289 lines
30 KiB
XML
289 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="FCB53D02B8872F95B8B360DCDDB74E0A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eaf497f5-d458-4e40-850d-40cb21f163e2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="284116" ID-ZooBank="BCEA9C83-9664-4A40-9BC2-A7D56BB134B4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460641719393" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Marshall, S. A." docDate="2013" docId="03F78361FFB9FFAEFF441361FE24F9B0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03682p084.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3682 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Grallipeza placida Marshall, 2013, n.sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FFCEFB19FFBBFFADFFD31719FFF5FFAE" masterDocTitle="Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America" masterLastPageNumber="84" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1698335989015" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="1A9897900B05131EC09F3B8745BE6C11" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="954F7F78472745837D25C360B8657E43">
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<mods:title id="2FCA9553AC6792F5CDED236834FBC1D7">Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="46A15E2F4F50C618B82E3551E8019DC7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E5D8B43B3582D8C9EAD424FB7CEA14C5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1F135C00806A2C696BEF77590BAC0F3F">Marshall, S. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C4C99925839E01A4EC0C12CB293FB53A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DE74D7838EE33A30A5DE79DE09CEF345">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3EB84EC5934D8CA0A12A8AC24083DE3E">
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<mods:date id="1EE3ED89E773C6F9491376916212FBCE">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="B1ED4E04D6E5FAAD011CBE766FE7057F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2387855FDAF89F1E3E143BCA8A718AC9">3682</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="89ECFE0B8354F8B04490E4F920506E8D" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="5FBCF55B48FA535EEA4B473262017011">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="EBED35726BBD2737A087EEE0C7549670">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="BBADF15752489256F12883F4BBD92482" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A39B3E23F0AF52D6A407434E6FBB4D33" type="GBIF-Dataset">eaf497f5-d458-4e40-850d-40cb21f163e2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C0095FE92F339296A107453813FC9BF8" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0B8F7DA5333CE7CE5A817EA98C63A413" type="Zenodo-Dep">284116</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03F78361FFB9FFAEFF441361FE24F9B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6154134" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127664673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6154134" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F78361FFB9FFAEFF441361FE24F9B0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F78361FFB9FFAEFF441361FE24F9B0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="C34461FCFFB9FFAEFF441361FE24F9B0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF441361FE1CFB3C" blockId="2.[151,489,1144,1171]" box="[151,489,1144,1171]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="D0A9851BFFB9FFAFFF441361FE1CFB3C" bold="true" box="[151,489,1144,1171]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFF441361FE1CFB3C" bold="true" box="[151,489,1144,1171]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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THE
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFF0F1360FE8EFB3D" ID-CoL="6KRT8" box="[220,379,1145,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placida">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFF0F1360FE8EFB3D" bold="true" box="[220,379,1145,1171]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. PLACIDA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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CLADE
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF4413A6FBBFFAEA" blockId="2.[151,1436,1215,1348]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFF1913D9FECBFB76" box="[202,318,1216,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placida">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFF1913D9FECBFB76" box="[202,318,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. placida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade divides naturally into three groups, one made up of the closely related
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFB7B13D9FA8DFB79" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" box="[1192,1400,1215,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placida">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFB7B13D9FAEEFB76" box="[1192,1307,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. placida</emphasis>
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(Loew)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFA5713D9FE9FFB52" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baracoa">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFA5713D9FF01FB52" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. baracoa</emphasis>
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(Cresson)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFEA613FCFE00FB52" box="[373,501,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. n e b u l o s a</emphasis>
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(Loew),
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFD8C13FCFD43FB52" box="[607,694,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. t u r b a</emphasis>
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n.sp. and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFCFF13FCFC26FB52" box="[812,979,1252,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraplacida" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFCFF13FCFC26FB52" box="[812,979,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. paraplacida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A219531EFFB9FFAFFC0A13FCFBF8FB52" box="[985,1037,1253,1276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, one comprising
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFB0313FCFADBFB52" box="[1232,1326,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. p e re z i</emphasis>
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n.sp. and
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFF441211FF07FA8E" box="[151,242,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. a b e j a</emphasis>
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n. sp., and the other made up of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFDAF1211FCF6FA8E" box="[636,771,1288,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiterga" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFDAF1211FCF6FA8E" box="[636,771,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. albiterga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A219531EFFB9FFAFFCDF1211FCB4FAB1" box="[780,833,1288,1311]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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and its relatives.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFBDC1211FB11FA8E" box="[1039,1252,1288,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placida">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFBDC1211FB11FA8E" box="[1039,1252,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Grallipeza placida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFB261211FA86FA8E" box="[1269,1395,1288,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baracoa">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFB261211FA86FA8E" box="[1269,1395,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. baracoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFA571211FE93FAEA" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFA571211FF0AFAEA" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosa">G. nebulosa</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFED91234FE93FAEA" box="[266,358,1324,1348]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turba">G. turba</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFE4F1234FDB6FAEA" box="[412,579,1324,1348]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraplacida">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFE4F1234FDB6FAEA" box="[412,579,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. paraplacida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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share the following putative synapomorphies:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF14126DFD3EFA01" blockId="2.[199,1118,1396,1528]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">9) Distiphallus bulb with two sequential coils followed by a flat distal extension. 10) Abdominal pleuron almost entirely white.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF1412A5FBFDFA59" blockId="2.[199,1118,1396,1528]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">11) Paired spermathecae large, recumbent and bell or pipe-shaped. 12) Wing with a distinct discal band that does not reach the wing margins.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF141131FC38F991" blockId="2.[199,973,1575,1600]" box="[199,973,1575,1600]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFF141131FE6FF9EE" box="[199,410,1576,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placida">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFF141131FE6FF9EE" box="[199,410,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Grallipeza placida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFE031131FD8DF9EE" box="[464,632,1576,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraplacida">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFE031131FD8DF9EE" box="[464,632,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. paraplacida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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share the following character:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF141176FEC6F902" blockId="2.[199,1436,1647,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">13) Each arm of the genital fork with a prominent, subquadrate inner basal lobe terminating in a row of small teeth.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF1411C5FAA1F8B9" blockId="2.[151,1436,1756,1817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFF1411C5FE51F95A" box="[199,420,1756,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baracoa">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFF1411C5FE51F95A" box="[199,420,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Grallipeza baracoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFE0D11C4FD91F95A" box="[478,612,1756,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosa">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFE0D11C4FD91F95A" box="[478,612,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. nebulosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are extremely similar in characters other than the distiphallus apex, and have in the past been treated as synonyms. The most convincing synapomorphy linking these two species is:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF14105EFB61F82A" blockId="2.[199,1435,1863,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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14) Aristal hairs reduced, arista almost bare. The hairs are also somewhat reduced in
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFBAD1051FB20F8CE" box="[1150,1237,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. t u r b a</emphasis>
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, so this character is treated as multistate (14.1, aristal hairs short; 14.2, aristal hairs greatly reduced).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB9FFAFFF1410ADFBD4F85E" blockId="2.[151,1436,1972,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFF1410ADFE65F862" box="[199,400,1972,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perezi">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFF1410ADFE65F862" box="[199,400,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Grallipeza perezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFE0110ACFDC1F862" box="[466,564,1972,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abeja">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFE0110ACFDC1F862" box="[466,564,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. abeja</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, both from the isolated Las Abejas intramontane area of
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<collectingCountry id="F34972E7FFB9FFAFFB2310ADFA69F862" box="[1264,1436,1972,1996]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
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Republic, are loosely linked to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB9FFAFFDCD10C0FD57F85E" box="[542,674,2008,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiterga">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB9FFAFFDCD10C0FD57F85E" box="[542,674,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">G. albiterga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group by the following character:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF14178EFCA9FF01" blockId="3.[199,860,151,175]" box="[199,860,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">15) Wing evenly infuscated in at least distal three quarters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF1417F9FC17FE91" blockId="3.[151,1436,223,319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFF1417F9FE7CFF56" box="[199,393,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perezi">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFF1417F9FE7CFF56" box="[199,393,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Grallipeza perezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is unknown from females and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFD3A17F9FCB2FF56" box="[745,839,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abeja">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFD3A17F9FCB2FF56" box="[745,839,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. abeja</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is well characterized for both sexes but still difficult to place because it is so autapomorphic for almost all significant characters. The sympatric
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFB70161CFAF7FEB2" box="[1187,1282,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. p e re z i</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFAED161CFA6DFEB2" box="[1342,1432,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. a b e j a</emphasis>
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appear to be sister species on the basis of the following external characters:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF141676FC18FE29" blockId="3.[199,1436,367,500]" box="[199,1005,367,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">16) Dark legs with a distal yellow band (a reversal of the usual pattern).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF14168DFAB4FE5A" blockId="3.[199,1436,367,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
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17) First tarsomere and basal half of second tarsomere white. Fore tarsomere colour often varies widely between closely related taeniapterine species and it is therefore not a generally reliable indicator of relationship. No other Caribbean
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFDB816C5FD17FE5A" box="[619,738,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFDB816C5FD17FE5A" box="[619,738,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Grallipeza</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, however, has a sharply bicoloured second tarsomere.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF14153DFE5BFDF1" blockId="3.[151,1436,548,607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
|
The remaining clade, made up of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFDB2153CFD1FFD92" box="[609,746,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiterga">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFDB2153CFD1FFD92" box="[609,746,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. albiterga</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and its relatives, includes several rarely collected species characterized as follows:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF141596FEA2FD41" blockId="3.[151,1436,655,751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">18) Anterior abdominal tergites pale or desclerotized, contrasting with posterior tergites. Within the group characterized by the unusually desclerotized anterior abdominal tergites a distinctive subgroup is characterized by:</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF141406FC16FC69" blockId="3.[199,1436,799,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
|
19) All or part of the frontal vitta secondarily darkened. Most
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFCAF1439FC01FC96" box="[892,1012,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFCAF1439FC01FC96" box="[892,1012,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Grallipeza</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, including almost all species in South and Central
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34972E7FFB8FFAEFE52145DFE11FCF2" box="[385,484,836,860]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">America</collectingCountry>
|
|
, have a partially black frontal vitta. Since the Caribbean species with this character are deep within the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFE011471FDB1FC2E" box="[466,580,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placida">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFE011471FDB1FC2E" box="[466,580,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. placida</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group, otherwise characterized by an orange vitta, the darkened frontal vitta is interpreted as independently derived in this group.
|
|
<figureCitation id="13652EF2FFB8FFAEFC961495FC6CFC0A" box="[837,921,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 1 A" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1279,1302]" captionText="FIGURE 1 A. Distribution, character state distribution, and possible relationships of the Caribbean Grallipeza placida group species, excluding G. cliffi, G. pleuritica and G. flavicaudata. Numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; homoplastic characters are flagged with an asterisk, reversals with a minus sign." pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
|
shows character 19 originating independently in
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFEC114A9FE85FC66" box="[274,368,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. p e re z i</emphasis>
|
|
and the clade made up of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFD4914A9FCD4FC66" box="[666,801,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrivitta">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFD4914A9FCD4FC66" box="[666,801,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. nigrivitta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFC8414A9FC29FC66" box="[855,988,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiterga">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFC8414A9FC29FC66" box="[855,988,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. albiterga</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF1414E8FE17FB13" blockId="3.[151,1436,1009,1213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
|
One significant character apparently incongruent with the above arrangement is the cervical sclerite. In the basal lineages (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFE95130CFE43FB83" box="[326,438,1045,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinuliger">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFE95130CFE43FB83" box="[326,438,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">spinuliger</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFE15130CFDB2FB83" box="[454,583,1045,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placidoides">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFE15130CFDB2FB83" box="[454,583,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">placidoides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFD85130FFD6AFB83" box="[598,671,1046,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scurra">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFD85130FFD6AFB83" box="[598,671,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">scurra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFD0C130CFCEAFB83" box="[735,799,1045,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="footei">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFD0C130CFCEAFB83" box="[735,799,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">footei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) it is unmodified and similar in both sexes, but in other species the female cervical sclerite is at minimum flatter and duller than that of the male. Males of several taeniapterine genera grasp the female's cervical sclerite with their fore tarsi during mating, so modifications in the female cervical sclerite are probably driven by sexual selection. In most species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFBBA139BFB29FB37" box="[1129,1244,1153,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placida">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFBBA139BFB8FFB37" box="[1129,1146,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFB5B1398FB29FB37" box="[1160,1244,1153,1177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">placida</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade the female cervical sclerite is as follows:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF1413FFFE9DFAE8" blockId="3.[199,1436,1254,1350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
|
20) Female cervical sclerite with a large differentiated ventral area densely covered with conspicuous pits. This character is apparently reversed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFD641212FCE0FA8D" box="[695,789,1291,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abeja">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFD641212FD3DFA8C" box="[695,712,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFD041212FCE0FA8D" box="[727,789,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">abeja</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and possibly in the clade including G.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFB181212FAC5FA8D" box="[1227,1328,1291,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFB181212FAC5FA8D" box="[1227,1328,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">nebulosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFAED1212FA6EFA8D" box="[1342,1435,1291,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baracoa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFAED1212FA6EFA8D" box="[1342,1435,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">baracoa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFEF71237FE94FAE8" box="[292,353,1326,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turba">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFEF71237FE94FAE8" box="[292,353,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">turba</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE13277FFB8FFAEFF14126FFE24F9B0" blockId="3.[151,1436,1398,1566]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
|
The above outline leaves
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFE2A126EFD5CFA20" box="[505,681,1398,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicaudata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFE2A126EFD5CFA20" box="[505,681,1398,1422]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. flavicaudata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFD3A126EFC8FFA20" box="[745,890,1398,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pleuritica">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFD3A126EFC8FFA20" box="[745,890,1398,1422]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. pleuritica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
unplaced because they were not available for dissection, and they cannot be placed on the basis of external characters.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFC371282FB6CFA1D" box="[996,1177,1435,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cliffi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFC371282FB6CFA1D" box="[996,1177,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Grallipeza cliffi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, known only from the
|
|
<typeStatus id="54E58CD5FFB8FFAEFF4412A7FF0CFA78" box="[151,249,1470,1494]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
and one
|
|
<typeStatus id="54E58CD5FFB8FFAEFEB312A6FE34FA79" box="[352,449,1471,1495]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
|
from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F34972E7FFB8FFAEFDD512A7FD96FA78" box="[518,611,1470,1494]" name="Jamaica" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
|
, is also known from inadequate material (there is no dissection of a male and only a single poor dissection of a female
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFD4512FAFD1CFA55" box="[662,745,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cliffi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFD4512FAFD1CFA55" box="[662,745,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. cliffi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
available).
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFCBE12FAFAE6FA55" box="[877,1299,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFCBE12FAFB8EFA55" box="[877,1147,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicaudata">Grallipeza flavicaudata</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFB5412FAFAE6FA55" box="[1159,1299,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pleuritica">G. pleuritica</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5E49F4FFB8FFAEFA9A12FAFA69FA55" box="[1353,1436,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Grallipeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cliffi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92AEE65FFB8FFAEFA9A12FAFA69FA55" box="[1353,1436,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">G. cliffi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are not included on
|
|
<figureCitation id="13652EF2FFB8FFAEFEA6111FFE38F9B0" box="[373,461,1542,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 1 A" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1279,1302]" captionText="FIGURE 1 A. Distribution, character state distribution, and possible relationships of the Caribbean Grallipeza placida group species, excluding G. cliffi, G. pleuritica and G. flavicaudata. Numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; homoplastic characters are flagged with an asterisk, reversals with a minus sign." pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |