228 lines
30 KiB
XML
228 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="719D96CA060FE3D42EB1B89FE781D78E" ID-CLB-Dataset="5966" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b932c9e5-ddad-4c11-8eee-ff17188d77cf" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5032970" ID-ZooBank="F9105E33-3E8B-4B3C-88B3-0316207B70F6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1624643559605" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M." docDate="2021" docId="F160A3677156FF93FDA2764FFB442614" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-755_149-190.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 755" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Xandarosaster hessi Blake 1984" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="182" masterDocId="0D59DB1F7176FFB2FFF77706FFD02038" masterDocTitle="The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal" masterLastPageNumber="190" masterPageNumber="149" pageNumber="181" updateTime="1698976416854" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="F3924AA6C71A4E83F580209CD52CD91E">The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="67C15921150C490545CF5FA040C7FE63">Gale, Andy S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2F122B3C7E3744232E419750C47CFAE4">Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom. School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO 13 QL, United Kingdom. Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6 - 7, 6211 KJ Maastricht, the Netherlands.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B03C77223BAED2EC9FFEBD5909F47020" type="email">andy.gale@port.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="8047555CEA76119602C386B0E5214CB8">Jagt, John W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C2F138125C6D8E40D14D73D78BF767C1">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="F160A3677156FF93FDA2764FFB442614" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5036916" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183195116" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5036916" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F160A3677156FF93FDA2764FFB442614" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F160A3677156FF93FDA2764FFB442614" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">
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<subSubSection id="31D341FA7156FF92FDA2764FFC0E215C" box="[597,990,329,356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="797612717156FF92FDA2764FFC0E215C" blockId="32.[597,990,329,391]" box="[597,990,329,356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">
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<heading id="223EA51D7156FF92FDA2764FFC0E215C" box="[597,990,329,356]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27156FF92FDA2764FFC0E215C" authority="Blake, 1984" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1984" box="[597,990,329,356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637156FF92FDA2764FFC99215C" bold="true" box="[597,841,329,356]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">Xandarosaster hessi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807156FF92FCA7764CFC0E215C" author="Blake D. B." box="[848,990,330,356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" pagination="631 - 647" refId="ref16229" refString="Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647." type="journal article" year="1984">Blake, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="31D341FA7156FF92FD23766AFC8F21BF" box="[724,863,364,391]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" type="description">
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<paragraph id="797612717156FF92FD23766AFC8F21BF" blockId="32.[597,990,329,391]" box="[724,863,364,391]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">
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<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47156FF92FD23766AFC8F21BF" box="[724,863,364,391]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,745,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-199@32.[189,1398,745,1758]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 15. A–C. Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984. A. Holotype slab (NMB M9683), showing articulated ambulacral ossicles and isolated adambulacrals (arrowed); the original of Blake (1984: fig. 2a1–3). B–C. Line drawings of actinal views of adambulacrals; note extreme elongation, long interadambulacral muscle insertion site and boss for a single, large subadambulacral spine. D. Similar adambulacral ossicle of indeterminate form (NHMUK PI EE 18008). Provenance: A–C. Bajocian of Reigoldswil, Canton Baselland, Switzerland. D. Oxfordian, Andelot-Morval, Jura, France (for details of locality, reference is made to Gale 2018: fig. 20). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032998/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">Fig. 15A–C</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="31D341FA7156FF92FF4A76ABFCC321F0" box="[189,787,429,456]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="797612717156FF92FF4A76ABFCC321F0" blockId="32.[189,787,429,456]" box="[189,787,429,456]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="59D9355F7156FF92FF4A76ABFCC321F0" box="[189,787,429,456]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">
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<treatmentCitation id="F86834607156FF92FF4A76ABFDAE21FF" author="Blake D. B." box="[189,638,429,456]" page="638" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" year="1984">
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<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27156FF92FF4A76ABFDAE21FF" authority="Blake, 1984: 638" authorityName="Blake" authorityPageNumber="638" authorityYear="1984" box="[189,638,429,456]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637156FF92FF4A76ABFE7B21FF" box="[189,427,429,455]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">Xandarosaster hessi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807156FF92FE4576ABFDAE21FF" author="Blake D. B." box="[434,638,429,456]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" pagination="631 - 647" refId="ref16229" refString="Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647." type="journal article" year="1984">Blake, 1984: 638</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs 2a–i, 3.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="31D341FA7156FF92FF4A76E8FA9222A6" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="797612717156FF92FF4A76E8FE7A2230" blockId="32.[189,426,494,520]" box="[189,426,494,520]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">
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<heading id="223EA51D7156FF92FF4A76E8FE7A2230" bold="true" box="[189,426,494,520]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637156FF92FF4A76E8FE7A2230" bold="true" box="[189,426,494,520]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">Material examined</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="797612717156FF92FF4A751AFA9222A6" blockId="32.[187,1399,540,671]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">
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<materialsCitation id="C9A1182C7156FF92FF4A751AFA9222A6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3311523303" collectionCode="NMB" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" specimenCode="NMB M9683" specimenCount="1">
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The single specimen available (
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<specimenCode id="296FBA0A7156FF92FDD4751AFD13220F" box="[547,707,540,567]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">NMB M9683</specimenCode>
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) comprises fragments of three arms and dissociated ossicles, intimately entwined with an isocrinid crinoid on a single slab, from the Bajocian of Reigoldswil (Canton Baselland, Switzerland). The specimen is very fragmentary and is not easy to interpret, because pressure solution has welded scraps of calcite onto most ossicles, making discrimination of features difficult.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="2DB642F97156FF92FF4A71FAFBB627D2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032998" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5032998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032998/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" startId="32.[189,232,1788,1814]" targetBox="[191,1398,745,1754]" targetPageId="32">
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<paragraph id="797612717156FF92FF4A71FAFBB627D2" blockId="32.[188,1399,1788,2027]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637156FF92FF4A71FAFE89272E" bold="true" box="[189,345,1788,1815]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">Fig. 15. A–C</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27156FF92FE9F71FBFD20272F" authority="Blake, 1984" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1984" box="[360,752,1789,1815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637156FF92FE9F71FBFD87272F" box="[360,599,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">Xandarosaster hessi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807156FF92FDA871FBFD20272F" author="Blake D. B." box="[607,752,1789,1815]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" pagination="631 - 647" refId="ref16229" refString="Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647." type="journal article" year="1984">Blake, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637156FF92FD0A71FAFCC2272E" bold="true" box="[765,786,1788,1814]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">A</emphasis>
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. Holotype slab (NMB M9683), showing articulated ambulacral ossicles and isolated adambulacrals (arrowed); the original of
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<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807156FF92FBB27026FB0D2702" author="Blake D. B." box="[1093,1245,1824,1850]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" pagination="631 - 647" refId="ref16229" refString="Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647." type="journal article" year="1984">Blake (1984</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 2a1–3).
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637156FF92FF4A7045FF242765" bold="true" box="[189,244,1859,1885]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">B–C</emphasis>
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. Line drawings of actinal views of adambulacrals; note extreme elongation, long interadambulacral muscle insertion site and boss for a single, large subadambulacral spine.
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637156FF92FBF57060FBC727B8" bold="true" box="[1026,1047,1894,1920]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181">D</emphasis>
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. Similar adambulacral ossicle of indeterminate form (NHMUK PI EE 18008). Provenance: A–C. Bajocian of Reigoldswil, Canton Baselland, Switzerland. D. Oxfordian, Andelot-Morval, Jura, France (for details of locality, reference is made to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807156FF92FED570D6FE4F27D2" author="Gale A. S." box="[290,415,2000,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="181" pagination="279 - 318" refId="ref16908" refString="Gale A. S. 2018. Origin and phylogeny of the velatid asteroids (Echinodermata, Neoasteroidea) - new evidence from the Jurassic. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 137: 279 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 018 - 0155 - z" type="journal article" year="2018">Gale 2018</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 20). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="31D341FA7157FF93FF4A760EFAF42379" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" type="description">
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<paragraph id="797612717157FF93FF4A760EFE9E211A" blockId="33.[189,334,264,290]" box="[189,334,264,290]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="223EA51D7157FF93FF4A760EFE9E211A" bold="true" box="[189,334,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FF4A760EFE9E211A" bold="true" box="[189,334,264,290]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">Description</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="797612717157FF93FF4A7631FC822274" blockId="33.[188,1400,311,588]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">
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The ossicles of the ambulacral groove are the best preserved and most distinctive part of this specimen (
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<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47157FF93FF31765DFEE3214E" box="[198,307,347,374]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,745,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-199@32.[189,1398,745,1758]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 15. A–C. Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984. A. Holotype slab (NMB M9683), showing articulated ambulacral ossicles and isolated adambulacrals (arrowed); the original of Blake (1984: fig. 2a1–3). B–C. Line drawings of actinal views of adambulacrals; note extreme elongation, long interadambulacral muscle insertion site and boss for a single, large subadambulacral spine. D. Similar adambulacral ossicle of indeterminate form (NHMUK PI EE 18008). Provenance: A–C. Bajocian of Reigoldswil, Canton Baselland, Switzerland. D. Oxfordian, Andelot-Morval, Jura, France (for details of locality, reference is made to Gale 2018: fig. 20). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032998/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
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). The
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FE8D765DFE6E214E" bold="true" box="[378,446,347,374]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ambh</emphasis>
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imbricate strongly proximally, and are elongated and triangular. The ambulacrals are waisted, and the
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FE4D7679FE2D21A2" bold="true" box="[442,509,383,410]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ambb</emphasis>
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carry short asymmetrical flanges for
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FC307679FBC821A2" bold="true" box="[967,1048,383,410]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">padam</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FBAF7679FB7921A2" bold="true" box="[1112,1193,383,410]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">dadam</emphasis>
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, and articulation surfaces
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FED076A4FEB12185" bold="true" box="[295,353,418,445]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ada1</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FE5676A4FE0A2185" bold="true" box="[417,474,418,445]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ada2</emphasis>
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. The adambulacrals are rectangular and very elongated, being approximately three times longer than broad; half to two-thirds of the actinal face is occupied by a V-shaped depression for the
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<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FEE776ECFEB1223D" bold="true" box="[272,353,490,517]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">adadm</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47157FF93FE8676ECFE2F223D" box="[369,511,490,517]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,745,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-199@32.[189,1398,745,1758]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 15. A–C. Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984. A. Holotype slab (NMB M9683), showing articulated ambulacral ossicles and isolated adambulacrals (arrowed); the original of Blake (1984: fig. 2a1–3). B–C. Line drawings of actinal views of adambulacrals; note extreme elongation, long interadambulacral muscle insertion site and boss for a single, large subadambulacral spine. D. Similar adambulacral ossicle of indeterminate form (NHMUK PI EE 18008). Provenance: A–C. Bajocian of Reigoldswil, Canton Baselland, Switzerland. D. Oxfordian, Andelot-Morval, Jura, France (for details of locality, reference is made to Gale 2018: fig. 20). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032998/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">Fig. 15B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). An oblique ridge runs from the proximal part of the V to the distal abradial margin. Proximal
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FE667508FE3E2211" bold="true" box="[401,494,526,553]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">adambs</emphasis>
|
||
carry two large swollen spine bases set obliquely on the proximal face of the ossicle, and more distal
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FE2F7537FDF92274" bold="true" box="[472,553,561,588]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">adamb</emphasis>
|
||
have a single spine base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="797612717157FF93FF4A7572FAF42379" blockId="33.[189,1399,628,833]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">
|
||
Several oral ossicles are visible. These are very broad and gently convex on the external surface, and an adambulacral articulation ridge and deep V-shaped concavity for the
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FBFD7591FB88228A" bold="true" box="[1034,1112,663,690]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">oradm</emphasis>
|
||
muscle are present. The abactinal ossicles are of even, small size, have a lobed base and carry a large centrally placed, rounded spine boss. Possible marginals are elongated-rectangular and imbricate distally, with a very large round spine base on the proximal part of the external face. The abactinal and marginal spines are conical and moderately long, and have swollen bases. They are made up of elongated trabeculae of stereom.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="31D341FA7157FF93FF4A746FFB442614" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="797612717157FF93FF4A746FFEFF23BB" blockId="33.[189,303,873,899]" box="[189,303,873,899]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<heading id="223EA51D7157FF93FF4A746FFEFF23BB" bold="true" box="[189,303,873,899]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FF4A746FFEFF23BB" bold="true" box="[189,303,873,899]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="797612717157FF93FF4A749EFB27245D" blockId="33.[188,1399,920,1125]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">
|
||
The ambulacral/adambulacral articulation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27157FF93FD3D749FFCF5238A" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1984" box="[714,805,920,946]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FD3D749FFCF5238A" box="[714,805,920,946]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">X. hessi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is utterly dissimilar to that of benthopectinids. The
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FF4B74BDFED023EE" bold="true" box="[188,256,955,982]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ambh</emphasis>
|
||
is broad and short in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27157FF93FE0B74BAFD8823ED" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1984" box="[508,600,955,981]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FE0B74BAFD8823ED" box="[508,600,955,981]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">X. hessi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a strong, short transverse actinal ridge. In benthopectinids, the
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FF4A74D9FED023C2" bold="true" box="[189,256,991,1018]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ambb</emphasis>
|
||
is triangular and elongated.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27157FF93FDBC74D9FCE823C1" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1984" box="[587,824,991,1017]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FDBC74D9FCE823C1" box="[587,824,991,1017]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">Xandarosaster hessi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has short, oval and nearly symmetrical facets for
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FF4A7305FEDE2426" bold="true" box="[189,270,1027,1054]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">padam</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FEB17305FE472426" bold="true" box="[326,407,1027,1054]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">dadam</emphasis>
|
||
, which are triangular and strongly asymmetrical in benthopectinids. In
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FB2D7302FAA62426" box="[1242,1398,1027,1054]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27157FF93FB2D7302FAE52425" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1984" box="[1242,1333,1027,1053]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">X. hessi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FACC7305FAA62426" bold="true" box="[1339,1398,1027,1054]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ada2</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FF077320FEE92479" bold="true" box="[240,313,1062,1089]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">adada</emphasis>
|
||
are fused and
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FE1F7320FDF32479" bold="true" box="[488,547,1062,1089]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ada3</emphasis>
|
||
is absent. In benthopectinids, all three facets are discrete, and
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FAFD7320FA952479" bold="true" box="[1290,1349,1062,1089]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ada2</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FF49734CFED7245D" bold="true" box="[190,263,1098,1125]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">adada</emphasis>
|
||
are placed on a ridge adjacent to a concavity on both ambulacrals and adambulacrals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="797612717157FF93FF4A738BFE67252A" blockId="33.[189,1400,1165,1298]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">
|
||
The construction of the spines, with elongated hyaline trabeculae, is unlike that of benthopectinids in which the spines are made of thorny stereom with distally directed barbs. Moreover, the elongated, strongly imbricating, asymmetrical
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FD9573D2FD7624D7" bold="true" box="[610,678,1236,1263]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ambh</emphasis>
|
||
are not present in benthopectinids, where the heads are short and do not imbricate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="797612717157FF93FF4A723CFB442614" blockId="33.[188,1399,1338,1580]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">
|
||
In summary,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27157FF93FEA3723DFE7E256C" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1984" box="[340,430,1338,1364]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FEA3723DFE7E256C" box="[340,430,1338,1364]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">X. hessi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not possess a single character of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27157FF93FC66723CFBB1256C" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1894" box="[913,1121,1338,1364]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notomyotida" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Benthopectinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but has features unique to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27157FF93FEFB7258FE472540" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1884" box="[268,407,1374,1400]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spinulosida" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Spinulosida</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1D586F807157FF93FE0F7258FD552540" author="Gale A. S." box="[504,645,1374,1400]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref16782" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including spines constructed of elongated hyaline trabeculae and elongated, triangular proximal
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FD937287FD7825A4" bold="true" box="[612,680,1409,1436]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">ambh</emphasis>
|
||
which strongly imbricate proximally. Its affinity with other spinulosidans is uncertain, although some aspects of the ambulacrals and adambulacrals are broadly comparable with those of solasterids. The very elongated rectangular adambulacrals are unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEC969F27157FF93FF4A72EBFEC8263F" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1984" box="[189,280,1517,1543]" class="Asteroidea" family="Benthopectinidae" genus="Xandarosaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="33" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hessi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4BBDCE637157FF93FF4A72EBFEC8263F" box="[189,280,1517,1543]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">X. hessi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Adambulacrals of this
|
||
<typeStatus id="A672ACD37157FF93FDD972EBFDB3263F" box="[558,611,1517,1543]" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, currently indeterminate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E1F20EF47157FF93FC6772EBFC2C263F" box="[912,1020,1516,1543]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,745,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-199@32.[189,1398,745,1758]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 15. A–C. Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984. A. Holotype slab (NMB M9683), showing articulated ambulacral ossicles and isolated adambulacrals (arrowed); the original of Blake (1984: fig. 2a1–3). B–C. Line drawings of actinal views of adambulacrals; note extreme elongation, long interadambulacral muscle insertion site and boss for a single, large subadambulacral spine. D. Similar adambulacral ossicle of indeterminate form (NHMUK PI EE 18008). Provenance: A–C. Bajocian of Reigoldswil, Canton Baselland, Switzerland. D. Oxfordian, Andelot-Morval, Jura, France (for details of locality, reference is made to Gale 2018: fig. 20). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032998/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">Fig. 15D</figureCitation>
|
||
), are also found uncommonly in Jurassic sedimentary rocks such as the lower Oxfordian of Andelot-Morval,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="01DE52E17157FF93FBCB7114FB402614" box="[1084,1168,1554,1580]" name="France" pageId="33" pageNumber="182">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |