018-06-05</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="66BA86FCF521251C4E19A8409D7367FF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6494311" ID-GBIF-Taxon="144269785" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6494311" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">
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<subSubSection id="C3006554FF89D130FF73E6E6FE90F94E" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF89D130FF73E6E6FD22F92F" blockId="1.[151,672,1671,1731]" box="[151,672,1671,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">
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<heading id="D0ED81B3FF89D130FF73E6E6FD22F92F" bold="true" box="[151,672,1671,1698]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF89D130FF73E6E6FD22F92F" ID-CoL="46PGL" authority="Deichmann, 1941" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,672,1671,1698]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Neopentamera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anexigua">
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<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF89D130FF73E6E6FD22F92F" bold="true" box="[151,672,1671,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">
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<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF89D130FF73E6E6FE3DF92C" bold="true" box="[151,447,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">Neopentamera anexigua</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF89D130FE23E6E9FD22F92F" box="[455,672,1672,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" refId="ref3543" refString="Deichmann, E. (1941) The HOlOthuriOidea cOllected by the VelerO III during the years 1932 tO 1938. Part I, DendrOchirOta. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 8, 61 - 153." type="journal article">Deichmann, 1941</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF89D130FF73E6CBFE90F94E" blockId="1.[151,672,1671,1731]" box="[151,274,1706,1731]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF89D130FF7BE6CBFE8AF94E" box="[159,264,1706,1731]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,950,972]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetBox-1="[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. (A–D) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). (A) lateral view Of the bOdy. (B) Detail Of the cOnnectiOn between radial and interradial plates (white arrOw). (C) Detail Of the subdivisiOns Of the pOsteriOr prOcesses Of the calcareOus ring (white arrOw). (D) Detail Of POlian's vesicle (white arrOw), stOne canal (yellOw arrOw) and madrepOrite (red arrOw). Scale bar: A, 0.5 cm. B–C, 0,2 cm. D, 0,1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. (A–F) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). SEM phOtOmicrOgraphs Of the Ossicles. (A) knObbed buttOn frOm bOdy wall. (B–D) PerfOrated plate frOm bOdy wall. (E) rOsette frOm tentacles. (F) rOd frOm tube feet. Scale bars: A, E 30 µm. B–D, F 50 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1280906/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1280910/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006554FF89D130FF73E693FAA0F8A2" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF89D130FF73E693FAA0F8A2" blockId="1.[151,1437,1778,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">
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<materialsCitation id="3B723C82FF89D130FF73E693FE0DF8A2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848367795" collectingDate="1938-03-15" collectionCode="LACM" country="Mexico" county="Gulf of California" location="Material" municipality="Conception Bay" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Baja California" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF89D130FF73E693FE01F887" bold="true" box="[151,387,1778,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">
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<location id="8EC56004FF89D130FF73E693FF7DF886" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991:8EC56004FF89D130FF73E693FF7DF886" box="[151,255,1778,1803]" country="Mexico" county="Gulf of California" municipality="Conception Bay" name="Material" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" stateProvince="Baja California">Material</location>
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examined.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BC1ACA5FF89D130FE69E693FDC4F886" box="[397,582,1778,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">Conception Bay</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62C44E53FF89D130FDB0E693FCAAF886" box="[596,808,1778,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">Gulf of California</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49DEF83DFF89D130FCD1E693FC65F886" box="[821,999,1778,1803]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">
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Baja
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<collectingRegion id="49DEF83DFF89D130FC96E693FC65F886" box="[882,999,1778,1803]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">California</collectingRegion>
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</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30D764FFF89D130FC11E693FBC8F886" box="[1013,1098,1778,1803]" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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<date id="FFA4101FFF89D130FBB0E693FB52F886" box="[1108,1232,1778,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" value="1938-03-15">
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<collectingDate id="EFE0E9F7FF89D130FBB0E693FB52F886" box="[1108,1232,1778,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" value="1938-03-15">15.iii.1938</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<typeStatus id="54A1887DFF89D130FB3BE693FAC3F886" box="[1247,1345,1778,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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<quantity id="4CE29B3AFF89D130FAAEE692FA1FF887" box="[1354,1437,1779,1803]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED0BAE1AFF89D130FF7AE776FF73F8A2" box="[158,241,1815,1839]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">LACM</collectionCode>
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E.1937-85.2)
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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<materialsCitation id="3B723C82FF89D130FE7EE776FA9CF8A2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848367945" box="[410,1310,1814,1839]" collectingDate="1980-11-28" collectionCode="USNM" country="Mexico" location="Gulf of California" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sonora" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectingRegion id="49DEF83DFF89D130FE7EE776FE6EF8A2" box="[410,492,1815,1839]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">Sonora</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="8EC56004FF89D130FE13E777FD47F8A2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991:8EC56004FF89D130FE13E777FD47F8A2" box="[503,709,1814,1839]" country="Mexico" name="Gulf of California" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" stateProvince="Sonora">Gulf of California</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30D764FFF89D130FD2BE777FCA7F8A2" box="[719,805,1814,1839]" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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<date id="FFA4101FFF89D130FCC8E777FC24F8A2" box="[812,934,1814,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" value="1980-11-28">
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<collectingDate id="EFE0E9F7FF89D130FCC8E777FC24F8A2" box="[812,934,1814,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" value="1980-11-28">28.xi.1980</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
, 1 spm
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||
<quantity id="4CE29B3AFF89D130FC18E776FBC9F8A3" box="[1020,1099,1815,1839]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
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||
(
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<collectionCode id="ED0BAE1AFF89D130FBBDE776FB2EF8A2" box="[1113,1196,1815,1839]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
<accessionNumber id="9449AB3CFF89D130FB57E776FA94F8A2" box="[1203,1302,1815,1839]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E21478" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" type="EnaNcbi">E 21478</accessionNumber>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006554FF89D133FF23E75BFE9CFF58" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="1" pageNumber="158" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF89D133FF23E75BFE9CFF58" blockId="1.[151,1437,1778,2019]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">
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<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF89D130FF23E75BFEC3F8DE" bold="true" box="[199,321,1850,1875]" pageId="1" pageNumber="158">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The present diagnosis is based on Deichmann's (1941) and is amended herein to include previously unused characters from the calcareous ring. The amended diagnosis is as follows: Body fusiform. Tube feet arranged in double rows restricted to ambulacral region. Ten tentacles, ventral-most pair smaller. Calcareous ring with undivided radial and interradial plates united at the base and posterior processes divided, broken into few large pieces (about 3-4 pieces). Posterior process of radial plate twice as long as radial plate. Ossicles. Body wall knobbed buttons and plates; tentacles with rods; introvert with plates; tube feet with supporting rods. End plate star-shaped.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006554FF8AD133FF23E0BEFA0BFE78" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF8AD133FF23E0BEFC39FE05" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8AD133FF23E0BEFED3FF75" bold="true" box="[199,337,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Description</emphasis>
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. The following is in addition to other descriptions thus far. Body U-shaped slightly upturned at both ends (
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<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8AD133FEF1E165FEF2FE91" box="[277,368,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A–D) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). (A) lateral view Of the bOdy. (B) Detail Of the cOnnectiOn between radial and interradial plates (white arrOw). (C) Detail Of the subdivisiOns Of the pOsteriOr prOcesses Of the calcareOus ring (white arrOw). (D) Detail Of POlian's vesicle (white arrOw), stOne canal (yellOw arrOw) and madrepOrite (red arrOw). Scale bar: A, 0.5 cm. B–C, 0,2 cm. D, 0,1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280906/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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). Color brown in ethanol. Tube feet arranged in double rows restricted to the ambulacra. One Polian vesicle, madreporite circular and long stone canal (
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<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8AD133FCDBE146FC1EFECD" box="[831,924,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A–D) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). (A) lateral view Of the bOdy. (B) Detail Of the cOnnectiOn between radial and interradial plates (white arrOw). (C) Detail Of the subdivisiOns Of the pOsteriOr prOcesses Of the calcareOus ring (white arrOw). (D) Detail Of POlian's vesicle (white arrOw), stOne canal (yellOw arrOw) and madrepOrite (red arrOw). Scale bar: A, 0.5 cm. B–C, 0,2 cm. D, 0,1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280906/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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). Radial plates of the calcareous ring short, undivided and notched anteriorly; posterior processes broken up into few large pieces (
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<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8AD133FB94E12DFB4AFEE9" box="[1136,1224,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A–D) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). (A) lateral view Of the bOdy. (B) Detail Of the cOnnectiOn between radial and interradial plates (white arrOw). (C) Detail Of the subdivisiOns Of the pOsteriOr prOcesses Of the calcareOus ring (white arrOw). (D) Detail Of POlian's vesicle (white arrOw), stOne canal (yellOw arrOw) and madrepOrite (red arrOw). Scale bar: A, 0.5 cm. B–C, 0,2 cm. D, 0,1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280906/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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). Interradial plates pointed anteriorly. Radial and interradial plates united at base (
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<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8AD133FCB2E10EFC2FFE05" box="[854,941,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A–D) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). (A) lateral view Of the bOdy. (B) Detail Of the cOnnectiOn between radial and interradial plates (white arrOw). (C) Detail Of the subdivisiOns Of the pOsteriOr prOcesses Of the calcareOus ring (white arrOw). (D) Detail Of POlian's vesicle (white arrOw), stOne canal (yellOw arrOw) and madrepOrite (red arrOw). Scale bar: A, 0.5 cm. B–C, 0,2 cm. D, 0,1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280906/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF8AD133FF2AE1F5FA0BFE78" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">
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Body wall ossicles comprising four holed knobbed buttons (40–60 µm long,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8AD133FBCFE1F5FB06FE21" box="[1067,1156,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,950,972]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A–F) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). SEM phOtOmicrOgraphs Of the Ossicles. (A) knObbed buttOn frOm bOdy wall. (B–D) PerfOrated plate frOm bOdy wall. (E) rOsette frOm tentacles. (F) rOd frOm tube feet. Scale bars: A, E 30 µm. B–D, F 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280910/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
), perforated plates (100– 120 µm long,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8AD133FED8E1D6FE3BFE5D" box="[316,441,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,950,972]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A–F) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). SEM phOtOmicrOgraphs Of the Ossicles. (A) knObbed buttOn frOm bOdy wall. (B–D) PerfOrated plate frOm bOdy wall. (E) rOsette frOm tentacles. (F) rOd frOm tube feet. Scale bars: A, E 30 µm. B–D, F 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280910/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Fig. 2B–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Introvert with perforated plates. In the tentacles perforated tentacle rods and rosettes (20–60 µm long,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8AD133FEBDE1BDFE2DFE79" box="[345,431,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,950,972]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A–F) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). SEM phOtOmicrOgraphs Of the Ossicles. (A) knObbed buttOn frOm bOdy wall. (B–D) PerfOrated plate frOm bOdy wall. (E) rOsette frOm tentacles. (F) rOd frOm tube feet. Scale bars: A, E 30 µm. B–D, F 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280910/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the tube feet perforated rods (100–120 µm long,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8AD133FBE5E1BDFBCFFE79" box="[1025,1101,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,950,972]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[193,1394,193,928]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A–F) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). SEM phOtOmicrOgraphs Of the Ossicles. (A) knObbed buttOn frOm bOdy wall. (B–D) PerfOrated plate frOm bOdy wall. (E) rOsette frOm tentacles. (F) rOd frOm tube feet. Scale bars: A, E 30 µm. B–D, F 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280910/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Fig 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a star shapedend plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006554FF8AD132FF23E19EFEC8F991" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF8AD133FF23E19EFCB3FD40" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8AD133FF23E19EFEB9FD95" bold="true" box="[199,315,511,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF8AD133FEACE19EFE7EFD95" box="[328,508,511,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" refId="ref4244" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerOdactylid hOlOthurians Of sOuthern Africa, with the erectiOn Of One new subfamily and twO new genera (EchinOdermata: HOlOthurOidea). South African Journal of Zoology, 24, 290 - 304. https: // dOi. Org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article">Thandar (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized three subfamilies in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8AD133FC52E19EFBF7FD95" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1949" box="[950,1141,511,536]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Sclerodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8AD133FB62E19EFA98FD95" authorityName="Heding & Panning" authorityYear="1954" box="[1158,1306,511,536]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladolabinae">Cladolabinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF8AD133FAC3E19EFEBCFDB0" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" refId="ref3616" refString="Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) PhyllOphOridae: eine Bearbeitung der POlytentaculaten DendrOchirOten HOlOthurien des ZOOlOgischen Museums in KOpenhagen. Spolia Zoologische Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209." type="journal article">Heding & Panning, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(sclerodactylids with 15–20 tentacles), Sclerodactylinae (sclerodactylids with 10 tentacles and radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring united along their entire length) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8AD133FB9EE226FF4DFD09" authority="Thandar, 1989" authorityName="Thandar" authorityYear="1989" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sclerothyoninae">
|
||
Sclerothyoninae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF8AD133FADDE226FF4DFD09" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" refId="ref4244" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerOdactylid hOlOthurians Of sOuthern Africa, with the erectiOn Of One new subfamily and twO new genera (EchinOdermata: HOlOthurOidea). South African Journal of Zoology, 24, 290 - 304. https: // dOi. Org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article">Thandar, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sclerodactylids with 10 tentacles and radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring united at the base).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF8AD133FF73E2EEFECCFD25" box="[151,334,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" refId="ref4206" refString="SmirnOv, A. V. (2012) System Of the class HOlOthurOidea. Paleontological Journal, 46 (8), 793 - 832. https: // dOi. Org / 10.1134 / S 0031030112080126" type="journal article">Smirnov (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that elevated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8AD133FE1CE2EEFD2CFD25" authorityName="Thandar" authorityYear="1989" box="[504,686,655,680]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sclerothyoninae">Sclerothyoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to familial status, whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF8AD133FC1DE2EEFB5EFD25" box="[1017,1244,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" refId="ref4061" refString="Miller, A. K., Kerr, A. M., Paulay, G., Reich, M., WilsOn, N. G., Carvajalf, J. I. & ROuse, G. W. (2017) MOlecular phylOgeny Of extant HOlOthurOidea (EchinOdermata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 111, 110 - 131. https: // dOi. Org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.02.014" type="journal article">Miller et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have seemingly treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8AD133FF0EE2D5FE27FD40" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1949" box="[234,421,692,717]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Sclerodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to encompass the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8AD133FD90E2D5FCACFD40" authorityName="Thandar" authorityYear="1989" box="[628,814,692,717]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sclerothyoninae">Sclerothyoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF656657FF8AD133FF73E77FFCEBF81D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280906/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" startId="2.[151,250,1822,1844]" targetBox="[156,1497,767,1795]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF8AD133FF73E77FFCEBF81D" blockId="2.[151,1437,1822,1936]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8AD133FF73E77FFE96F8BE" bold="true" box="[151,276,1822,1844]" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
(A–D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8AD133FE81E77EFC9CF8B9" authority="Deichmann, 1941" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[357,798,1822,1844]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Neopentamera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anexigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8AD133FE81E77EFDDDF8B9" box="[357,607,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="159">Neopentamera anexigua</emphasis>
|
||
Deichmann, 1941
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). (A) lateral view Of the bOdy. (B) Detail Of the cOnnectiOn between radial and interradial plates (white arrOw). (C) Detail Of the subdivisiOns Of the pOsteriOr prOcesses Of the calcareOus ring (white arrOw). (D) Detail Of POlian's vesicle (white arrOw), stOne canal (yellOw arrOw) and madrepOrite (red arrOw). Scale bar: A, 0.5 cm. B–C, 0,2 cm. D, 0,1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF656657FF8BD132FF73E3D7FD09FB84" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280910/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" startId="3.[151,250,950,972]" targetBox="[193,1394,193,928]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF8BD132FF73E3D7FD09FB84" blockId="3.[151,1436,950,1033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8BD132FF73E3D7FE91FC46" bold="true" box="[151,275,950,972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
(A–F)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FEBAE3D6FC91FC41" authority="Deichmann, 1941" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[350,787,950,972]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Neopentamera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anexigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8BD132FEBAE3D6FDD5FC41" box="[350,599,951,972]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">Neopentamera anexigua</emphasis>
|
||
Deichmann, 1941
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). SEM phOtOmicrOgraphs Of the Ossicles. (A) knObbed buttOn frOm bOdy wall. (B–D) PerfOrated plate frOm bOdy wall. (E) rOsette frOm tentacles. (F) rOd frOm tube feet. Scale bars: A, E 30 µm. B–D, F 50 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536DFFF8BD132FF23E451FEC8F991" blockId="3.[151,1437,1072,1565]" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">
|
||
Originally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FEA8E453FDE7FBC4" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[332,613,1074,1097]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Neopentamera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anexigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8BD132FEA8E453FDE7FBC4" box="[332,613,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">Neopentamera anexigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FCA3E451FB1BFBC4" authority="Ludwig, 1894" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1894" box="[839,1177,1072,1097]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF8BD132FB4DE451FA1EFBC4" box="[1193,1436,1072,1097]" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" refId="ref4142" refString="Panning, A. (1949) Versucheiner NeuOrdnung der familie Cucumariidae (HOlOthurOidea: DendrOchirOtida). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilungfur Systematik, 78 (4), 404 - 470." type="journal article">Panning (1949: 456)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected the subfamily Sclerodactylinae (within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FD2CE435FCE8FBE0" authorityName="Ludwig" authorityYear="1894" box="[712,874,1108,1133]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Cucumariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), whose diagnosis included the presence of 10 tentacles, calcareous ring with undivided radial and interradial plates and posterior processes divided, broken into few large pieces (about 3-4 pieces).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF8BD132FDA9E4FDFC82FB38" box="[589,768,1180,1205]" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" refId="ref4142" refString="Panning, A. (1949) Versucheiner NeuOrdnung der familie Cucumariidae (HOlOthurOidea: DendrOchirOtida). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilungfur Systematik, 78 (4), 404 - 470." type="journal article">Panning (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included nine genera in Sclerodactylinae, among which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FF73E4A3FEBEFB54" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,316,1218,1241]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Neopentamera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8BD132FF73E4A3FEBEFB54" box="[151,316,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">Neopentamera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pawson & Fell (1965) assigned familial status to Sclerodactylinae,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FB95E4A1FAADFB54" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1949" box="[1137,1327,1216,1241]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Sclerodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B2EFF8BD132FADBE4A1FF63FB70" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" refId="ref4244" refString="Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerOdactylid hOlOthurians Of sOuthern Africa, with the erectiOn Of One new subfamily and twO new genera (EchinOdermata: HOlOthurOidea). South African Journal of Zoology, 24, 290 - 304. https: // dOi. Org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167" type="journal article">Thandar (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
created the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FDE1E485FD3CFB70" authorityName="Thandar" authorityYear="1989" box="[517,702,1252,1277]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sclerothyoninae">Sclerothyoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which differed from Sclerodactylinae in having radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring united at base only (whilst the radial and interradial plates are united along the entire length in Sclerodactylinae). The examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A1887DFF8BD132FCB7E54DFC37FAC8" box="[851,949,1324,1349]" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FC3FE54FFBE1FAC8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[987,1123,1326,1349]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Neopentamera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anexigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8BD132FC3FE54FFBE1FAC8" box="[987,1123,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">N. anexigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed that the radial and interradial plates of its calcareous ring are actually united at the base only (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A5AFF8BD132FBE8E531FBE7FAE4" box="[1036,1125,1360,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[156,1497,767,1795]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A–D) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941, hOlOtype (LACM E.1937-85.2). (A) lateral view Of the bOdy. (B) Detail Of the cOnnectiOn between radial and interradial plates (white arrOw). (C) Detail Of the subdivisiOns Of the pOsteriOr prOcesses Of the calcareOus ring (white arrOw). (D) Detail Of POlian's vesicle (white arrOw), stOne canal (yellOw arrOw) and madrepOrite (red arrOw). Scale bar: A, 0.5 cm. B–C, 0,2 cm. D, 0,1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1280906/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
), as typically found in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FF73E515FED3FA00" authorityName="Thandar" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,337,1396,1421]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sclerothyoninae">Sclerothyoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FE04E517FD75FA00" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[480,759,1398,1421]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Neopentamera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anexigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8BD132FE04E517FD75FA00" box="[480,759,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">Neopentamera anexigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can no longer be assigned to the Sclerodactylinae and is herein transferred to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FE36E5F9FD0EFA3C" authorityName="Thandar" authorityYear="1989" box="[466,652,1432,1457]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sclerothyoninae">Sclerothyoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This conclusion was reached independently in an unpublished dissertation by Arumugam (2011) brought to our attention by Prof. A. S. Thandar.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FBDAE5DFFB61FA58" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1941" box="[1086,1251,1470,1493]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" genus="Neopentamera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEACDFF8BD132FBDAE5DFFB61FA58" box="[1086,1251,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="160">Neopentamera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the others
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D5CFF8BD132FF01E581FE19FA74" authorityName="Thandar" authorityYear="1989" box="[229,411,1504,1529]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Sclerodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sclerothyoninae">Sclerothyoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera by the presence of knobbed buttons and plates in the body wall, and absence of tables and cups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |