259 lines
26 KiB
XML
259 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad9fadb9-dae2-4d9e-99ac-18720e54e2fa" ID-PMC="PMC4304033" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-472-117" ID-PubMed="25632252" ID-ZBK="F9D10185A581424093C1B35A960F5F88" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-472-117" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 472" ModsDocTitle="Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)" checkinTime="1451244827731" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mally, Richard, Korycinska, Anastasia, Agassiz, David J. L., Hall, Jayne, Hodgetts, Jennifer & Nuss, Matthias" docDate="2015" docId="F63CC1ED17965CA34CB11BF9392F4FD5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 472: 117-162" docOrigin="ZooKeys 472" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781" docTitle="Leucinodes africensis Mally, Korycinska, Agassiz, Hall, Hodgetts & Nuss, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="F8291E38-9C43-478D-8ED6-9C39EE507065" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="FFE27F4AFFB0563AFFFBFF814072DA71" masterDocTitle="Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="125" updateTime="1668159804888" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Korycinska, Anastasia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Agassiz, David J. L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hall, Jayne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hodgetts, Jennifer</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nuss, Matthias</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>472</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>117</mods:start>
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<mods:end>162</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-472-117</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F9D10185A581424093C1B35A960F5F88</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F9D10185A581424093C1B35A960F5F88</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152057690" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F8291E38-9C43-478D-8ED6-9C39EE507065" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F63CC1ED17965CA34CB11BF9392F4FD5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="125" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Crambidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="125" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/F8291E38-9C43-478D-8ED6-9C39EE507065" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="8" pageNumber="125">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 2, 14-15, 24, 32, 35, 38-39, 42-43
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="126" type="type-locality">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="126">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="126" start="start">Type-locality</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="126">West Africa, 11 June 1848, H. S. Le Marquand leg.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="126" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="126">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="126">
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Type-specimen. Holotype ♂ [red-circled label] "Holo- | type", "WEST AFRICA: | H.S. Le Marquand. | 11. xi. 48", BM
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<taxonomicName family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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slide 23118 (BMNH). - Additional material.GHANA. 1♀ Kumasi, leg. J. D. G. Sanders, BMNH
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<taxonomicName family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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slide No. 23130 (BMNH); LIBERIA. 1♂ Kpaine,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="7.1666665">7°10'N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-9.116667">9°07'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 12.viii.1953, leg. Dr W. Peters, BMNH
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<taxonomicName family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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slide No. 23148 (BMNH);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="CÔTE">COTE</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D’IVOIRE">D'IVOIRE</normalizedToken>
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. 1♂ Abidjan, 19.xi.1952, leg. L. Sheljuzhko, prep. RM330 (ZSM); 1♂
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouaké">Bouake</normalizedToken>
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, Inepa, 14.-15.vi.1983, col. Stam, prep. RM693 (RMCA); 1♀ Bingerville, 11.vi.1961, leg. J. Decelle, prep. RM704 (RMCA]; 1♀ Mont Nimba,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Xealé">Xeale</normalizedToken>
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, 6.ii.1959, leg. M. Condamin & R. Roy, prep. RM743 (MNHN); NIGERIA. 1♀ Lagos, 31.viii.1987, leg. Boorman, BMNH
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<taxonomicName family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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slide No. 23127 (BMNH); 1 ex. Oyo, Ibadan, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="7.501">7.501N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="3.906">3.906E</geoCoordinate>
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, 240m, 15.iii.2006, leg. S.E. Miller & T.M. Kuklenski, DNA Barcode USNM ENT 196725 (USNM); GABON. 1♂ Ntoum, xii.1986, leg. A. Pauly, prep. RM685 (RMCA); DR CONGO. 1♂ Sankuru, Dimbelenge, i.-ii. 1957, leg. M. Fontaine, prep. RM697 (RMCA); 1♀ Elisabethville, 20.ii.1934, leg. Ch. Seydel, prep. RM696 (RMCA); ANGOLA. 1♂ 3♀ prov.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Uíge">Uige</normalizedToken>
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, Negage, market,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-7.7609444">7°45'39.4"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="15.266833">15°16'00.6"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1213 m, 21.iii.2013, fruits of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aethiopicum" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicum">Solanum aethiopicum</taxonomicName>
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, e.l. 19., 20., 21.iv.2013, leg. M. Nuss, 1♂ prep. RM643, DNA vouchers SMTD Lep1562 & Lep1563 (SMTD); 2♀ same data, but 30.i.2014, fruits of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aethiopicum" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicum">Solanum aethiopicum</taxonomicName>
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, e.l. 16.ii.2014, leg. M. Nuss (SMTD); WEST AFRICA. 1♂ ii.-xi.43, leg. H. S. Le Marquand, BMNH
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<taxonomicName family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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slide No. 23118 (phallus lost) (BMNH); TANZANIA. 2♀ Oldeani, 22.x.1961 & 9.xii.1961, leg. J. Killand, preps RM334 & RM634 (ZSM); THE NETHERLANDS (IMPORT). 1♂ Schiphol (Amsterdam), import Ghana, 18.ix.2009, ex larva 22.ix.2009, ex pupa 1.x.2009, leg. P. Dekker, det. M v. d. Straten, prep. RM501, DNA voucher SMTD Lep946, DNA Barcode BC MTD 01816 (NPPO); 1♀ Schiphol (Amsterdam), import Ghana, 18.ix.2009, ex larva 23.ix.2009, ex pupa 1.x.2009, leg. P. Dekker, det. M. v. d. Straten, prep. RM640 (NPPO); GREAT BRITAIN (IMPORT). 1 ♂ London Airport, import Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), 1965; 1♂ 1♀ import Nigeria, ex tomatoes, London Airport xi.1965 (FERA); for additional FERA material see Suppl. material 2.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="126">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="9" pageNumber="126">
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The frons is less strongly bulged than in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="127" start="start">Leucinodes</pageBreakToken>
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orbonalis
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</taxonomicName>
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. In wing pattern this species is indistinguishable from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes kenyensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kenyensis">Leucinodes kenyensis</taxonomicName>
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and "
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
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spp.", but distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes malawiensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malawiensis">Leucinodes malawiensis</taxonomicName>
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by the absence of the forewing basal transversal streak and the presence of the apical half moon-shaped patch, and from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ethiopica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethiopica">Leucinodes ethiopica</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ugandensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">Leucinodes ugandensis</taxonomicName>
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by the predominantly white forewing ground colour. In male genitalia it is distinguished by: the long ventrad fibula (as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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, short and triangular in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes malawiensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malawiensis">Leucinodes malawiensis</taxonomicName>
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, broad and stout in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
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); the elongate, straight or hook-shaped, sometimes branching distal sacculus process projecting towards the valva apex (similar in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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); the apically thin, subulate juxta (similar in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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); the prominent oval saw blade-shaped sclerotization of the posterior phallus apodeme (as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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); it is distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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by the longer, more curved fibula with a slender base, the elongate distal sacculus process, which spans more than half the distance fibula
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<normalizedToken originalValue="base–valva">base-valva</normalizedToken>
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apex, is straight or hook-shaped and sometimes exhibits a side branch, and the pointed valva apex (rounded in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
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). Female genitalia resemble those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes pseudorbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudorbonalis">Leucinodes pseudorbonalis</taxonomicName>
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in having a swollen antrum, but they lack the posterior constriction of the ostium bursae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="127" type="description of adults">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Description of adults.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Head. As for the genus, with frons moderately bulged, base of each meron of labial palps with white scales.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Thorax. As for the genus, with dorsal side brown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">
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Wings. Forewing length ♂ 7.5-10.5 m, ♀ 7.0-11.5 m; wing pattern as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Abdomen. First segment whitish, remainder brown to grey.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Male genitalia. As for the genus, apart from: juxta base broad, semicircular, apical 2/3 of juxta thin, subulate; valvae broad, forming an oblong triangle; sacculus process porrect towards valva apex or apically bent, apex acanthaceous, sometimes with a similarly acanthaceous subapical side branch (sb in Fig. 14); ventrad fibula thin, spine-like, curved, crossing distal sacculus anterior to the sacculus process; valva apex pointed; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with prominent oval saw blade-like sclerite, posterioventral apodeme with posteriodorsad oriented tapering process.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Female genitalia. As for the genus, apart from: colliculum-antrum complex in sagittal plane of sigmoid shape; dorsal surface of antrum exocuticle with longitudinal sclerotized strip running from sternite 8, bearing transverse ridges (Fig. 32); sternite 8 with anteriomedian recess, anteriolateral edges slightly dentate; apophyses anteriores with broadened central portion.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="127" type="immature stages">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Immature stages.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">
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Larva. Final-instar larvae of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
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cannot be definitively separated. In final instars of live specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
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, the majority of the abdominal D1 pinacula have a dark pigmented spot on the anteriomedian margin (illustrated on A2 in Fig. 35), although in the occasional pinaculum this is replaced by an unpigmented area, which can be contiguous with the unmelanized integument surrounding the pinaculum or separated from it by the melanized cuticle of the pinaculum; crochets are mesally triordinal, as in the East-Asian populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pupa. length ca. 8.5 m; no consistent features separate the pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">
|
||
Figures 42-46. Pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 42-43
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
42 dorsal view 43 close-up of cremaster 44-46
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
44 dorsal view 45 lateral view 46 close-up of cremaster. Abbreviations: hs hood-like structures dorsal to spiracles on abdominal segments 2 and 3. Scale bar refers to 42, 44 and 45 and represents 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="127" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Latinized africensis, derived from the continent of Africa from where the type material originates and referring to the widespread distribution of this species on the African continent.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="128" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="128" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
Known from West Africa (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Côte">Cote</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ivoire">d'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria), Angola, DR Congo, Gabon, and Tanzania; intercepted with plant imports from Ghana and Zimbabwe to Great Britain and the Netherlands. At least in the southern DR Congo (Lubumbashi)
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="129" type="foodplants">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="129" start="start">Foodplants</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aethiopicum" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicum">Solanum aethiopicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (Angola, leg. Nuss 2013),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lycopersicon" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycopersicon">Solanum lycopersicon</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">Solanum melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="129" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="129">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="129">
|
||
This species is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes rimavallis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rimavallis">Leucinodes rimavallis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but both COI Barcoding data and constant morphological differences in genitalia separate the two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |