217 lines
24 KiB
XML
217 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F677FDB30014D5A475EBE986D7E2478D">Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="269F5D7FEAECFB88B1580E4B627DD320">PATTON, JAMES L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E8D76A91BD0B4AE8D194C3BA7C53A168">DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="36ABACD4213300BB34E2158ECA9CE650">MALCOLM, JAY R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D3D323F78E68B17A2B03D9F47C390879">2000</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="EE7FB2FDC9AC32E26BDAB1A0F1213918" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039E01774BFED8ECFF1E33ACB64BF902" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BFED8ECFF1E33ACB64BF902" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E01774BFED8ECFF1E33ACB64BF902" lastPageId="172" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BFED8EAFF1E33ACB5E2FEC6" box="[169,684,242,265]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BFED8EAFF1E33ACB5E2FEC6" blockId="170.[169,684,242,265]" box="[169,684,242,265]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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<heading id="D0C0070D4BFED8EAFF1E33ACB5E2FEC6" box="[169,684,242,265]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" reason="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFF1E33ACB67CFEC6" ID-CoL="3ZCB" authorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1838" box="[169,306,242,265]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFF1E33ACB67CFEC6" box="[169,306,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Dactylomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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I. Geoffroy SaintHilaire, 1838
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BFED8EAFED7327DB6B8FEF5" box="[352,502,291,314]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BFED8EAFED7327DB6B8FEF5" blockId="170.[352,502,291,314]" box="[352,502,291,314]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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<heading id="D0C0070D4BFED8EAFED7327DB6B8FEF5" box="[352,502,291,314]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" reason="2">Bamboo rats</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BFED8ECFF77320AB64BF902" lastPageId="172" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BFED8EAFF77320AB56EFB87" blockId="170.[163,692,340,1741]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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The bamboo rats are among the largest arboreal rodents in Amazonia, equivalent in size to the tree squirrels
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFE6232D1B5FDFE69" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1842" box="[469,691,399,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="igniventris">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFE6232D1B5FDFE69" box="[469,691,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Sciurus igniventris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFF6A32F2B63BFE0C" authorityName="Olfers" authorityYear="1818" box="[221,373,428,451]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFF6A32F2B7A2FE0C" box="[221,236,428,451]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">S</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFEB532F2B63BFE0C" box="[258,373,428,451]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">spadiceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but considerably smaller than porcupines of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFE483297B526FE2F" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[511,616,457,480]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Coendou" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFE483297B526FE2F" box="[511,616,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Coendou</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. They are also remarkable for their loud vocalizations that can be heard for considerable distances. Despite their conspicuousness, however, they are very poorly known in all aspects of their biology and evolutionary relationships. They are folivores that do not readily enter traps, either because the baits used are not attractive or for other reasons, and their weak eyeshine and methodical movements make them difficult to see at night. Indeed, individuals are more readily detected by their distinctive vocalization or by the strong, musky odor that permeates their living areas rather than seen (Emmons, 1981; Emmons and Feer, 1997). The common name stems from their characteristic association with patches of bamboo, apparently
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFF143087B64CFC3F" box="[163,258,985,1008]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Akodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="266" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">a major</taxonomicName>
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food item, but they also occur in riverine vegetation, especially canebrakes, and in upland forest on the rich soils of western Amazonia (Emmons, 1981).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BFED8EAFF773710B3FCFF3A" blockId="170.[163,692,340,1741]" lastBlockId="170.[739,1268,193,1742]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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The genus is readily recognizable by both external and cranial characteristics. It is the largest echimyid within Amazonia, with body lengths in excess of
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<quantity id="4CCF1D844BFED8EAFE5137F8B501FB72" box="[486,591,1190,1213]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="280.0">280 mm</quantity>
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; the tail is furred at the base but otherwise naked and distinctly scaly, and exceeds the head and body length; the ears are small; the dorsal coloration is grizzled yellowolivaceous streaked with black, with thighs and sides varyingly yellow to rusty orange, and with either a pale beige or blackish stripe that extends from between the eyes to the nape of the neck; the muzzle is distinctly square in lateral profile; and the forefeet have four long digits (the middle ones separated by a gap) with nails, not claws. The skull (fig. 113) is large and robust, flat in lateral profile, with a short rostrum, broadly overhanging supraorbital ledges with triangular postorbital processes, deep and massive zygomatic arches with dorsal postorbital processes comprised equally of squamosal and jugal, and enlarged cheekteeth comprised of complete, or nearly complete transverse laminae (fig. 114).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BFED8EAFCB733A2B3BEFD04" blockId="170.[739,1268,193,1742]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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Three species of bamboo rats were listed by Woods (1993):
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFC0B3247B3A1FEFF" authority="(Desmarest)" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[956,1263,281,304]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylinus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFC0B3247B49FFEFF" box="[956,977,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">D</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFC573247B319FEFF" box="[992,1111,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">dactylinus</emphasis>
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(Desmarest)
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</taxonomicName>
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occurring throughout most of lowland Amazonia;
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFC85320AB30AFEA4" authority="Anthony" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1920" box="[818,1092,340,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFC85320AB409FEA4" box="[818,839,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFCE0320AB49DFEA4" box="[855,979,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">boliviensis</emphasis>
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Anthony
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</taxonomicName>
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, apparently restricted to lowland
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BFED8EAFC7A322FB36DFE47" box="[973,1059,369,392]" name="Bolivia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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and southeastern Peru´; and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFCD032D1B301FE6A" authority="Allen" authorityName="Allen" box="[871,1103,398,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruanus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFCD032D1B432FE69" box="[871,892,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFC2632D1B4B3FE69" box="[913,1021,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">peruanus</emphasis>
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Allen
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</taxonomicName>
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, known only from the cloud forests of southeastern
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BFED8EAFB0A32F2B3BCFE0C" box="[1213,1266,428,451]" name="Peru" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Peru</collectingCountry>
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above
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<quantity id="4CCF1D844BFED8EAFC833297B4DAFE2F" box="[820,916,457,480]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
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. Da Silva and Patton (1993) suggested that two species are present in lowland Amazonia, while Emmons and Feer (1997) listed only the single species
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFB2D317FB47EFD99" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylinus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFB2D317FB3E1FDF7" box="[1178,1199,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFB08317FB47EFD99" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">dactylinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. These latter authors noted, however that both external color pattern and vocal call structure (number and timing of pulses) varies geographically, and acknowledged that more than one species might be present
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BFED8EAFCB7318FB467FA44" blockId="170.[739,1268,193,1742]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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Da Silva and Patton (1993) based their conclusion that two species of bamboo rats occurred in western Amazonia on mtDNA sequences from the few specimens obtained from the Rio Juruá and elsewhere, supplemented by notes on vocalizations. The limited geographic sampling of that study has been supplemented only minimally by more recent sampling in central
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BFED8EAFB9630E2B326FC1C" box="[1057,1128,956,979]" name="Brazil" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and central
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BFED8EAFD543087B456FC3F" box="[739,792,985,1008]" name="Peru" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Perú</collectingCountry>
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(fig. 115, top; table 47). Sequences separate into two welldifferentiated groups, one restricted to the headwaters of the Rio Juruá and adjacent
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BFED8EAFC2D376FB49DFB87" box="[922,979,1073,1096]" name="Peru" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Perú</collectingCountry>
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and the other found throughout central and eastern Amazonia of
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BFED8EAFD543732B464FB4C" box="[739,810,1132,1155]" name="Brazil" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and northern
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BFED8EAFC563732B379FB4C" box="[993,1079,1132,1155]" name="Bolivia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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(fig. 115, bottom). These differ by an average of 8.74% sequence divergence, and the two haplotypes obtained from the Rio Juruá (one from the Headwaters region [locality a, the other from the Mouth region [locality
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFBF437A0B32EFAD9" bold="true" box="[1091,1120,1278,1302]" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">14</emphasis>
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]) differ by 9.53%. The seven haplotypes from the broad area across central and eastern Amazonia differ among themselves by only 2.88%, on average.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BFED8ECFCB736CFB64BF902" blockId="170.[739,1268,193,1742]" lastBlockId="172.[163,692,1132,1741]" lastPageId="172" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">
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We follow da Silva and Patton (1993) in recognizing two species in western Amazonia in general, and along the Rio Juruá specifically. However, we are unsure of the proper application of the available names to either species. Da Silva and Patton used the name
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFC9B351FB30FF997" authority="Anthony" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1920" box="[812,1089,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFC9B351FB40FF997" box="[812,833,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFCE4351FB481F997" box="[851,975,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">boliviensis</emphasis>
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Anthony
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</taxonomicName>
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to refer to the mitochondrial clade in the Rio Juruá headwaters, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFCC73522B3ECF95C" authority="(Desmarest)" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[880,1186,1660,1683]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylinus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFCC73522B4CBF95C" box="[880,901,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFC233522B345F95C" box="[916,1035,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">dactylinus</emphasis>
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(Desmarest)
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</taxonomicName>
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to that in central Amazonia. The type locality of
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFED8EAFB7B35C7B40CF901" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1920" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="170" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BFED8EAFB7B35C7B40CF901" italics="true" pageId="170" pageNumber="171">boliviensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in the Departamento de Cocha bamba,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BFFD8EBFEB0351FB611F997" box="[263,351,1601,1624]" name="Bolivia" pageId="171" pageNumber="172">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but the Bolivian specimens of bamboo rats for which mtDNA data are available (from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BFFD8EBFE253522B5FEF95C" box="[402,688,1660,1683]" country="Bolivia" name="Pando" pageId="171" pageNumber="172">Departamento de Pando</collectingRegion>
|
||
) belong to the central Amazonian clade we allocate to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFFD8EBFE9C35E9B686F901" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[299,456,1718,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BFFD8EBFE9C35E9B60EF901" box="[299,320,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="171" pageNumber="172">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BFFD8EBFEE635E9B686F901" box="[337,456,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="171" pageNumber="172">dactylinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fig. 115). We have not examined the specimens from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BFFD8EBFB7C351FB4BEF9BA" country="Bolivia" name="Pando" pageId="171" pageNumber="172">Departamento de Pando</collectingRegion>
|
||
for which we have mtDNA data, but, based on comparisons with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BFFD8EBFCE435C7B4F7F97F" box="[851,953,1689,1712]" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BFFD8EBFC5035C7B3C4F97F" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1920" box="[999,1162,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BFFD8EBFC5035C7B4B2F97F" box="[999,1020,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="171" pageNumber="172">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BFFD8EBFBB935C7B3C4F97F" box="[1038,1162,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="171" pageNumber="172">boliviensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 38709), we apply this name to our specimens from the Headwaters clade. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BF8D8ECFD9C3732B5DFFB4C" box="[555,657,1132,1155]" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BF8D8ECFF1437D7B60DFB6F" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1920" box="[163,323,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boliviensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BF8D8ECFF1437D7B7F6FB6F" box="[163,184,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="172" pageNumber="173">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BF8D8ECFF7037D7B60DFB6F" box="[199,323,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="172" pageNumber="173">boliviensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the same overall color pattern (including color of middorsal hairs and dark head stripe) and cranial features described below for these specimens. The type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BF8D8ECFE8237A1B697FAD9" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[309,473,1278,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BF8D8ECFE8237A1B604FAD9" box="[309,330,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="172" pageNumber="173">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BF8D8ECFED537A1B697FAD9" box="[354,473,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="172" pageNumber="173">dactylinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown, although Thomas (1911) restricted it to the upper Amazon, and proposed the name
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BF8D8ECFDD03667B799FAA1" italics="true" pageId="172" pageNumber="173">canescens</emphasis>
|
||
for individuals from central Amazonia with the rusty underfur characteristic of the specimens we allocate to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BF8D8ECFE5236CFB512FA67" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[485,604,1425,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BF8D8ECFE5236CFB512FA67" box="[485,604,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="172" pageNumber="173">dactylinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, Lönnberg (1921) correctly noted that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BF8D8ECFF653692B676FA2C" box="[210,312,1484,1507]" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BF8D8ECFED03692B690FA2C" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[359,478,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BF8D8ECFED03692B690FA2C" box="[359,478,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="172" pageNumber="173">dactylinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Paris Museum has rusty underfur, and thus probably came from somewhere downriver from Iquitos in northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BF8D8ECFE3A357AB68CF9F4" box="[397,450,1572,1595]" name="Peru" pageId="172" pageNumber="173">Perú</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The genus is under current review by Louise H. Emmons. Clearly there is much remaining to understand about species boundaries as well as the most basic aspects of the natural history of these animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |