198 lines
19 KiB
XML
198 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0e5e47a0-f8f3-4039-b0e1-c159fef0b9f6" ID-PMC="PMC4714384" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-544-1" ID-PubMed="26798289" ID-ZBK="C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-544-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 544" ModsDocTitle="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation" checkinTime="1451243640953" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liebherr, James K." docDate="2015" docId="C04DE0182A8A30823362012029BB69EC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 544: 1-407" docOrigin="ZooKeys 544" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" docTitle="Mecyclothorax robustus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="FF92FFC2FF9FFFC7191EFFB8FF91AF5D" masterDocTitle="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation" masterLastPageNumber="407" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="70" updateTime="1668162300918" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liebherr, James K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>544</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>407</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-544-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127853551" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C04DE0182A8A30823362012029BB69EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04DE0182A8A30823362012029BB69EC" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<subSubSection pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Carabidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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(025)
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<taxonomicName authority="Blackburn" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus (Blackburn)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 37D, 38
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
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, 39B, 41, 42
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="70" pageNumber="71" start="start">Cyclothorax</pageBreakToken>
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robustus
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Blackburn, T" journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="226 - 229" title="Characters of new genera and descriptions of new species of Geodephaga from the Hawaiian Islands." volume="17" year="1881">Blackburn 1881</bibRefCitation>
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: 228;
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<bibRefCitation author="Blackburn, T" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands (Ser 2)" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="119 - 290" volume="3" year="1885">Blackburn and Sharp 1885</bibRefCitation>
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: 215.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Thriscothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thriscothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Thriscothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" editor="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" pagination="175 - 292" title="Coleoptera II. Caraboidea." volumeTitle="Fauna Hawaiiensis" year="1903">Sharp 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 268;
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<bibRefCitation author="Swezey, OH" journalOrPublisher="The Hawaiian Botanical Society and The Hawaiian Entomological Society, Honolulu" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" title="Forest Entomology in Hawaii: An annotated check-list of the insect faunas of the various components of the Hawaiian forests" year="1954">Swezey 1954</bibRefCitation>
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: 7 (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="koa" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" rank="species" species="koa">koa</taxonomicName>
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associate).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Britton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="107 - 166" title="A revision of the Hawaiian species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Occasional Papers of the Bernice P." volume="19" year="1948 b">Britton 1948b</bibRefCitation>
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: 166.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" editor="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" pagination="175 - 292" title="Coleoptera II. Caraboidea." volumeTitle="Fauna Hawaiiensis" year="1903">Sharp 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 255.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Britton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="107 - 166" title="A revision of the Hawaiian species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Occasional Papers of the Bernice P." volume="19" year="1948 b">Britton 1948b</bibRefCitation>
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: 166 (synonymy).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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This and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax haydeni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haydeni">Mecyclothorax haydeni</taxonomicName>
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represent the two larger bodied species in this group with subquadrate elytra, the discal elytral striae lined with distinct, round punctures (Figs 38
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
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). Of the two species, the discal elytral striae are more distinctly and regularly punctate in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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, though this characteristic is variable. In aggregate, individuals of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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have larger eyes, ocular ratio = 1.48-1.54, that cover most of the ocular lobe, ocular lobe ratio = 0.76-0.84, in contrast to beetles of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax haydeni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haydeni">Mecyclothorax haydeni</taxonomicName>
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with ocular ratio = 1.41-1.49, and ocular lobe ratio = 0.70-0.78. Male genitalia are diagnostic, with the aedeagal median lobe of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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males exhibiting an apex with a flattened apical surface and tightly rounded, ventrally directed tip (Fig. 41), versus a median lobe with an evenly downcurved and narrowed apex for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax haydeni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haydeni">Mecyclothorax haydeni</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 43). Setal formula 2 2 2 2. Standardized body length 4.8-6.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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Figure 41. Male aedeagus,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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(for abbreviations see Table 2, p. 23).
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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(Ukulele Camp Pipeline, 1495 m). A Right view B Right view, sac everted C Ventral view
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko‘olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
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Gap, 1325 m) D Right view E Right view, sac everted
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
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(Kuhiwa, 1590 m) F Right view G Right view, sac everted H Ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="identification">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Identification</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">(n = 5). In keeping with the larger eyes, the posterior portion of the ocular lobe joins the gena at nearly a right angle in this species, with a shallow groove at the juncture of lobe and gena. The pronotal median base is covered with distinct punctures, and longitudinal wrinkles line the juncture with the disc; the anterior transverse impression is deep, narrow, and crossed by deep wrinkles, its posterior surface lined with isodiametric microsculpture. The pronotum is variably transverse, MPW/PL = 1.20-1.28, with variably moderate basal constriction, MPW/BPW = 1.34-1.50. The parascutellar striole is distinctly 5-punctate, and striae 1-6 are distinctly punctate basally, and slightly irregular to smooth apically. The elytral disc is rufobrunneous, often with a purplish reflection due to the transverse-mesh to transverse-line microsculpture covering the intervals.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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Male genitalia (n = 36). Aedeagal median lobe gracile, distance from parameral articulation to tip varies 3.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–4.8×">-4.8x</normalizedToken>
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depth at midlength (Fig. 41B, F); apex moderately extended beyond ostial opening, but always with apical face flat and tip rounded at juncture of apical face and ventral margin; median lobe slightly curved rightward in ventral view, the curvature of left margin more exaggerated in more robust aedeagi (e.g., Fig. 41C versus 41H, which is same specimen as 41F); internal sac parallel sided, dorsal and ventral microtrichial patches variably developed (Fig. 41B, E, G); flagellar plate moderately large, length of sclerotized ventral face 0.44
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–0.48×">-0.48x</normalizedToken>
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parameral articulation-tip distance.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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Female reproductive tract (n = 2). Bursa copulatrix columnar with expanded apex, length 1.25-1.28 mm, breadth 0.48-0.51 mm, basal breadth 0.34 mm in one specimen (Fig. 39B), basal breadth subequal to apical breadth in second specimen; bursal walls translucent with thick wrinkles; gonocoxite 1 with 2-3 apical fringe setae and 7-10 smaller setae on medial surface (Fig. 37D); gonocoxite 2 narrowly subtriangular with subacuminate apex, base narrowly extended laterally, 2 lateral ensiform setae with apical seta broader and longer, apical nematiform setae on medioventral surface at 0.74
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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gonocoxite length.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="types">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Types.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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For
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Cyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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Blackburn, holotype female (BMNH) labeled: mounting platen with Blackburn Maui code (
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<bibRefCitation author="Zimmerman, EC" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" title="Ephemeroptera-Neuroptera-Trichoptera and Supplement to Volumes 1 to 5." volumeTitle="Insects of Hawai'i" year="1957">Zimmerman 1957</bibRefCitation>
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: 210), Cyc
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<taxonomicName lsidName="robustus" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" rank="species" species="robustus">robustus</taxonomicName>
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(on reverse) // Type // Rev. T. Blackburn 1888-30. // HOLOTYPE
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Cyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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Blackburn J.K. Liebherr 1998 (black-margined red label). For
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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Sharp, lectotype male (BMNH) labeled:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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D.S. Type Haleakala Perkins 622 // Type // Hawaiian Is. Perkins 1904-336 // LECTOTYPE
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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Sharp J.K. Liebherr 1998 (black-margined red label).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="distribution and habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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The distributions of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax haydeni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haydeni">Mecyclothorax haydeni</taxonomicName>
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subdivide the windward face of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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, with this species found from Kuhiwa Valley on
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<pageBreakToken pageId="71" pageNumber="72" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
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east to the leeward forest edge near Makawao on the west (Fig. 42) at elevations spanning 1137-1830 m. Historical Perkins records can be predominantly assigned to Ukulele Camp (
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<bibRefCitation author="Perkins, RCL" journalOrPublisher="Ms. SC Perkins" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" title="Diary ... first visit to Maui [Foreword + 6 Mar to 12 May]" year="1894">Perkins 1894</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Perkins, RCL" journalOrPublisher="Ms. SC Perkins" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" title="West Maui and Haleakala in V 96" year="1896 a">1896a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Perkins, RCL" journalOrPublisher="Ms. SC Perkins" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" title="Haleakala Maui - October 1896" year="1896 b">b</bibRefCitation>
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). The species is distributed in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Ōhi‘a">'Ōhi'a</normalizedToken>
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and Koa Forest formations, though most direct associations involve beetles being found in moss on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘ōhi‘a">'ōhi'a</normalizedToken>
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, and secondarily on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="hāpu‘u">hapu'u</normalizedToken>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Cibotiaceae" genus="Cibotium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cibotium" order="Cyatheales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cibotium</taxonomicName>
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) or on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘ōhi‘a">'ōhi'a</normalizedToken>
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nurse logs. This is an abundant species within its habitats. Beetles can be beaten from vegetation at night, or found under boards or logs either during day or at night.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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Figure 42. Recorded geographic distributions of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Mecyclothorax robustus</taxonomicName>
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group species.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |