318 lines
37 KiB
XML
318 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="62F5D2AF857254C1B3DE99F5DE0D8580" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347311" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630203687125" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="PATTON, JAMES L., DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F. & MALCOLM, JAY R." docDate="2000" docId="039E01774BB7D8A7FCBF3795B4B6FC8F" docLanguage="en" docName="B244.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2000 (244)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0090(2000)244%3C0001%3AMOTRJA%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Proechimys echinothrix , da Silva 1998" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="232" masterDocId="FFA7790F4B54D840FFB7335EB74EFFCF" masterDocTitle="Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="228" updateTime="1699183939665" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="2BAE788266B1D77DA73392951D41D812">Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC34657E0CDE39F646937FE9B84ACE4F">PATTON, JAMES L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E70CF125C672EECC643B265236E2FAA6">DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A7F5A4E9C5A048A98FD8B442DD8B274B">MALCOLM, JAY R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CF8BCF9040477E151C8EE4424DD109A7">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8501320BE70ACDD219E48AA3DF5741FF">
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<mods:date id="1C74CCE7CD908BDA9078AF8BD7E1ED38">2000</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EA66610C901CF08F15CF81850888F18D">244</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="C6690A66DDD8109C8E0FEA30BF1D604A" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BB7D8A3FCBF3795B39BFB2D" box="[776,1237,1227,1250]" pageId="227" pageNumber="228" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB7D8A3FCBF3795B39BFB2D" blockId="227.[776,1237,1227,1250]" box="[776,1237,1227,1250]" pageId="227" pageNumber="228">
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<heading id="D0C0070D4BB7D8A3FCBF3795B39BFB2D" box="[776,1237,1227,1250]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="227" pageNumber="228" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB7D8A3FCBF3795B39BFB2D" ID-CoL="4MQKV" authority="da Silva, 1998" authorityName=", da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[776,1237,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="227" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB7D8A3FCBF3795B351FB2D" box="[776,1055,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="227" pageNumber="228">Proechimys echinothrix</emphasis>
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da Silva, 1998
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BB7D8A3FCB337A0B48CFAA2" pageId="227" pageNumber="228" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB7D8A3FCB337A0B48CFAA2" blockId="227.[743,1272,1278,1741]" pageId="227" pageNumber="228">
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<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BB7D8A3FCB337A0B473FADA" box="[772,829,1278,1301]" pageId="227" pageNumber="228">TYPE</typeStatus>
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LOCALITY: ‘‘
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BB7D8A3FC6037A0B368FADA" box="[983,1062,1278,1301]" name="Brazil" pageId="227" pageNumber="228">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Amazonas: Colocação ViraVolta, left bank Rio Juruá on Igarapé Arabidi, affluent of
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<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BB7D8A3FBE03667B3E8FA9F" box="[1111,1190,1337,1360]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="227" pageNumber="228">Paraná</collectingRegion>
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Breu 3°17̍S, 66°14̍W.’’
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BB7D8A6FCB3362AB306FB87" lastPageId="230" lastPageNumber="231" pageId="227" pageNumber="228" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB7D8A3FCB3362AB3B9F902" blockId="227.[743,1272,1278,1741]" pageId="227" pageNumber="228">
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DESCRIPTION: This is one of the most easily distinguishable and among the largest spiny rats occurring in western
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BB7D8A3FB9436F0B320FA0A" box="[1059,1134,1454,1477]" name="Brazil" pageId="227" pageNumber="228">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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. In general morphology, these animals are relatively robust, have long ears, a moderately long tail and large hind feet (tables 60 and 64). Overall, the color of the body is uniformly reddishbrown, coarsely streaked on the back and sides with varying amounts of black; the interspersed heavy, dark brown guardhairs make the middorsum appear somewhat dark er, but this grades evenly into the brighter
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB0D8A4FF14339FB514FC8F" blockId="228.[163,692,193,1741]" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">and paler sides of the body. The aristiform hairs are long and much broader than those of any other species of spiny rats on the Rio Juruá (da Silva, 1998: table 4), with distinctly strong and blunt tips that are very conspicuous to the eye and touch, especially in the middorsal region. The color of the venter, chin, and inner surfaces of forelimbs and hind limbs is pure white. The tail is indistinctly bicolored, dark above and white ventrally. It is well haired, with the scales nearly completely obscured from view. The hind feet are long and narrow, nearly unicolored white in most specimens and lack a dark band on the ankle joint. The juvenile pelage varies from uniformly grayish brown (age class 1) to pale brown mixed with Sanford Brown (age class 6). The plantar surface of the hind feet has six tubercules; the lateral metatarsal tubercule is weakly to moderately developed, but is always visible and shorter than the medial metatarsal tubercule.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB0D8A4FF773018B60FFBE4" blockId="228.[163,692,193,1741]" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">
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The baculum is massive and relatively short; its shaft is broad with a thick and expanded base and the distal end has a pair of divergent apical extensions that are separated by a shallow median depression (fig. 137; table
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<quantity id="4CCF1D844BB0D8A4FF633087B647FC3F" box="[212,265,985,1008]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
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da Silva, 1998). Da Silva (1998) figures and describes the soft anatomy of the male phallus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB0D8A4FF77376FB414FEA4" blockId="228.[163,692,193,1741]" lastBlockId="228.[739,1268,193,1741]" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">The skull is moderately large, with a long and narrow rostrum (figs. 138 and 139) and a welldeveloped supraorbital ledge extending over the orbits but discontinuous across the parietals. The zygoma usually lack a postorbital process or, if present, it is low and rounded with equal contributions by the jugal and squamosal. A welldeveloped groove with a lateral flange is present on the floor of the infraorbital foramen. The incisive foramen is ovate to lyrate in general shape, with posterolateral margins mostly flat, or only weakly flanged with very shallow grooves extending onto the anterior palate, which lacks a median ridge (fig. 140). The premaxillary portion of the septum is long and narrow, extending between one half and two thirds of the length of the opening; the maxillary portion is typically attenuate and has weak to no contact with the premaxillary portion; and the vomer is visible in most specimens. The mesopterygoid fossa is moderate in depth but broad (fig. 141), with an angle of indentation into the posterior margin of the palate averaging about 70° and extending to the anterior half of M3. The median number of folds in all upper cheekteeth is three, although M3 occasionally only has two folds.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB0D8A4FCB7322FB404FE0C" blockId="228.[739,1268,193,1741]" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">SELECTED MEASUREMENTS:: Selected external and cranial measurements are given in table 64.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB0D8A4FCB73297B371FAFC" blockId="228.[739,1268,193,1741]" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">
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COMPARISONS: This is one of the most readily identifiable species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FBFD32B9B39DFE31" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[1098,1235,487,510]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FBFD32B9B39DFE31" box="[1098,1235,487,510]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">Proechimys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in western Amazonia. It can be distinguished from all other sympatric species by the following combination of characters: medium to largesized body covered by very heavy aristiform hairs, especially along the dorsum long and very broad aristiforms with a distinctly sharp tip lacking any whiplike extension as seen in
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FC22318FB340FD27" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[917,1038,721,744]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FC22318FB4E9FD27" box="[917,935,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FC02318FB340FD27" box="[949,1038,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">simonsi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FBF0318FB3FBFD27" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1911" box="[1095,1205,721,744]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steerei">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FBF0318FB317FD27" box="[1095,1113,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FBDF318FB3FBFD27" box="[1128,1205,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">steerei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; ears large; tail hairy and distinctly clear white below, almost brushy in comparison to other species; tail approximately two thirds of the length of the body, relatively and absolutely shorter than the tail of
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FC4E303AB33BFCB4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[1017,1141,868,891]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FC4E303AB345FCB4" box="[1017,1035,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FBAB303AB33BFCB4" box="[1052,1141,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">simonsi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; hind foot nearly unicolored white; cranial features include weakly developed posterior portion of the temporal ridges; uniformly three folds on all upper teeth; oval to lyreshaped incisive foramen with an expanded and long contribution of the premaxillary portion (in contrast to
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FCF2376FB48DFB87" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[837,963,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FCF2376FB419FB87" box="[837,855,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FCDD376FB48DFB87" box="[874,963,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">simonsi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FB3F376FB464FBA9" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FB3F376FB3D4FB87" box="[1160,1178,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FB19376FB464FBA9" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">brevicauda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) but with both attenuate flanges and a maxillary portion of septum that lacks a keel (in contrast to
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FC3837D7B37DFB6F" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[911,1075,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FC3837D7B4EFFB6F" box="[911,929,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FC0737D7B37DFB6F" box="[944,1075,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">brevicauda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); vomer visible although only barely so. The broad and short baculum of
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FCC3379AB352FB14" authorityName=", da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[884,1052,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FCC3379AB4C8FB14" box="[884,902,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FC2F379AB352FB14" box="[920,1052,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">echinothrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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distinguishes this species from all others, except
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FBE737BFB38CFB37" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[1104,1218,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FBE737BFB32CFB37" box="[1104,1122,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FBC637BFB38CFB37" box="[1137,1218,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">cuvieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB0D8A4FD5437A1B414FAD9" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[739,858,1278,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="228" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FD5437A1B5BBFAD9" box="[739,757,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">P</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BB0D8A4FCBF37A1B414FAD9" box="[776,858,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">pattoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, both of which are distinctive in other morphological features.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB0D8A4FCB73667B3BAF902" blockId="228.[739,1268,193,1741]" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">
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MOLECULAR PHYLOGEOGRAPHY: We have examined cytochromeb sequences from individuals collected at each of the three localities from the Upper and Lower Central and Mouth regions of the Rio Jurua´, as well as from the upper Rio Urucu south of the Rio Solimões, and from the Rio Jaú and Rio Tiquie´, all to the north of the Solimões and west of the
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<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BB0D8A4FCD9357AB4A7F9F4" box="[878,1001,1572,1595]" country="Uruguay" name="Rio Negro" pageId="228" pageNumber="229">Rio Negro</collectingRegion>
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(fig. 145, above; table 69). Two clearly defined and deeply divergent clades are evident, one north of the Rio Solimões and the other to the south (fig. 145, below). These differ by an average of 10.8% All specimens from north of the Rio Soli
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF48E0E94BB1D8A5FF7636FEB786F945" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347623" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347623/files/figure.png" pageId="229" pageNumber="230" startId="229.[193,231,1440,1461]" targetBox="[367,1070,188,1418]" targetPageId="229">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB1D8A5FF7636FEB786F945" blockId="229.[167,1271,1440,1674]" pageId="229" pageNumber="230">
|
||
Fig. 145. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB1D8A5FEF536FEB6C7FA7A" bold="true" box="[322,393,1440,1461]" pageId="229" pageNumber="230">Above</emphasis>
|
||
) Map of the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB1D8A5FD0636FEB4E4FA7A" authorityName=", da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[689,938,1440,1461]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB1D8A5FD0636FEB4E4FA7A" box="[689,938,1440,1461]" italics="true" pageId="229" pageNumber="230">Proechimys echinothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(modified from da Silva, 1998 illustrating localities for which 801 bp of cytochromeb sequence are available, lettered or numbered as in the tree (bottom). Localities belonging to each of the three mtDNA clades are encompassed by ellipses. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB1D8A5FEB836AEB61DF9CA" bold="true" box="[271,339,1520,1541]" pageId="229" pageNumber="230">Below</emphasis>
|
||
) Single most parsimonious tree generated by the branchandbound procedure for 18 individual haplotypes from the eight localities in the map (top). Length = 341 steps; CI = 0.757; RI = 0.872. Sequences of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB1D8A5FDFE3578B58AF9F4" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[585,708,1574,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB1D8A5FDFE3578B58AF9F4" box="[585,708,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="229" pageNumber="230">Proechimys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB1D8A5FC943578B4CAF9F4" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[803,900,1574,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="229" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB1D8A5FC943578B4CAF9F4" box="[803,900,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="229" pageNumber="230">Mesomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were used to root the tree. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are average Kimura twoparameter distances. Voucher catalog numbers and localities for each haplotype are given in table 69.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB2D8A6FF1430A8B699FA0A" blockId="230.[163,692,1014,1741]" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">
|
||
mões, from the upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BB2D8A6FE0530A8B57EFBC2" box="[434,560,1014,1037]" country="Uruguay" name="Rio Negro" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">Rio Negro</collectingRegion>
|
||
as well as the Rio Jau´, form a tight cluster of haplotypes that differ, on average, by only 1.4%. Specimens from the Rio Juruá and upper Rio Urucu, however, differentiate into two clades with the moderate divergence of 4.3% between them. One of these clades includes localities from the left bank of the Rio Juruá (Barro Vermelho [locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FE6E37BFB6B8FB36" bold="true" box="[473,502,1249,1273]" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">12</emphasis>
|
||
] and Colocação ViraVolta [locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FE2337A0B6FFFAD9" bold="true" box="[404,433,1278,1302]" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">14</emphasis>
|
||
]); the other pairs the sole locality from the right bank of the Rio Juruá (VaiQuemQuer [locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FD8A3667B514FA9E" bold="true" box="[573,602,1337,1361]" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">15</emphasis>
|
||
]) with that from the upper Rio Urucu, which is further to the east. Thus, the Rio Juruá appears to separate this species into definable monophyletic haplotype clades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB2D8A6FF773692B306FB87" blockId="230.[163,692,1014,1741]" lastBlockId="230.[739,1268,1014,1741]" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">
|
||
MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION: Our samples are of limited size, but geographic divergence is evident in three morphometric variables in comparisons between individuals from opposite sides of the Rio Jurua´. Ear length (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FEB73501B65CF9B9" box="[256,274,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17B3B2244BB2D8A6FEA53535B67EF9B6" attach="left" box="[274,304,1643,1657]" fontSize="6" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">1,25</subScript>
|
||
= 4.471,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FE073501B6F1F9B9" box="[432,447,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.0391), mastoid breadth (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FEA53522B66AF95C" box="[274,292,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17B3B2244BB2D8A6FE9435D6B60CF959" attach="left" box="[291,322,1672,1686]" fontSize="6" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">1,24</subScript>
|
||
= 12.129,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FE6E3522B6A6F95C" box="[473,488,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.0019), and occipital condyle breadth (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FE6A35C7B6A1F97F" box="[477,495,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17B3B2244BB2D8A6FE5835FBB540F97C" attach="left" box="[495,526,1701,1715]" fontSize="6" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">1,23</subScript>
|
||
= 6.552,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FD3135C7B5DBF97F" box="[646,661,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.0178) are all significantly different by one way ANOVAs. Thus, there is minimal morphological differentiation to match that observed in mtDNA haplotypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BB2D8A7FCB73710B551FA2C" lastPageId="231" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="230" pageNumber="231" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB2D8A6FCB73710B3BDF902" blockId="230.[739,1268,1014,1741]" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: In her description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB2D8A6FC893732B3FDFB4C" authority=", da Silva (1998)" authorityName=", da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[830,1203,1132,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FC893732B41EFB4C" box="[830,848,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FCD53732B4A8FB4C" box="[866,998,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">echinothrix</emphasis>
|
||
, da Silva (1998)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
allocated only specimens from the Rio Juruá and upper Rio Urucu to this species, both sets of localities south of the Rio Solimões in westcentral Amazonian
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BB2D8A6FC7F37BFB35DFB37" box="[968,1043,1249,1272]" name="Brazil" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However, she not ed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB2D8A6FCFB37A1B49EFAD9" authorityName=", da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[844,976,1279,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="230" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB2D8A6FCFB37A1B49EFAD9" box="[844,976,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">echinothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
like animals had been collected throughout the Parque Nacional Jaú northwest of the mouth of the Rio Negro in the central Amazon and that one of us (J. L Patton) had examined specimens from the Río
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BB2D8A6FCAE36CFB420FA67" box="[793,878,1425,1448]" country="Colombia" name="Vaupes" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">Vaupés</collectingRegion>
|
||
(= Uaupés) in Amazonian
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BB2D8A6FB7036CFB47AFA0A" name="Colombia" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BB2D8A6FD5436B7B417F9CF" box="[739,857,1513,1536]" name="Colombia" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BB2D8A6FC3236B7B497F9CF" box="[901,985,1513,1536]" country="Colombia" name="Bogota" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">Bogotá</collectingRegion>
|
||
that he believed to represent this same taxon. Finally, we have recently obtained specimens of this same taxon from Comunidade Colina, on the right bank of the Rio Tiquie´, a tributary of the Rio Uaupés. Thus, the range of this species, or a complex of closely related taxa, covers a large part of western Amazonian
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BB2D8A6FBCF35E8B3F1F902" box="[1144,1215,1718,1741]" name="Brazil" pageId="230" pageNumber="231">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB3D8A7FF10339FB791FE47" blockId="231.[167,696,193,1741]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">
|
||
adjacent
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BB3D8A7FEA5339FB6CBFF17" box="[274,389,193,216]" name="Colombia" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
on both sides of the Rio Solimões, and is likely to be found in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BB3D8A7FEB333A2B677FEDC" box="[260,313,252,275]" name="Peru" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">Perú</collectingCountry>
|
||
as well (fig. 145, top). It’s distinctive external morphology should make this one of the more easily identifiable species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB3D8A7FF49320AB6C9FEA4" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[254,391,340,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FF49320AB6C9FEA4" box="[254,391,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">Proechimys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in regional faunas of this area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB3D8A7FF7332D0B67EFC7A" blockId="231.[167,696,193,1741]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">
|
||
We collected specimens in the Rio Juruá only in the Lower Central (locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FDEC32F5B536FE0C" bold="true" box="[603,632,427,451]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">12</emphasis>
|
||
) and Mouth regions (localities
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FE6E3297B6B8FE2E" bold="true" box="[473,502,457,481]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">14</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FD833297B51FFE2E" bold="true" box="[564,593,457,481]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">15</emphasis>
|
||
), but on both banks of the river (figs. 133 and 145). Of the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BB3D8A7FEB7315AB6EFFDD4" box="[256,417,516,539]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" type="generic">50 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
collected, 43 are from the terra firme forests of the Mouth Region, often at the edge of flooded várzea; the remaining
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BB3D8A7FEA63102B696FDBC" box="[273,472,604,627]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" type="generic">seven specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
are from terra firme forest at Barro Vermelho (locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FD3E3127B5E8FD5E" bold="true" box="[649,678,633,657]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">12</emphasis>
|
||
). We captured animals in Tomahawk (63%) and Sherman (29%) traps on the standardized lines; we also obtained specimens by hunting (2%) and in Victor snap traps (6%) set along other trails within terra firme forest. Young and subadult individuals were caught in both Sherman and Tomahawk traps in about equal numbers (46% and 53% respectively); all but
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BB3D8A7FF1030DFB656FC57" box="[167,280,897,920]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
|
||
individual were caught in Tomahawk traps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB3D8A7FF7330E2B551FA2C" blockId="231.[167,696,193,1741]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">
|
||
REPRODUCTION: We caught
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB3D8A7FDB930E2B5F9FC1C" authorityName=", da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[526,695,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FDB930E2B56EFC1C" box="[526,544,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FD8430E2B5F9FC1C" box="[563,695,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">echinothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only in the months of October and May. Our sample comprises an approximately equal number of males and females, as well as young and adult individuals. Eight of the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BB3D8A7FD2D376FB7A5FBAA" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" type="male">24 males</specimenCount>
|
||
were reproductively active, all of which were of age classes 9 and 10. In contrast, reproductively inactive individuals belonged to age classes 1 and 3 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BB3D8A7FD8737F8B5F6FB72" box="[560,696,1190,1213]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
each), 5 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BB3D8A7FEA0379AB6E3FB14" box="[279,429,1220,1243]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
), and 6 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BB3D8A7FDA2379AB5E3FB14" box="[533,685,1220,1243]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
). We caught pregnant females in October (n = 2) and May (n = 9), in both dry and wet seasons. One pregnant individual was also lactating, suggesting postpartum estrous. Most pregnancies were in females of age class 9 or 10, although two individuals of age 6 were pregnant. Signs of estrous were first observed in individuals of age 5. The modal litter size was 2, the range 1–3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BB3D8A7FF7336B7B4B6FC8F" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB3D8A7FF7336B7B47CFDD4" blockId="231.[167,696,193,1741]" lastBlockId="231.[743,1272,193,832]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">
|
||
KARYOTYPE: We prepared chromosomes from 31 individuals, including four from Barro Vermelho (locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FE57357DB6B3F9F4" bold="true" box="[480,509,1571,1595]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">12</emphasis>
|
||
) and all specimens from both ViraVolta (locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FDEA351FB534F996" bold="true" box="[605,634,1601,1625]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">14</emphasis>
|
||
) and VaiQuemQuer (locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FE623500B6BCF9B9" bold="true" box="[469,498,1630,1654]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">15</emphasis>
|
||
). The karyotype is illustrated in da Silva (1998). It has a 2n = 32 and FN = 60, with the autosomes comprising two pairs of very large metacentrics, eight pairs of mediumsized to small metacentrics and submetacentrics, one pair of large and four pairs of small to mediumsized subtelocentrics. The Xchromosome is a small acrocentric and the Ychromosome is a smaller acrocentric. The karyotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB3D8A7FB69320AB425FE47" authorityName=", da Silva" authorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FB69320AB425FE47" italics="true" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">P echinothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BB3D8A7FBC5322FB3BEFE47" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[1138,1264,369,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FBC5322FB3CAFE47" box="[1138,1156,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FB20322FB3BEFE47" box="[1175,1264,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">simonsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which also has 2n = 32, but differs by having one extra pair of small subtelocentrics and lacking the large pair of acrocentric chromosomes (see Patton and Gardner 1972).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BB3D8A7FCB3317FB4B6FC8F" blockId="231.[743,1272,193,832]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">
|
||
SPECIMENS EXAMINED (n = 50): (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FB38317FB3E2FDF6" bold="true" box="[1167,1196,545,569]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">12</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BB3D8A7FB77317FB3BCFDF7" box="[1216,1266,545,568]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
4 f — INPA 2551–2552; JLP 15816; JUR 188; MPEG 25500; MVZ 187167–187168 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FD473127B443FD5E" bold="true" box="[752,781,633,657]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">13</emphasis>
|
||
) 1 f — MNFS 1792; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FB863127B300FD5E" bold="true" box="[1073,1102,633,657]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">14</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BB3D8A7FBD33127B3D9FD5F" box="[1124,1175,633,656]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
|
||
, 5 f — INPA 2550; MNFS 1694, 1698–1699, 1704 1714 –1716, 1719, 1723–1724; MVZ 187169, 187183; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BB3D8A7FC7D318FB4A9FD26" bold="true" box="[970,999,721,745]" pageId="231" pageNumber="232">15</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BB3D8A7FC48318FB30DFD27" box="[1023,1091,721,744]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="231" pageNumber="232" unit="m" value="13.0">13 m</quantity>
|
||
, 16 f — JUR 273, 287, 290, 298, 301, 319, 324, 336, 342– 343, 356–358, 360, 377; MPEG 25501 MVZ 187170–187182.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |