339 lines
49 KiB
XML
339 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document id="787481C4BF6A219B45D5B60C1F459980" ID-CLB-Dataset="133186" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab114" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bd2fe3a4-83a4-4b80-aeba-39a775595da2" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-PMC="PMC9416008" ID-PubMed="36051981" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7031477" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1661767081444" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Achatz, Tyler J, Chermak, Taylor P, Martens, Jakson R, Woodyard, Ethan T, Rosser, Thomas G, Pulis, Eric E, Weinstein, Sara B, Mcallister, Chris T, Kinsella, John M & Tkach, Vasyl V" docDate="2022" docId="03F7830DFF8BFFA1FEFFAD98FDEDFEC1" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab114.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/1/124/6517659" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Alaria Schrank 1788" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="132" masterDocId="FFCEFB75FF83FFA8FFA0AB02FF2BFFB5" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny supports invalidation of Didelphodiplostomum and Pharyngostomoides (Digenea: Diplostomidae) and reveals a Tylodelphys from mammals" masterLastPageNumber="136" masterPageNumber="124" pageNumber="132" updateTime="1699373958233" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="82FDFA630C6C136554E21103B7DC0EBE">Molecular phylogeny supports invalidation of Didelphodiplostomum and Pharyngostomoides (Digenea: Diplostomidae) and reveals a Tylodelphys from mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C6DFE6FA8FE38C70EFF0AFCAE618556">Achatz, Tyler J</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="44D96737EC1DFCE86BE861164F6A85CD">Chermak, Taylor P</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3C7ECD1891DC2FBB2E59DA9B43CDD18C">Martens, Jakson R</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F151077036211A801C67D4212DDCB935">Rosser, Thomas G</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="13660887755E535A5B03DAB62A73263C">Pulis, Eric E</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20A7BCD5ACB3899E6154176B2432A7AD">Tkach, Vasyl V</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03F7830DFF8BFFA1FEFFAD98FDEDFEC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7036855" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199898650" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7036855" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F7830DFF8BFFA1FEFFAD98FDEDFEC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F7830DFF8BFFA1FEFFAD98FDEDFEC1" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<subSubSection id="C3446190FF8BFFA0FEFFAD98FD65F907" box="[351,590,1690,1715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE1321BFF8BFFA0FEFFAD98FD65F907" blockId="8.[351,590,1690,1715]" box="[351,590,1690,1715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<heading id="D0A98577FF8BFFA0FEFFAD98FD65F907" box="[351,590,1690,1715]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" reason="2">
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REMARKS ON
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FE5BAD98FD65F907" ID-CoL="7NNFD" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1788" box="[507,590,1690,1714]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FE5BAD98FD65F907" box="[507,590,1690,1714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">ALARIA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C3446190FF8BFFA1FF03ADC0FDEDFEC1" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE1321BFF8BFFA0FF03ADC0FCE6FD70" blockId="8.[163,780,1730,1906]" lastBlockId="8.[825,1444,197,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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The members of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FEC7ADC0FE99F962" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1788" box="[359,434,1730,1751]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FEC7ADC0FE99F962" box="[359,434,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the two phylogenies based on 28S had only slight differences in topology (
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<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FD1EADE3FC2EF943" box="[702,773,1761,1783]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[163,241,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-208@4.[163,1449,195,1329]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic interrelationships among 54 diplostomoidean taxa based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences including Didelphodiplostomum and Pharyngostomoides spp. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031479/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FF03AC02FF9AF8A0" box="[163,177,1792,1813]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[145,224,663,685]" captionTargetBox="[353,1217,198,620]" captionTargetId="figure-542@5.[350,1220,195,623]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships among eight species of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Biogeographical realm and family of definitive host from which specimens were collected are provided when possible; the information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data.Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031481/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">2</figureCitation>
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). At the same time, the phylogenies of 28S and
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FD79AC02FC20F8A0" box="[729,779,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">cox1</emphasis>
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limited to members of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FE3EAC1CFECCF886" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1788" box="[414,487,1822,1843]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FE3EAC1CFECCF886" box="[414,487,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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showed more pronounced differences in branch topology (
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<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FD94AC3FFDAAF8E7" box="[564,641,1853,1875]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[145,224,663,685]" captionTargetBox="[353,1217,198,620]" captionTargetId="figure-542@5.[350,1220,195,623]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships among eight species of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Biogeographical realm and family of definitive host from which specimens were collected are provided when possible; the information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data.Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031481/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FD33AC3FFD8AF8E7" box="[659,673,1853,1874]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[166,1447,198,1103]" captionTargetId="figure-28@6.[163,1450,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic interrelationships among 31 sequences from members of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial cox1 mtDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. The information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data. Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature. § Previously identified as A. americana by Locke et al. (2018)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031483/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">3</figureCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FD1CAC3FFE23F8C4" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mustelae">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FD1CAC3FFE23F8C4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria mustelae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was positioned as a sister taxon to the other
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC9BABC7FC93FF6E" box="[827,952,197,219]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC9BABC7FCAFFF6F" box="[827,900,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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in the second 28S analysis (
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<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FB55ABC7FA1FFF6F" box="[1269,1332,197,219]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[145,224,663,685]" captionTargetBox="[353,1217,198,620]" captionTargetId="figure-542@5.[350,1220,195,623]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships among eight species of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Biogeographical realm and family of definitive host from which specimens were collected are provided when possible; the information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data.Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031481/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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), while in the
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FCC8ABE6FCB1FF4C" box="[872,922,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">cox1</emphasis>
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phylogeny,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FB82ABE6FBAEFF4C" authorityName="Achatz & Chermak & Martens & Woodyard & Rosser & Pulis & Weinstein & Mcallister & Kinsella & Tkach" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Chandler & Rausch" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1058,1157,228,249]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ovalis">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FB82ABE6FBAEFF4C" box="[1058,1157,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">A. ovalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FB1FABE6FA60FF4C" authorityName="Achatz & Chermak & Martens & Woodyard & Rosser & Pulis & Weinstein & Mcallister & Kinsella & Tkach" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Harkema" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[1215,1355,228,249]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="procyonis">
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<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FB1FABE6FA60FF4C" box="[1215,1355,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">A. procyonis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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formed an unsupported clade that was placed as a sister group to the other members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FBF8AA23FB89FE83" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1788" box="[1112,1186,289,310]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FBF8AA23FB89FE83" box="[1112,1186,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FB12AA23FBD9FE83" box="[1202,1266,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[166,1447,198,1103]" captionTargetId="figure-28@6.[163,1450,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic interrelationships among 31 sequences from members of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial cox1 mtDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. The information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data. Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature. § Previously identified as A. americana by Locke et al. (2018)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031483/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The positions of
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FCF6AA42FC96FEE0" box="[854,957,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FCF6AA42FC85FEE0" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[854,942,320,341]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alata">A. alata</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC1DAA42FB69FEE0" box="[957,1090,320,341]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC1DAA42FB2CFEE0" box="[957,1031,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 1
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FBDAAA42FA0BFEE0" box="[1146,1312,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FBDAAA42FA3AFEE0" box="[1146,1297,320,341]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="marcianae">A. marcianae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FABFAA42FA88FEE0" box="[1311,1443,320,341]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undefined-3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FABFAA42FA43FEE0" box="[1311,1384,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 3
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varied between the two analyses as well (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FA8EAA5CFA5CFEC1" box="[1326,1399,350,372]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[145,224,663,685]" captionTargetBox="[353,1217,198,620]" captionTargetId="figure-542@5.[350,1220,195,623]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships among eight species of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Biogeographical realm and family of definitive host from which specimens were collected are provided when possible; the information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data.Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031481/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FA26AA5DFABFFEC1" box="[1414,1428,351,372]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[166,1447,198,1103]" captionTargetId="figure-28@6.[163,1450,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic interrelationships among 31 sequences from members of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial cox1 mtDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. The information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data. Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature. § Previously identified as A. americana by Locke et al. (2018)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031483/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Discordance between phylogenies based on ribosomal and mitochondrial data has been well documented among other diplostomoideans (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4FEAFF8BFFA0FB5EAAB8FC59FE5A" author="Brabec J & Kostadinova A & Scholz T & Littewood TJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="336" refId="ref7784" refString="Brabec J, Kostadinova A, Scholz T, Littewood TJ. 2015. Complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear ribosomal RNA operons of two species of Diplostomum (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda): a molecular resource for taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of important fish pathogens. Parasites & Vectors 8: 336." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Brabec
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FAFDAAB9FAB7FE7A" box="[1373,1436,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4FEAFF8BFFA0FCDFAADBFB58FE5B" author="Heneberg P & Sitko J & Tesinsky M" box="[895,1139,473,495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="102033" refId="ref8538" refString="Heneberg P, Sitko J, Tesinsky M. 2020. Paraphyly of Conodiplostomum Dubois, 1937. Parasitology International 76: 102033." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Heneberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC56AAD8FB04FE5B" box="[1014,1071,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4FEAFF8BFFA0FB20AADBFAB7FE5B" author="Hoogendoorn C & Smit NJ & Kudlai O" box="[1152,1436,473,495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="50 - 61" refId="ref8562" refString="Hoogendoorn C, Smit NJ, Kudlai O. 2020. Resolution of the identity of three species of Diplostomum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) parasitizing freshwater fishes in South Africa, combining molecular and morphological evidence. International Journal for Parasitology. Parasites and Wildlife 11: 50 - 61." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Hoogendoorn
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FABFAAD8FA73FE5B" box="[1311,1368,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Achatz
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC34AAFBFCE4FDB8" box="[916,975,504,526]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, In press). Faster mutating genes, such as
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FCFCA915FCA5FD99" box="[860,910,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
, are more reliable for distinguishing between closely related diplostomoidean species/species-level lineages (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DC07A0FF8BFFA0FC0AA956FB2BFDDC" box="[938,1024,596,618]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[163,227,1410,1431]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 2. Pairwise comparisons of 28S sequences among Alaria spp. (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on an 1132 bp long alignment. Percentage difference given above diagonal. Number of nucleotide differences provided below diagonal" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF216293FF85FFAEFF03AE80FA6DFA00" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" tableUuid="DF216293FF85FFAEFF03AE80FA6DFA00">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DC07A0FF8BFFA0FA8FA956FABFFDDC" box="[1327,1428,596,618]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[143,207,627,649]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Hosts, geographic origin, Harold W. Manter Laboratory (HWML) museum and GenBank accession numbers of diplostomids collected in our study" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF216293FF81FFAAFF2FA971F9C9FD3C" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" tableUuid="DF216293FF81FFAAFF2FA971F9C9FD3C">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
), but slower mutating genes, such as 28S, remain more suitable for phylogenetic inference at taxonomic levels above genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1321BFF8BFFA0FCF3A9CCFBB3FCEB" blockId="8.[825,1444,197,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC22A9CCFB26FD51" box="[898,1037,718,740]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC22A9CCFCFAFD56" box="[898,977,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the present study, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC9BA9EFFCB5FCB7" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[827,926,749,770]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC9BA9EFFCB5FCB7" box="[827,926,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">A. alata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were collected from North America. The nested phylogenetic position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FB7AA80EFA6BFC94" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1242,1344,780,801]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FB7AA80EFA6BFC94" box="[1242,1344,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">A. alata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly suggests a geographic expansion from the Nearctic into the Palaearctic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FB88A84BFBA2FCEB" box="[1064,1161,841,863]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="4.[163,241,1369,1391]" captionStartId-1="5.[145,224,663,685]" captionStartId-2="6.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1446,198,1326]" captionTargetBox-1="[353,1217,198,620]" captionTargetBox-2="[166,1447,198,1103]" captionTargetId-0="figure-208@4.[163,1449,195,1329]" captionTargetId-1="figure-542@5.[350,1220,195,623]" captionTargetId-2="figure-28@6.[163,1450,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="Figure 1. Phylogenetic interrelationships among 54 diplostomoidean taxa based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences including Didelphodiplostomum and Pharyngostomoides spp. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site." captionText-1="Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships among eight species of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Biogeographical realm and family of definitive host from which specimens were collected are provided when possible; the information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data.Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature." captionText-2="Figure 3. Phylogenetic interrelationships among 31 sequences from members of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial cox1 mtDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. The information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data. Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature. § Previously identified as A. americana by Locke et al. (2018)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031479" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031481" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031483" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7031479/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7031481/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7031483/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1321BFF8BFFA0FCF3A86AFBC4FA56" blockId="8.[825,1444,197,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
It is difficult to address questions related to host switching of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC41A884FB5AFC29" box="[993,1137,902,924]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC41A884FB1AFC2E" box="[993,1073,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, considering that many species have been historically reported in a diversity of mammalian hosts (e.g. see Dubois, 1968 and references therein). The accuracy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FAB5A8E0FA8AFC4D" box="[1301,1441,994,1016]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FAB5A8E0FA4EFC42" box="[1301,1381,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
identifications in previous reports is questionable considering that most publications lack DNA sequence data and many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FBAAAF3CFBB3FBE1" box="[1034,1176,1086,1108]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FBAAAF3CFB71FBE6" box="[1034,1114,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are morphologically similar. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC47AF5FFB45FBC6" box="[999,1134,1117,1139]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC47AF5FFB18FBC7" box="[999,1075,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FB41AF5FFAB7FBC7" box="[1249,1436,1117,1138]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arisaemoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FB41AF5FFAB7FBC7" box="[1249,1436,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">A. arisaemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are also known to have substantial morphological variation (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4FEAFF8BFFA0FC7EAF98FBEFFB05" author="Hall MC & Wigdor M" box="[990,1220,1178,1200]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="139" refId="ref8352" refString="Hall MC, Wigdor M. 1918. Two new flukes from the dog. Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 20: 139." type="journal article" year="1918">Hall & Wigdor, 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dubois, 1968). The topology of our molecular phylogeny based on the 28S of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FCF7AFDAFCFCFB58" box="[855,983,1240,1261]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FCF7AFDAFC8AFB58" box="[855,929,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FC46AFDAFB0CFB58" box="[998,1063,1240,1262]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[145,224,663,685]" captionTargetBox="[353,1217,198,620]" captionTargetId="figure-542@5.[350,1220,195,623]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships among eight species of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Biogeographical realm and family of definitive host from which specimens were collected are provided when possible; the information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data.Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031481/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is not well enough supported to confidently infer evolutionary patterns of definitive host associations; the discordance between topologies of 28S (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FC2FAE36FCE5FAFC" box="[911,974,1332,1354]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[145,224,663,685]" captionTargetBox="[353,1217,198,620]" captionTargetId="figure-542@5.[350,1220,195,623]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships among eight species of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial 28S rDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Biogeographical realm and family of definitive host from which specimens were collected are provided when possible; the information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data.Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031481/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FBADAE36FB14FAFC" box="[1037,1087,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FBEDAE36FBA7FAFC" box="[1101,1164,1332,1354]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[163,241,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[166,1447,198,1103]" captionTargetId="figure-28@6.[163,1450,195,1106]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic interrelationships among 31 sequences from members of Alaria (syn. Pharyngostomoides) based on BI analysis of partial cox1 mtDNA gene sequences. BI posterior probability values lower than 80% are not shown. The new sequences generated in this study are indicated in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. The information on biogeographical realms and families of definitive hosts is provided only for taxa confirmed with sequence data. Abbreviations of biogeographical realms: N, Nearctic; P, Palaearctic. Abbreviations of family of definitive host: Can, Canidae; Fel, Felidae; Mep, Mephitidae; Mus, Mustelidae; Pro, Procyonidae. ‡ All collected specimens are immature. § Previously identified as A. americana by Locke et al. (2018)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031483/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) further complicates the situation. Our specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FBCAAE50FBC0FADD" box="[1130,1259,1362,1384]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undefined-3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FBCAAE50FB98FAD2" box="[1130,1203,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 3
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the cougar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC9AAE70FB9FFA32" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[826,1204,1393,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC9AAE70FCCDFA33" box="[826,998,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Puma concolor</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is immature; hence, additional collection of well-fixed, mature specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC9BAEACFC90FA71" box="[827,955,1454,1476]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undefined-3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC9BAEACFCAFFA76" box="[827,900,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 3
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is crucial for accurate species identification and confirmation of its definitive host.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1321BFF8BFFA1FCF3AEEEFDEDFEC1" blockId="8.[825,1444,197,1906]" lastBlockId="9.[145,761,197,372]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
It is worth noting that our specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC9BAD09FCC7F9AA" box="[827,1004,1546,1568]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arisaemoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC9BAD09FCC7F9AA" box="[827,1004,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">A. arisaemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652E9EFF8BFFA0FC59AD08FB63F995" box="[1017,1096,1546,1568]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[145,223,1449,1471]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,204,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-185@7.[145,1428,195,1409]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs of: A, Tylodelphys variabilis comb. nov.from Didelphis virginiana, Arkansas; B, Alaria arisaemoides from Canis latrans, Oregon; C, Alaria alata from Nyctereutes procyonoides, Ukraine; D, Alaria marcianae from Taxidea taxus, North Dakota; E, Alaria ovalis comb. nov. from Procyon lotor, Mississippi; F, Alaria procyonis comb. nov. from Procyon lotor, Minnesota; G, H, Alaria mustelae from Mephitis mephitis, North Dakota." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7031487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7031487/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) conform closely to the original description of the species and subsequent descriptions of the species (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4FEAFF8BFFA0FBB7AD4AFA16F9E8" author="Augustine DL & Uribe C" box="[1047,1341,1608,1630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="236 - 244" refId="ref7612" refString="Augustine DL, Uribe C. 1927. Alaria arisaemoides n. sp., a trematode from Vulpes fulva. Parasitology 19: 236 - 244." type="journal article" year="1927">Augustine & Uribe, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dubois, 1968). However, the
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FB89AD65FB70F9C9" box="[1065,1115,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
sequences of our specimens are only 1.9–2.6% different from material identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FCFEADA6FA1BF90C" authority="Hall & Wigdor, 1918" authorityName="Hall & Wigdor" authorityYear="1918" box="[862,1328,1700,1722]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FCFEADA6FB1AF90C" box="[862,1073,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Alaria americana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4FEAFF8BFFA0FB9AADA6FA1BF90C" author="Hall MC & Wigdor M" box="[1082,1328,1700,1722]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="139" refId="ref8352" refString="Hall MC, Wigdor M. 1918. Two new flukes from the dog. Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 20: 139." type="journal article" year="1918">Hall & Wigdor, 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Locke
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC9BADC1FC5DF962" box="[827,886,1730,1752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018) (Supporting Information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DC07A0FF8BFFA0FB5BADC0FA4BF96D" box="[1275,1376,1730,1752]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[143,207,627,649]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Hosts, geographic origin, Harold W. Manter Laboratory (HWML) museum and GenBank accession numbers of diplostomids collected in our study" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF216293FF81FFAAFF2FA971F9C9FD3C" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" tableUuid="DF216293FF81FFAAFF2FA971F9C9FD3C">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The material described by Locke
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FB25ADE0FB95F943" box="[1157,1214,1761,1783]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018) is somewhat different to the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FAA7AC02FA8FF8A0" authorityName="Hall & Wigdor" authorityYear="1918" box="[1287,1444,1792,1813]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FAA7AC02FA8FF8A0" box="[1287,1444,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">A. americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4FEAFF8BFFA0FC41AC1CFBC4F881" author="Hall MC & Wigdor M" box="[993,1263,1822,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="139" refId="ref8352" refString="Hall MC, Wigdor M. 1918. Two new flukes from the dog. Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 20: 139." type="journal article" year="1918">Hall & Wigdor (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. For instance,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8BFFA0FC9BAC3FFCFBF8E6" authorityName="Hall & Wigdor" authorityYear="1918" box="[827,976,1853,1875]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8BFFA0FC9BAC3FFCFBF8E6" box="[827,976,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">A. americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described with vitellarium that does not extend anteriorly beyond the level of the ventral sucker. The vitellarium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8AFFA1FDFCABC7FDD2FF6E" authorityName="Hall & Wigdor" authorityYear="1918" box="[604,761,197,219]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8AFFA1FDFCABC7FDD2FF6E" box="[604,761,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">A. americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Locke
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8AFFA1FE84ABE7FE49FF4C" box="[292,354,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018) extends anteriorly to the level of the ventral sucker, similar to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8AFFA1FF13AA23FE5DFE83" box="[179,374,289,310]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arisaemoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8AFFA1FF13AA23FE5DFE83" box="[179,374,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">A. arisaemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In our opinion, the specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8AFFA1FE8CAA42FEECFEE0" authorityName="Hall & Wigdor" authorityYear="1918" box="[300,455,320,341]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8AFFA1FE8CAA42FEECFEE0" box="[300,455,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">A. americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Locke
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8AFFA1FD9FAA43FD51FEE0" box="[575,634,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018) are likely misidentified specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4998FF8AFFA1FDACAA5DFD94FEC6" box="[524,703,350,372]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="arisaemoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEE09FF8AFFA1FDACAA5DFD94FEC6" box="[524,703,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">A. arisaemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |