268 lines
34 KiB
XML
268 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="84C1924A89B8917CBA77E4656385C451" ID-CLB-Dataset="33463" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9884f9b2-091d-4f9a-9284-b2e78a5e6c30" ID-PMC="PMC5240373" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-639-1" ID-PubMed="28138281" ID-ZooBank="BB23AA3FDD9E42CE92F737E047AE80C7" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-639-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 639" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species" checkinTime="1481618735599" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van Achterberg, Cornelis & Shaw, Mark R." docDate="2016" docId="CE0E978DE840AE58999A899601CBC49D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 639: 1-164" docOrigin="ZooKeys 639" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893" docTitle="Aleiodes albitibia Herrich-Schaeffer 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="1A60FFDC4008240EFF9E5829510DDB79" masterDocTitle="Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1701380682329" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C2F94749B6FBCBAB9E4650C498F560A0">Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="56DB364EFA3215A58770A6C84B2F862D">van Achterberg, Cornelis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="86B0238F463D41D601BC792D89A95B7E">Shaw, Mark R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="B3C31318552AB1279201565B5FC85059">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="DB4EE50D93E1C0E7B8DF3087AA418AB0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6B3EA78DF7A7B99742EDDFE2FE7D62B9" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="CE0E978DE840AE58999A899601CBC49D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127902463" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE0E978DE840AE58999A899601CBC49D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE0E978DE840AE58999A899601CBC49D" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection id="ABA82A5D87C35E9693ED9CC957EC7BB6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5487B949AD1AAC2B19F1B3E4FA8920AF" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName id="C34AA5D4CBE9AA1A83E1BAE298F90EC0" ID-CoL="BM83" authority="Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838" authorityName="Herrich-Schaeffer" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">
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Aleiodes albitibia (
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<normalizedToken id="CD38670E791AD179959007217B2F7DC3" originalValue="Herrich-Schäffer">Herrich-Schaeffer</normalizedToken>
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, 1838)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 20-21, 22-34
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="20F7F9C7BC7A46EF41E70D2BB4B5CC3E" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C6137969BF79A2ED172E86BFE7EC5F83" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName id="6656CE816627E80961D70FBE9A69362C" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Rogas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rogas albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Rogas albitibia</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="12D46B936835124AF7F9793891CF8325" originalValue="Herrich-Schäffer">Herrich-Schaeffer</normalizedToken>
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, [April] 1838: 156;
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<bibRefCitation id="065395A6B7C4549E37E07627B8F51940" author="Shenefelt, RD" journalOrPublisher="Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio)" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="1115 - 1262" title="Braconidae 8. Exothecinae, Rogadinae." volume="12" year="1975">Shenefelt 1975</bibRefCitation>
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: 1217;
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<bibRefCitation id="9D7FECDBF44546E9161623CF1787C6D5" author="Achterberg, C van" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden)" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 102" title="Revision of the genera of the Afrotropical and W. Palaearctic Rogadinae Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="273" year="1991">van Achterberg 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 24 (as senior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="E8581A09C437221529453EF6086B8799" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Aleiodes heterogaster</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4FBC31F9F17C2230F9CF7D03A0066D0C" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName id="AF49B1B448A67C8FFA4B24E6B1C363B3" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Aleiodes albitibia</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="94FDBBE383BDBAB958E3C7E8228AD373" author="Achterberg, C van" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden)" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 102" title="Revision of the genera of the Afrotropical and W. Palaearctic Rogadinae Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="273" year="1991">van Achterberg 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 24;
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<bibRefCitation id="18639E6187CB92012CC698ED9368F444" author="Belokobylskij, SA" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Entomologie" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="341 - 435" title="Checklist of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of Germany." volume="53" year="2003">Belokobylskij et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 398.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2463F41E1AAC0FDE02D807ECC789111C" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName id="2D75007FFCFE9F0DB3C0B5953DB5A534" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Aleiodes heterogaster</taxonomicName>
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Wesmael, [May] 1838: 96;
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<bibRefCitation id="C37506D5C2019D07FCE86BFF4995DBB8" author="Shenefelt, RD" journalOrPublisher="Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio)" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="1115 - 1262" title="Braconidae 8. Exothecinae, Rogadinae." volume="12" year="1975">Shenefelt 1975</bibRefCitation>
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: 1176;
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<bibRefCitation id="7C18E7D57B68ED4A99BA873DAC36ED8E" author="Papp, J" journalOrPublisher="Magyarorszag Allatvilaga [Fauna Hungariae]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 122" title="Parasitic wasps of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea. Braconidae. 18. Doryctinae. 19. Rogadinae." volume="167" year="1991">Papp 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 97 (examined).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE4A0C4AD7201F507FF24EBDA82789C6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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||
<taxonomicName id="246A8484F918444129D66B55910A7B84" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Rhogas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhogas heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Rhogas heterogaster</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="82EFBDA902EAEA2199C95E4ABF3B8A28" author="Fahringer, J" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Braconologica (Wien)" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="241 - 320" title="Opuscula braconologica. Band 3. Palaearktischen Region." volume="4" year="1932">Fahringer 1932</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 258-259.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EAA6C2D1F9E191D97DA0D6885FDDE432" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName id="82C876332091F491D1C0C9C2298EC5BC" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Rogas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rogas heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Rogas heterogaster</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="3629104C371FB479F1CAA9F9C12C2DD2" author="Hammond, HE" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Gazette" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="181 - 189" title="On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part III: Records of Tachinidae (Dipt.), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae and Scelionidae (Hym.)." volume="8" year="1957">Hammond and Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
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: 181;
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<bibRefCitation id="1E9E0EEA387DFECD94395AD181D6DAC9" author="Tobias, VI" editor="Medvedev, GS" journalOrPublisher="Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" pagination="1 - 501" title="Rogadinae: 72 - 85." volume="145" volumeTitle="Opredelitel Nasekomych Evrospeiskoi Tsasti SSSR 3, Peredpontdatokrylye 4." year="1986">Tobias 1986</bibRefCitation>
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: 82 (transl.: 136).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9EC94A2B2ADC721746FCA4D6242D8FF7" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="BC879FFE794201077BA5322E73ACE70D" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A25D2A75F76F19340E6439F70EA33227" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Redescribed ♀ and holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="48E705568A9AF7A2F99AC1C8592AD965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Aleiodes heterogaster</taxonomicName>
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(KBIN), "[Belgium], Campine, 1833", "
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<taxonomicName id="EEA118798865BB6EF1BCD40AF7AF794B" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Aleiodes heterogaster</taxonomicName>
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mihi, det. C. Wesmael", "Belgique, Charleroi/teste Papp, J., 1983", "Holotypus
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<taxonomicName id="9469C5DF0D0CEADB6B43D023B0EEBDAD" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Aleiodes heterogaster</taxonomicName>
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Wesm., 1838 / Papp, 1983". The type series of
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<taxonomicName id="2A61BCB333022F47C6B22D50E27B2D04" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Rogas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rogas albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Rogas albitibia</taxonomicName>
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is lost.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BE6667F128026B04A80A0DB4AB16B9C2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="3593B899502F19FB4429493F7451076D" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Additional material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C262715F0B23885AA7A6014BDF686F8" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">*Austria, British Isles (England: V.C.s 3, 11, 15, 22, 58, 59, 61, 69; Wales: V.C. 49; Scotland: V.C.s 72, 77, 80, 88, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99; Ireland: (V.C.s H1, H19, H20), *Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands (DR: Wijster, LI: Asselt; Castelre, GE: Heerde; Putten; Tongeren, NB: Tilburg (Kaaistoep), NH: Muiderberg, OV: Buurse (Schipbeek)), Poland, *Spain, Sweden, Switzerland. Specimens in NMS, BMNH, BZL, CNC, OUM, RMNH, SDEI, USNM, ZSSM, I. Kakko collection, and WUIM.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B40D8FDE0ECBED147408057D600F0129" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="molecular data">
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<paragraph id="E2408540ECB762B313277280AC199F18" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Molecular data.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DEFF234F816A2E30C2459E458B7C48E7" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">MRS210 (Scotland EU979574, CO1), MRS383 (Sweden JF962835/ KU682238, CO1), MRS753 (Sweden KU682248, CO1).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="857A0903941186A50EC49C1B7655605D" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="DC16076EF452F26208D5D02DDB709865" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E255820885149406156EBCFD299EA6F" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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Univoltine parasitoid of arboreal notodontids, overwintering in a highly distinctive mummy (Fig. 21). Specimens (in NMS unless indicated) reared from wild collected arboreal
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<taxonomicName id="D0266BAC297E2D56FEB9E2753224EABB" family="Notodontidae" lsidName="" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
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identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4F1878B095B371B6F42BCB867C872700" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Notodonta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notodonta dromedarius" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromedarius">Notodonta dromedarius</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus) (12 [5 are OUM, 2 are USNM]; T.H. Ford, M.J. Morgan, M.R. Shaw, A.W. Stelfox, W.A. Watson),
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<taxonomicName id="CC8FC2E258392F4285515889979E96FE" genus="Eligmodonta" lsidName="Eligmodonta ziczac" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="ziczac">Eligmodonta ziczac</taxonomicName>
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(Linneaus) (2:1; M.R. Shaw),
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<taxonomicName id="21957C368C5206E57ACBEDD1E75F6D76" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Pheosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheosia tremula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tremula">Pheosia tremula</taxonomicName>
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(Clerck) (8 [1 is AAC]; A.A. Allen, B.T. Parsons, M.R. Shaw),
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<taxonomicName id="0B8FFA2B4CC1185322DEC5D3562D2A1B" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Pheosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheosia gnoma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gnoma">Pheosia gnoma</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius) (2 [BMNH]; G. Graham-Smith). Host range experiments had the following outcomes:
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<taxonomicName id="F625B12737512622B33D6D151BA3CA89" genus="Eligmodonta" lsidName="Eligmodonta ziczac" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="ziczac">Eligmodonta ziczac</taxonomicName>
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2:32\10\\8+2;
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<taxonomicName id="440B04E018AD73B69D9922D3AA9245C5" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Pterostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostoma palpina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpina">Pterostoma palpina</taxonomicName>
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(Clerck) 2:10\0\\-;
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<taxonomicName id="77B1D54D125623F45C9D82A3B9A25D07" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Ptilodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptilodon capucina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capucina">Ptilodon capucina</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus) 1:5\0\\-;
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<taxonomicName id="3EDA031A6DC803B61C3E1222F9950CC6" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Clostera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clostera pigra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pigra">Clostera pigra</taxonomicName>
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(Hufnagel) 2:9\0\\-;
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<taxonomicName id="A40D669D8FB7EB09E0828D9A4C31290B" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Phalera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phalera bucephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucephala">Phalera bucephala</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus) 2:2\0\\-. The developmental biology of this species is rather unusual in several respects. On approaching the host (
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<taxonomicName id="E8FAF452BE7A20280D9A0EBB8ECCEFFE" genus="Eligmodonta" lsidName="Eligmodonta ziczac" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="ziczac">Eligmodonta ziczac</taxonomicName>
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in all the following observations, which are based on two female
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<taxonomicName id="CCAF09DAAE91673F746F68484B7E9DC8" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Aleiodes albitibia</taxonomicName>
|
||
) the female seems to depend on its fore and middle tarsi more than its antennae for host assessment, although antennation does occur (possibly as much to desensitise the host as to investigate it). The host is not paralysed during attack: the female more or less pounces on the host once accepted and aligns herself along the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="297CA54A2FF3F7A97AE04FEF7D617096" originalValue="host’s">host's</normalizedToken>
|
||
body, which she grasps with her front and middle legs during oviposition, and fans her wings for short bursts repeatedly during the oviposition process (this may have indicated that venom was being injected, but if so it did not appear to have a significantly paralysing action), which in some cases lasted as long as 10-15 minutes - in these cases usually with more than one insertion. In fact, probably because the host was not temporarily parasitised and so was not sluggish, self-superparasitism happened very easily. The metasoma is only weakly curled downwards during oviposition, after which the female left the host without the usual post-oviposition period of association. When young, the females host-fed non-destructively on occasion. Development of the parasitoid larva was extremely rapid at ca 22-25 °C, with mummification ensuing after as few as 7-10 days from oviposition. The unusual and highly distinctive mummy (Fig. 21) is very shiny and dark mahogany brown in colour. It consists of the caudal portion of the host (usually from abdominal segment 3 onwards), strongly delimited from the anterior portion which usually shrivels up and becomes detached, leaving a sharp rim. The parasitoid pupates in a capsule which is formed in the most caudal half of this structure (usually in abdominal segments 5-8), dorsally raised, thinly lined with silk, and sealed from a more ventral and anterior inflation of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3FF4F0BFF2D6F790B0953144FD16BE86" originalValue="host’s">host's</normalizedToken>
|
||
cuticle that is of approximately equal volume but fully open at its anterior end. During the mummification process this area fills with liquid and bubbles, but fluids do not spread to the substrate and the mummy does not become stuck down. Once dried and hardened, the whole structure looks as though it contains two pupating parasitoids, and indeed some authors have been misled by this (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40C71E80085AA9F3468651D9E3F54CA7" author="Hammond, HE" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Gazette" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="181 - 189" title="On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part III: Records of Tachinidae (Dipt.), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae and Scelionidae (Hym.)." volume="8" year="1957">Hammond and Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is possible that the empty chamber may serve to decoy pseudo-hyperparasitoids, though this seems unlikely to be its main function. The mummy forms on the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DBDCCECEF96DF10C5E0C723C0EFE12CA" originalValue="host’s">host's</normalizedToken>
|
||
food plant, usually on a leaf surface from which it is easily dislodged, and overwinters in the leaf litter.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="460A1740B02A1B9D85FA83BF07661827" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Aleiodes albitibia</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs particularly in wet, bushy places: bearing in mind that its hosts (evidently rather restricted within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1242380E9179CA04DDE2D2A33F06B50A" family="Notodontidae" lsidName="" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) feed on trees and shrubs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C31964A27C92F9538DAF9E3914A5B99" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D38788AC817776EAC74E1235D028D884" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Populus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Populus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0118AF6C111ACFB7E96C57AA5137D0AD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus" order="Fagales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27F268213485C2ABC364F25066D6F194" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Betula" order="Fagales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Betula</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that often overhang water, the form of the mummy may also be an adaptation to prevent submersion and perhaps also results in dispersion by water, as it floats easily and is not wetted. The winter is passed in the mummy, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ACD50F84C15A8D50C117EE2B2CFF2773" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Aleiodes albitibia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is univoltine, with a flight period in Britain of roughly JuneAugust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A75B0D083213C3E68122E1FAC3C74F5C" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="FFC2E26E673FFE731AE01C8A2ECD9083" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Figures 20-21.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C6E766996A0227C25D69C53CF5CDDB" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Aleiodes albitibia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ADE1FD0B9E0CB68C33CCDE7C615A7722" originalValue="Herrich-Schäffer">Herrich-Schaeffer</normalizedToken>
|
||
), ♀, England. 20 habitus lateral 21 mummy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB5A7664F8A6FB337B3679D24CBD647C" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Notodonta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notodonta dromedarius" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromedarius">Notodonta dromedarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F6FFAA2369D592C184BCAB28D35E4E91" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="407D643F34D609E87639C5347319D84B" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D358262DF04622AD7293B8E83FB0E2A" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Third antennal segment robust (Fig. 34); area in front of anterior ocellus without tubercle; OOL 0.4-0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5A631B191A9DE8D9CB3BEAB45D46C055" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 32); mesopleuron strongly shiny and precoxal area not impressed (Fig. 24); pterostigma dark brown; vein 1r-m of hind wing about as long as vein 1-M (Fig. 23); inner hind tibial
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="13219CE50ECF4B331768F7F8758E5334" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">spur</pageBreakToken>
|
||
0.4-0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="21B6206999122F00AA4DD851D23E50A6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
hind basitarsus; inner side of basal half of hind tibia whitish, rarely largely dark brown; inner side of hind tibia with bristly setae and no comb apically; third tergite curved medio-posteriorly in dorsal view (Fig. 25) and longer than second; metasomal tergites largely black (also laterally so), sometimes with a large yellow or ivory central patch on second tergite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B25208A8491818B1D5C6585421887381" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="ADB2F7B6E6BC0B6BD5F21646CE9DF165" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Figures 22-34.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="504A5416CAE752C27F65896FC8943382" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Aleiodes albitibia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="903A3A81EC79345135EB4B93C589FE5A" originalValue="Herrich-Schäffer">Herrich-Schaeffer</normalizedToken>
|
||
), ♀, Switzerland. 22 fore wing 23 hind wing 24 mesosoma lateral 25 propodeum and anterior half of metasoma dorsal 26 hind leg lateral 27 apical segments of antenna 28 fore femur lateral 29 head anterior 30 head lateral 31 ovipositor sheath lateral 32 head dorsal 33 antenna 34 basal segments of antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D5FD79E672F275500974D4756B5BA0B" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="27F3A2BCDF959CBE6C954FA78512B72C" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E27E2A1D9ECABFFDF41748230AD2281" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5BFD9C824E4CF2B66FA285C3249B392" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Aleiodes heterogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
, length of fore wing 5.4 mm, of body 5.6 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D6452AA1F0FA9139A66F6145AA691C00" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Head. Antennal segments of ♀ 46, long setose, length of antenna 1.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C642866D9C4CB49E9934F55B21D29E27" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
fore wing, its subapical segments distinctly longer than wide; frons weakly depressed, finely rugose medially, remainder superficially micro-granulate; OOL 0.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="824DDF46A2105CC28220A40BD389325D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
diameter of posterior ocellus, and finely granulate; vertex finely granulate, with some rugulae posteriorly, rather dull; clypeus normal, micro-granulate; ventral margin of clypeus thick and not protruding forwards; width of hypoclypeal depression 0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2E9431AF357B40E7AB7FB63ABB36A285" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
minimum width of face (Fig. 29); length of eye 2.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="094028380356524D234ABE22A20EFFE2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
temple in dorsal view (Fig. 32); occiput behind stemmaticum granulate with some rugulae, narrow; clypeus near lower level of eyes; length of malar space 0.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A4DA733315BD1291AE37466AD57152D2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of eye in lateral view; occipital carina widely interrupted medio-dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 30).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A808D01D9BC13255DA24D8179CD5EE30" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mesosoma. Mesoscutal lobes largely granulate and with punctulation, matt; prepectal carina complete, rather weak; precoxal area of mesopleuron largely smooth (but in other specimens usually micro-granulate with some punctulation); mesopleuron above precoxal area strongly shiny and smooth; metapleuron largely coriaceous; scutellum granulate and finely punctate, no distinct carina; propodeum evenly convex, short, anteriorly granulate, medially and posteriorly rugose, median carina complete, without tubercles.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2EC1912CCA1EF81D81DA3AC9BD43946C" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Wings. Fore wing: r 0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B146F6B5891FEB5980549D95E3AAB507" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3-SR (Fig. 22); 1-CU1 horizontal, 0.35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3644AFB0C7050B6993AA99155301B9AD" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2-CU1; r-m 0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A86A613D3FA1EA1625DE80FE6BFF6472" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3-SR; second submarginal cell rather long (Fig. 22); cu-a inclivous, curved posteriorly; 1-M straight posteriorly. Hind wing: marginal cell subparallel-sided, its apical width 1.0
|
||
<normalizedToken id="81B15AFFDB16D21C25DB956370033070" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
width at level of hamuli (Fig. 23); 2-SC+R shortly longitudinal (but in other specimens subquadrate); m-cu absent; M+CU:1-M = 5:3; 1r-m about as long as 1-M.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC3371E1ABD2585A2CEA1DEFF44B0AAC" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Legs. Tarsal claws yellowish setose; hind coxa sparsely punctulate, and granulate; hind trochantellus robust; length of fore femur, hind femur and basitarsus 5.4, 3.7 and 6.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="467BE9B49B8F14E19A78DE51D514E7FB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
their width, respectively (Figs 26, 28); length of inner hind spur 0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="202042DE2912C7114B2F37755FFC4E56" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
hind basitarsus, as long as outer spur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D0ED2C70D1C87D5433D6E08BE6CE8002" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Metasoma. First tergite robust (Fig. 25); first and second tergites rather coarsely longitudinally (reticulate-)rugose, robust, with distinct median carina; medio-basal area of second tergite minute, triangular; second suture shallow; third tergite as long as second tergite and largely granulate, anteriorly with some rugulae; remainder of metasoma smooth, compressed; fourth and apical half of third tergite without sharp lateral crease; ovipositor sheath slender and rather shiny.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D1CCB2F3102465C766707C4578C1FA26" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Colour. Black; malar area, narrow stripe along eyes dorsally, fore and middle legs (but telotarsi infuscate), hind coxa, trochanter trochantellus and femur, palpi and teg
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="60FCEA5438112C3BCA010F45DC4228DA" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">ulae</pageBreakToken>
|
||
yellowish; pterostigma and most veins dark brown; basal 0.6 of hind tibia ivory; remainder of hind tibia and tarsus blackish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="43872F55225016BF7072D0B1C5EB2A3E" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Variation. Antennal segments of ♀: 43(8), 44(14), 45(14), 46(3), 47(3), 49(1); of ♂: 39(1), 40(7), 41(7), 42(4), 43(3), 44(2). Second metasomal tergite may be largely yellowish or ivory (except laterally), or only with pale basal patch; hind tibia may be largely dark brown; base of pterostigma and first tergite medio-apically completely black (typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC6076C4C393500DB17E60D09F684105" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes heterogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">Aleiodes heterogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or yellowish (typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0169142523F38096863511AD41BB901C" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes albitibia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitibia">Aleiodes albitibia</taxonomicName>
|
||
); width of hypoclypeal depression 0.4-0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2E2162AF3C0D12518C255A6B3CB41098" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
minimum width of face; mesopleuron usually with faint brownish longitudinal streak ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D128BAAD91FFC9E03A9E1EA0674FDBFD" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA7A7B5F2D018A727F5A55A264EE6E64" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8FAF14E897251EEED736F62E9C39FCB" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Males average about four fewer antennal segments than females. As is the case for the vast majority of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A342EF4DECF7DC4D71F2A3F4DAD299E3" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aleiodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, only one parasitoid develops in each host (pace
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2650B0BE3FB5CE3472489188E1799C91" author="Hammond, HE" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Gazette" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="181 - 189" title="On some parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera bred from lepidopterous hosts. Part III: Records of Tachinidae (Dipt.), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae and Scelionidae (Hym.)." volume="8" year="1957">Hammond and Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |