261 lines
32 KiB
XML
261 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="13D6991938F9F2756A70367A2E05F846" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFDDFFDDFAB1F70FEF6BF800" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rangifer tarandus" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="432" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="431" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="BA1BC73B466508FD9E88B335A4CAB2DD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="09FE8A74F7B966DBFFFAD3A96F33F357">
|
||
<mods:title id="5B8B205473A3123B6533ED11BF70D884">Cervidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="9640CDA1ECC272A28AA27C2C0DCE13F6" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="90400BB0F7BC7C9600C49D6C41142EB8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="FF58318FBC4C000F50C2F1C0D9FBBA50">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="B875314FCCE3C43D9A0D30B138049119">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="0351E9145580CAA0C8F606F5DF5FB8EA" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="FE4F20BF12846F07E04FCE152BD849EE">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="CCDBCE4F089D9D05327CFEC4A8EF3309">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="90BDA44E4711FEC8D09BFCE55BA0D45E">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="FD273EE81608DC8FE8A0018BA67C2F9F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="A88A7D89D2965F134588745D150EDD5D" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="2063B81462A40A93A70AFB1647C00D75">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="288C88159B0A937A3059E3276DA6984C">2011</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="7DDBCF7F2A63A0B8BFF24EB535F18D83" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="E9F77FDB9B73AB3D9C7EBB5AE6F0BC4B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="74C565F9CA2DED48853A0E7A54D46882">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="05D5E783B6BA3F6BDE81501AC6B0BF46">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="D6A33105F9F7D46C6562A2747459A4AA">
|
||
<mods:title id="ACA3CC4B3F58007B8F51D1C72C2423AC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="F059F830102E9B577D6E0D10DBB520A9">
|
||
<mods:extent id="5D10642BECB3185734F2F5BF2B41EDE2" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="32D82347275C2275A0A63983170908D2">350</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="8AE2C350375065DBB99456BC76F5966A">443</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="AC7776593F16337C173C014CB0822B76">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="070025ED54BED6C8120BDAB663750DB6" type="CLB-Dataset">58517</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C3F11890B12CC87E94DAD5CCBE076177" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B9978B5B4C46652DB4AFAB6B4980A6B5" type="GBIF-Dataset">58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E5FB42DE941F70E9280F3AEF6C638010" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7F739F92DD6A7D41C1968E7093B6FD1A" type="Zenodo-Dep">6514377</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03A087C4FFDDFFDDFAB1F70FEF6BF800" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514555" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514555" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFDDFFDDFAB1F70FEF6BF800" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFDDFFDDFAB1F70FEF6BF800" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDDFFDCFAB1F70FE38FF71F" box="[1402,1458,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB1F70FE38FF71F" blockId="24.[1399,2042,2232,2361]" box="[1402,1458,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDDFFDCFAB1F70FE38FF71F" box="[1402,1458,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A57FFDDFFDCFAB1F70FE38FF71F" box="[1402,1458,2232,2278]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="18.[143,175,3415,3436]" captionTargetBox="[12,2817,15,3634]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="On followmg pages 30 Barasıngha (Huoervus duvıuoelıı) 31 Chınose Water Deer (Hydroporos ınermısl 32 Western Roe Deer (Capreolus aıpmolus), 33 Eastern Roe Deer (Capraolus pyyaryus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6554882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6554882/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">35.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDDFFDCFA0FF70FE051F71F" box="[1476,1644,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFA0FF70FE051F71F" blockId="24.[1399,2042,2232,2361]" box="[1476,1644,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDDFFDCFA0FF70FE051F71F" box="[1476,1644,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDDFFDCFA0FF70FE051F71F" box="[1476,1644,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Caribou</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDDFFDCF97AF70FE1C4F71F" box="[1713,2041,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCF97AF70FE1C4F71F" blockId="24.[1399,2042,2232,2361]" box="[1713,2041,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDDFFDCF97AF70FE1C4F71F" box="[1713,2041,2232,2278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCF97AF70FE1C4F71F" ID-CoL="4RF6J" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1713,2041,2232,2278]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tarandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDDFFDCF97AF70FE1C4F71F" box="[1713,2041,2232,2278]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Rangifer tarandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDDFFDCFAB2F74FE17FF6CC" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB2F74FE164F6F4" blockId="24.[1399,2042,2232,2361]" box="[1401,1881,2296,2317]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDDFFDCFAB2F74FE164F6F4" box="[1401,1881,2296,2317]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDDFFDCFAB2F74FE3FBF6F4" bold="true" box="[1401,1478,2296,2317]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDDFFDCFA1BF74FE033F6F4" box="[1488,1550,2296,2317]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Renne</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDDFFDCF9E8F74FE043F6F4" bold="true" box="[1571,1662,2296,2317]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDDFFDCF943F74FE090F6F4" box="[1672,1709,2296,2317]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Ren</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDDFFDCF909F74FE120F6F4" bold="true" box="[1730,1821,2296,2317]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDDFFDCF8ECF74FE164F6F4" box="[1831,1881,2296,2317]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Reno</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB3F697E17FF6CC" blockId="24.[1399,2042,2232,2361]" box="[1400,1858,2336,2357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDDFFDCFAB3F697E17FF6CC" box="[1400,1858,2336,2357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDDFFDCFAB3F697E052F6CC" bold="true" box="[1400,1647,2336,2357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDDFFDCF9B2F697E17FF6CC" box="[1657,1858,2336,2357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Reindeer (in Europe)</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDDFFDCF82BF6DDEE14F653" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCF82BF6DDEE14F653" blockId="24.[2015,2605,2410,2828]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDDFFDCF82BF6DDEE47F67A" bold="true" box="[2016,2170,2410,2435]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCF756F6DDEE18F653" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tarandus">Cervus tarandus Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDDFFDCF7FEF63AEF11F653" box="[2101,2348,2445,2474]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCF7FEF63AEF11F653" blockId="24.[2015,2605,2410,2828]" box="[2101,2348,2445,2474]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFDDFFDCF7FEF63AEF11F653" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196312" box="[2101,2348,2445,2474]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
Lapland,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDDFFDCF770F63AEF15F653" box="[2235,2344,2445,2474]" name="Sweden" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDDFFDCF82BF607EE8EF401" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCF82BF607EE8EF401" blockId="24.[2015,2605,2410,2828]" lastBlockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
The oldest evidence of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCF676F607EC10F628" authorityName="C. H. Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[2493,2605,2480,2513]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rangifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
dates back to the late Pliocene, about two million years ago, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDDFFDCF6D7F5B0EF44F5D9" box="[2332,2425,2567,2592]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
. “Reindeer” were present in Siberia and Central Europe from the Middle Pleistocene, about 650,000 years ago. The analysis of mtDNA revealed three main haplogroups, possibly representing three separate populations during the last glacial period. The main population lived in Siberia and Beringia and has contributed to the gene pool of all the extant subspecies. One small refugial population supposedly lived in Western Europe and the other in eastern North America. The word caribou derives from the Micmac Indian term “xalibu,” which means “pawer,” “shoveller,” in reference to the habit of digging snow for obtaining food. Taxonomists are not concordant on the number of subspecies. Here ten subspecies are recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDDFFDDFAB2F449E42DFE05" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="DF76665AFFDDFFDDFAB2F449E42DFE05" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514511/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="432" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" targetBox="[1399,1992,2412,2827]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB2F449E13AF3E6" blockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" box="[1401,1799,3070,3103]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDDFFDCFAB2F449E13AF3E6" bold="true" box="[1401,1799,3070,3103]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB1F39DE1A7F3BE" blockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" box="[1402,1946,3114,3143]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCFAB1F39DE1A7F3BE" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1402,1946,3114,3143]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="tarandus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDDFFDCFAB1F39DE1A7F3BE" box="[1402,1946,3114,3143]" name="Norway" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">R.t.tarandusLinnaeus,1758—Norway.</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB1F3E6EEADF36F" blockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCFAB1F3E6EEADF36F" authority="Gmelin, 1788" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1788" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="caribou">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDDFFDCFAB1F3E6EEADF36F" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">R.t.caribouGmelin,1788—SCanada(fromSYukontoLabradorandNewfoundland)andNWUSA(NEWashington,NIdaho&WMontana).</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB1F32CEF38F345" blockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" box="[1402,2309,3227,3260]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCFAB1F32CEF38F345" authority="Lonnberg, 1909" authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1909" box="[1402,2309,3227,3260]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="fennicus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDDFFDCFAB1F32CEF38F345" box="[1402,2309,3227,3260]" name="Finland" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">R.t.fennicusLonnberg,1909—FinlandandNWRussia(Karelia).</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB1F370EF0EF31D" blockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" box="[1402,2355,3271,3300]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCFAB1F370EF0EF31D" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" baseAuthorityName="Borowski" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1402,2355,3271,3300]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="groenlandicus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDDFFDCFAB1F370EF0EF31D" box="[1402,2355,3271,3300]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">R.t.groenlandicusLinnaeus,1767—Alaska,NCanada,WGreenland.</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB1F35DEE4BF2F2" blockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" box="[1402,2166,3306,3339]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCFAB1F35DEE4BF2F2" authority="Lydekker, 1903" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1903" box="[1402,2166,3306,3339]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="pearsoni">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDDFFDCFAB1F35DEE4BF2F2" box="[1402,2166,3306,3339]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">R.t.pearsoniLydekker,1903—NovayaZemlya(Russia).</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB1F2A6EE32F2CB" blockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" box="[1402,2063,3345,3378]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCFAB1F2A6EE32F2CB" authority=". A. Allen, 1902" authorityName=". A. Allen" authorityYear="1902" box="[1402,2063,3345,3378]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="pearyij">R.t.pearyiJ.A.Allen,1902—CanadianArcticIs.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDDFFDCFAB1F2F6E05DF278" blockId="24.[1401,2605,2834,3457]" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDDFFDCFAB1F2F6E12AF2A3" authority="Hollister, 1912" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1912" box="[1402,1815,3393,3418]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="431" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="phylarchus">R. t. phylarchus Hollister, 1912</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Russian Far East (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDDFFDCF7FDF2F6EECDF2A3" box="[2102,2288,3393,3418]" country="Russia" name="Amur" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Amur region</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Okhotsk area,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDDFFDCF61BF2F6E3A2F278" country="Russia" name="Sakhalin" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Sakhalin</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDDFFDCFA7BF2DFE06EF278" box="[1456,1619,3432,3457]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="24" pageNumber="431">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFF06FEA2E5A7FECF" blockId="25.[201,1406,277,2048]" box="[205,922,277,310]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDCFFDDFF06FEA2E5A7FECF" authority="Vrolik, 1829" authorityName="Vrolik" authorityYear="1829" baseAuthorityName="Vrolik" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[205,922,277,310]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="platyrhynchus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDFF06FEA2E5A7FECF" box="[205,922,277,310]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">R.t.platyrhynchusVrolik,1829—Svalbard(Norway).</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFF06FEF2E272FEA7" blockId="25.[201,1406,277,2048]" box="[205,1103,325,350]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDCFFDDFF06FEF2E272FEA7" authority="Murray, 1866" authorityName="Murray" authorityYear="1866" box="[205,1103,325,350]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="sibiricus">R.t.sibiricusMurray,1866—NSiberiantundra,RussianArcticIs.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFF06FEDBE2BFFE7C" blockId="25.[201,1406,277,2048]" box="[205,1154,364,389]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDCFFDDFF06FEDBE47DFE7C" authority="Flerov, 1933" authorityName="Flerov" authorityYear="1933" box="[205,576,364,389]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tarandus" subSpecies="valentinae">R. t. valentinae Flerov, 1933</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Ural Mts (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDFD3AFEDBE572FE7C" box="[753,847,364,389]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDCFFDDFCA3FEDBE594FE7C" box="[872,937,364,389]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Altai</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mts,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDFC3DFEDBE240FE7C" box="[1014,1149,364,389]" name="Mongolia" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFF06FE3CE42DFE05" blockId="25.[201,1406,277,2048]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
Feral Icelandic population originated from animals introduced from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDFB51FE3CE339FE55" box="[1178,1284,395,428]" name="Norway" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1771; they have been introduced also into
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDFD11FE04E59AFE2D" box="[730,935,435,468]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Is (in 1911-1912 and 1925) and Kerguelen Is (in 1955).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDCFFDDFF07FDB1E5BAFA53" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFF07FDB1E5BAFA53" blockId="25.[201,1406,277,2048]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDCFFDDFF07FDB1E7FAFDDA" bold="true" box="[204,455,518,547]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 185-210 cm for males (bulls) and 170-195 cm for females (cows), tail 14-16 cm, shoulder height 90-135 cm (bulls) and 70-100 cm (cows); post-rutting weight 65-170 kg (adult bulls) and 55-110 kg (adult cows). Males can reach 210-240 kg, females
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDCFFDDFD8FFDC0E4A1FD61" box="[580,668,631,664]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" unit="kg" value="140.0">140 kg</quantity>
|
||
. Size dimorphism very variable. Males are on average 30-90% heavier than females. A medium to large-sized deer, with long neck, rump, and legs, and short ears and tail. The rhinarium is furred. Hooves are wide, crescentshaped and splayed; the dewclaws are relatively large and low, providing a large surface to support the body. Toe pads are spongelike in summer, tightened and sharp-edged in winter. Both sexes have an inflatable laryngeal air sac; it is larger in males. The coat is made of particularly dense hair, of variable color, from grayish-brown to white. Males have a well-developed neck mane. The coat of the newborn calf is unspotted. There are three main ecotypes: a large-bodied forest form, a medium-sized tundra form, and a small, short-legged, whitish high Arctic ecotype. Preorbital, nasal, tarsal, interdigital, and caudal glands are present. Permanent dentition is 34 teeth, with rudimentary upper canines. Molars erupt fom 4-26 months of age. Males bear large antlers 90-120 cm long, with flattened and multipointed brow and bez tines. Most females develop simple, light-weight antlers 30-45 cm long. Pedicles begin to grow very early, at 7-10 days of age, and the first set of antlers (a pair of spikes 10-40 cm long) begins to grow at just 4-6 weeks, finishes growing at about five months of age, and is cast off at 11-12 months. Adult bulls clean their antlers in September and cast them in November—January. The new antler set begins to grow 1-2 months later. Adult cows retain their antlers though the winter and cast them in March-May. The species has the largest relative antler mass, with bulls of 230-240 kg carrying up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDCFFDDFB78FAD5E2C1FA7A" box="[1203,1276,1378,1411]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" unit="kg" value="15.0">15 kg</quantity>
|
||
of antler weight. The longest antler beams are 140-150 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDCFFDDFF01FA02E718F9B1" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFF01FA02E718F9B1" blockId="25.[201,1406,277,2048]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDCFFDDFF01FA02E704FA2B" bold="true" box="[202,313,1461,1490]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mountain summit meadows, open taiga, tundra, and high Arctic desert up to 2700-3000 m above sea level. It can tolerate temperatures as low as -60°C and suffers when the temperature exceeds 15°C. More than 60-80 cm of snow impedes movements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDCFFDDFF01F9E1E374F91C" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFF01F9E1E374F91C" blockId="25.[201,1406,277,2048]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDCFFDDFF01F9E1E7ECF996" bold="true" box="[202,465,1622,1647]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The main diet consists of lichens, moss, ferns, grasses, leaves, and shoots of shrubs and trees (especially willow and birch). Lichens are particularly important in winter. Occasionally they may also feed on animal matter such as lemmings, fish, and bird eggs. To reach ground lichens in winter they dig craters in the snow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDCFFDDFF01F95BE110FD11" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFF01F95BE110FD11" blockId="25.[201,1406,277,2048]" lastBlockId="25.[1473,2678,279,2045]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDCFFDDFF01F95BE76DF8F4" bold="true" box="[202,336,1772,1805]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Most females first conceive at 28-29 months of age. In highly productive habitats, some female calves can attain puberty at about six months of age. Rutting season is in September—October. Females are polyestrous, with cycles of 18-19 days. During estrus they are receptive for 12-24 hours. In tundra conceptions are synchronized, with a 7-10 day peak; in woodland habitat they tend to be less synchronous. Tundra bulls form tending bonds within large mating aggregations. Woodland and high Arctic bulls tend to practice harem defense. During rut adult males lose as much as 20-25% of their weight. The gestation lenght is generally 221-237 days. The cow gives birth to a highly developed calf of 4-9 kg (2.5-3 kg in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDF7A9FE89EEDDFEA6" box="[2146,2272,318,351]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
), able to stand up one hour after birth and to follow its mother after 5-7 hours (precocial follower-type young). Calves are born with the ability to regulate body temperature. During the first days they nurse every 18 minutes. The milk is rich in fats and proteins. After one week the calf begins to eat lichens, at two weeks it doublesits weight, and at 4-5 months of age it is weaned. Bulls reach their full body weight at six years of age while cows attain adult size at four years. Senescence occurs at about 11-12 years of age. Normally they live to a maximum of 15-18 years. The maximum longevity in captivity is 22 years of age. Gray Wolves (Canis lupus), Wolverines (Gulo gulo), and Eurasian Lynxes (Lynx lynx) are the main predators. Juvenile mortality is high: Brown Bears (Ursus arctos), ravens, and eagles may prey on calves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDCFFDDFA09FD45EFD0FCA7" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFA09FD45EFD0FCA7" blockId="25.[1473,2678,279,2045]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDCFFDDFA09FD45E091FCF6" bold="true" box="[1474,1708,754,783]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Cycles of activity of 4-5 hours, more active in summer than in winter. They are not crepuscular. In the summer, insects (oestrid flies, mosquitoes) may severely affect activity patterns and also impact body weight and reproduction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDCFFDDFA08FCD3EF79FB46" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFA08FCD3EF79FB46" blockId="25.[1473,2678,279,2045]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDCFFDDFA08FCD3EE41FC7C" bold="true" box="[1475,2172,868,901]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
It is the most cursorial deer, able to run up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDCFFDDF998FC3CE093FC55" box="[1619,1710,907,940]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" unit="km" value="80.0">80 km</quantity>
|
||
/h in open country and swim up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDCFFDDF76EFC3CEF3DFC55" box="[2213,2304,907,940]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
|
||
/h. In woodland habitats it tends to be sedentary, but sometimes makes small to medium-scaled movements, up to 50-100 km. In tundra it is typically migratory; in Taymyr migrations are 1000-2000 km long, in Yakutia 600-700 km. Animals cover 20-50 km per day. It is a highly gregarious species, particularly in open habitats. The basic social unit is the family group with females and calves. Males form small bands. Groups may coalesce in larger aggregations. Migratory Caribou can form impressive moving herds of 50,000-500,000. During migrations, 100,000 Caribou may move through an area of
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDCFFDDF715FB29EF1AFB46" box="[2270,2343,1182,1215]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
?®.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDCFFDDFA08FB7DEED9F87A" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFA08FB7DEED9F87A" blockId="25.[1473,2678,279,2045]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDCFFDDFA08FB7DE11BFB1E" bold="true" box="[1475,1830,1226,1255]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List and stable. East
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDF99BFB45E0D8FAF6" box="[1616,1765,1266,1295]" name="Greenland" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
Caribou and Caribou of the Queen Charlotte Islands (once considered subspecies and known respectively as neogroenlandicus and dawsoni) were exterminated in the first decades of 20" century. In Northern Europe wild Reindeer numbered
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDCFFDDF9A2FAD4E0CDFA7D" box="[1641,1776,1379,1412]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.603999999999999" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" unit="in" value="26000.0">26,000 in</quantity>
|
||
2005. Feral Reindeer introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDF6ECFAD4EFB3FA7D" box="[2343,2446,1379,1412]" name="Iceland" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
number about 1000 animals. In 1999 the population size in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDF758FA3DEF9CFA52" box="[2195,2465,1418,1451]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Russian Federation</collectingCountry>
|
||
was estimated at 1-1 million individuals. In Mongolia there are fewer than 1000; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDF65EFA06EFD4FA2B" box="[2453,2537,1457,1490]" name="China" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
there are a few hundred, probably of domestic origin. In the early 1980s the total population in North America was 2-3-2-8 million animals. The number grew to four million in nearly 200 herds in 2000. Annual harvest in late 1990s was around 120,000 individuals. In a recent survey of 58 major herds around the world, 34 were reported as declining, eight as increasing, and 16 had no trend data. The simultaneous decrease of many herds is coincident with and could be a result of global warming and human-induced landscape changes. In North America, the Caribou is threatened by onshore petroleum explorations. Poaching is important in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDF747F95BEFA3F8F4" box="[2188,2462,1772,1805]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Russian Federation</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Hybridization with semi-domestic Reindeeris another threat. Natural densities are very low, 0-5 ind/ km?, but during migrations animals can reach 19,000 ind/km?®. Reindeer were domesticated about 3000 years ago in Fennoscandia and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDF74CF8D1EEDDF87A" box="[2183,2272,1894,1923]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDCFFDDFA08F826EF6BF800" pageId="25" pageNumber="432" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDCFFDDFA08F826EF6BF800" blockId="25.[1473,2678,279,2045]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDCFFDDFA08F826E060F853" bold="true" box="[1475,1629,1937,1962]" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baskin & Danell (2003), Blake et al. (1998), Crete & Daigle (1999), Cronin et al. (2005), Geist (1998), Lincoln & Tyler (1994), Loe et al. (2007), Miller (2003), Reimers et al. (2005), Roed (2005), Roed et al. (2008), Schaefer & Mahoney (2001), Vors & Boyce (2009), Williams &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDCFFDDF70EF857EF3EF800" box="[2245,2307,2016,2041]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="25" pageNumber="432">Heard</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1986).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |