316 lines
33 KiB
XML
316 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="4082F927AFDD753EFDE1FD36FCBC13DA" ID-CLB-Dataset="51148" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a770f5bc-13db-41f5-a3f5-6713b50cddf7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="270621" ID-ZooBank="86544BDD-B981-4530-B25A-50FC724EBE1C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459697366148" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Skejo, Josip & Caballero, Joy Honezza S." docDate="2016" docId="3F6887AD8B3CFFE1FF1FFBCE617E48DE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4067.3.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4067 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Arulenus Stal 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="385" masterDocId="C351FFD58B3EFFE2FF88FFFA641A490E" masterDocTitle="A hidden pygmy devil from the Philippines: Arulenus miae sp. nov. — a new species serendipitously discovered in an amateur Facebook post (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae)" masterLastPageNumber="393" masterPageNumber="383" pageNumber="385" updateTime="1698209803495" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="2DE618CE3926E6DC5FFE65D4D834DF6C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E361ABC08BE31F4FBF0F48376E36B704">
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<mods:title id="FA71F115917711A2B5FB606484C31755">A hidden pygmy devil from the Philippines: Arulenus miae sp. nov. — a new species serendipitously discovered in an amateur Facebook post (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="FE411193910033B3A19CF3F755CA3715" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ABC4E44D661C517ADB9273E7B541F507">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0FA69C4EA4B3F501E161E250A9A10BB6">Skejo, Josip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="63D550983B68207BF85875CA2881FBA4" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="4ADF9FC9A99BE51934CA86AD20BC9AE4">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EE61E681A51C16AB0A4B24352AEB6B20">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F3DAD08203263F2EA665B71952C69A1B">Caballero, Joy Honezza S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BA66B9AAE4A97CD1B1E6511BBE79364E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="56592A3A256553AA87869154498BE280">
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<mods:title id="F79C9843834A6FF83C984EA19D5B95EC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="06D60F9771A0FA65B4BB9230C0613B0A">
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<mods:date id="0A30D68EEA1539C3B097435E52A49D73">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="B8B33DDA6538B789CA32320B6F582969" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="FD7069D2DC467DB960A482D4B5FF376B">4067</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="CB599F15E29A85401F2E24E2FACA2309" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="3C7DA21423D6EBC769E9080054070FCF">3</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="47FA311A4D92C17B33A396A18A83CB7D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CFC2E23CA229A2D99C1DD0856D5EA05F" type="CLB-Dataset">51148</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="483302B1D95076ED694902CEDD7FE267" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C665D1CA507821FF556299AC66EB27EE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3F6887AD8B3CFFE1FF1FFBCE617E48DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6077521" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333835" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6077521" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F6887AD8B3CFFE1FF1FFBCE617E48DE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F6887AD8B3CFFE1FF1FFBCE617E48DE" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="385" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
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<subSubSection id="FFDB65308B3CFFE0FF1FFBCE65C44D40" box="[151,478,1076,1102]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B77E36BB8B3CFFE0FF1FFBCE65C44D40" blockId="2.[151,478,1076,1102]" box="[151,478,1076,1102]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
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<heading id="EC3681D78B3CFFE0FF1FFBCE65C44D40" bold="true" box="[151,478,1076,1102]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FF1FFBCE65C44D40" bold="true" box="[151,478,1076,1102]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FF66FBCE65C44D40" ID-CoL="8NMPC" authority="Stal, 1877" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[238,478,1076,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FF66FBCE65444D40" bold="true" box="[238,350,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Arulenus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D3504B4A8B3CFFE0FEEDFBCE65C44D40" author="Stal" box="[357,478,1076,1102]" pageId="2" pageNumber="393" refString="Stal, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex Insulis Philippinis descripsit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps - Akademiens Forhandlinger, 34 (10), 33 - 58." type="journal article" year="1877">Stål, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FFDB65308B3CFFE0FF1FFB8161874C84" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B77E36BB8B3CFFE0FF1FFB8167674D9F" blockId="2.[151,893,1147,1169]" box="[151,893,1147,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FF1FFB81653C4D9F" bold="true" box="[151,294,1147,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
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<typeStatus id="687A88198B3CFFE0FF1FFB8164D64D9F" box="[151,204,1147,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FEA3FB81666E4D9F" authority="Stal, 1877" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[299,628,1147,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="validispinus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FEA3FB81661D4D9F" box="[299,519,1147,1169]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Arulenus validispinus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D3504B4A8B3CFFE0FD86FB81666E4D9F" author="Stal" box="[526,628,1147,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="393" refString="Stal, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex Insulis Philippinis descripsit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps - Akademiens Forhandlinger, 34 (10), 33 - 58." type="journal article" year="1877">Stål, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by subsequent monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B77E36BB8B3CFFE0FF1FFB4761874C84" blockId="2.[151,1437,1213,2030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FE99FB47656C4DD8" box="[273,374,1213,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FE99FB47656C4DD8" box="[273,374,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Arulenus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was erected by Stål in 1877 for
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FD56FB44679E4DD8" box="[734,900,1213,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="validispinus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FD56FB44679E4DD8" box="[734,900,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">A. validispinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FC32FB44605C4DDB" box="[954,1094,1214,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FC32FB44605C4DDB" box="[954,1094,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">A. punctatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(now
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FB05FB4461494DDB" box="[1165,1363,1214,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FB05FB4461494DDB" box="[1165,1363,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hirrius punctatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), both described in the same paper, together with the genus.
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<bibRefCitation id="D3504B4A8B3CFFE0FC8BFB1B67B14DF4" author="Bolivar" box="[771,939,1249,1274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="393" refString="Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313." type="journal article" year="1887">Bolívar (1887)</bibRefCitation>
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erected the genus
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FB0DFB1860C24DF7" box="[1157,1240,1250,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FB0DFB1860C24DF7" box="[1157,1240,1250,1273]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hirrius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FA83FB1865004C10" authority="Stal, 1877" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FA83FB1861864DF7" box="[1291,1436,1250,1273]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">H. punctatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="D3504B4A8B3CFFE0FF17FAFF65084C10" author="Stal" box="[159,274,1285,1310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="393" refString="Stal, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex Insulis Philippinis descripsit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps - Akademiens Forhandlinger, 34 (10), 33 - 58." type="journal article" year="1877">Stål, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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and has left only
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FE68FAFC669C4C10" box="[480,646,1285,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="validispinus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FE68FAFC669C4C10" box="[480,646,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">A. validispinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FD54FAFF675B4C10" box="[732,833,1285,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FD54FAFF675B4C10" box="[732,833,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Arulenus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In the
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FC1DFAFF60144C10" box="[917,1038,1285,1310]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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Species File (
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<bibRefCitation id="D3504B4A8B3CFFE0FB23FAFF616B4C10" author="Eades" box="[1195,1393,1285,1310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="393" refString="Eades, D. C., Otte D., Cigliano M. M & Braun, H. (2015) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 25 April 2015)" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Eades
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FB7EFAFC61344C10" box="[1270,1326,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">et al.</emphasis>
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2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FA0CFAFC65044C4C" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="validispinus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FA0CFAFC65044C4C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">A. validispinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is noted to be the
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<typeStatus id="687A88198B3CFFE0FE7BFAD066394C4C" box="[499,547,1322,1346]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">type</typeStatus>
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species of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FC91FAD367644C4C" box="[793,894,1321,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FC91FAD367644C4C" box="[793,894,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Arulenus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the original monotypy, which is not correct. The species is the
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<typeStatus id="687A88198B3CFFE0FEEAFAB465884C68" box="[354,402,1358,1382]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">type</typeStatus>
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species of the genus by subsequent monotypy, after the separation of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FA84FAB461454C6B" box="[1292,1375,1358,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FA84FAB461454C6B" box="[1292,1375,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hirrius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FF1FFA8B64E64C84" box="[151,252,1393,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FF1FFA8B64E64C84" box="[151,252,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Arulenus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Thus, the genus became monotypic since
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<bibRefCitation id="D3504B4A8B3CFFE0FD55FA8B67984C84" author="Bolivar" box="[733,898,1393,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="393" refString="Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313." type="journal article" year="1887">Bolívar (1887)</bibRefCitation>
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and now we add one more species to the genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FFDB65308B3CFFE0FF4FFA6F60864E8C" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="B77E36BB8B3CFFE0FF4FFA6F60584CF8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1213,2030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FF4FFA6F65F44CA0" bold="true" box="[199,494,1429,1454]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Diagnosis of the genus.</emphasis>
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The genus can be easily distinguished from similar genera by the following characters: a single paranotal lobe present, tegmina and alae absent, lateral paranotal lobes turned outwards, pronotum surface smooth, slightly wrinkled, high spines present on pronotal discus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B77E36BB8B3CFFE0FF4FF9FB60864E8C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1213,2030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FF4FF9FB65AE4F14" bold="true" box="[199,436,1537,1562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Comparative notes.</emphasis>
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The genus is similar to following genera: of Discotettiginae
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FB0EF9F861824F14" authority="Costa, 1864" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1864" box="[1158,1432,1537,1562]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Discotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FB0EF9F860E54F17" box="[1158,1279,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Discotettix</emphasis>
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Costa, 1864
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FF1FF9DC65474F30" box="[151,349,1574,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FF1FF9DC65474F30" box="[151,349,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hirrius punctatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group and
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<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FE51F9DC66854F30" box="[473,671,1574,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">
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<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FE51F9DC66854F30" box="[473,671,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hirrius montanus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. It can be separated from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FB8EF9DC60654F33" box="[1030,1151,1574,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Discotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FB8EF9DC60654F33" box="[1030,1151,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Discotettix</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the shape of paranota, absence of wings, pronotum that is not wrinkled and not tuberculated, and smooth femora surface. From
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FAABF9B0651A4F88" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FAABF9B064E74F88" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Discotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shelfordi">Discotettix shelfordi</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
it can be distinguished by the absence of wings, morphology of paranota, the presence of strong spines on pronotal discus, and smooth femora. From
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FD3EF968679D4FA7" box="[694,903,1682,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FD3EF968679D4FA7" box="[694,903,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hirrius punctatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FC7CF968652B4FC0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FC7CF968608B4FA7" box="[1012,1169,1682,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">H. punctatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FB2EF96861764FA4" box="[1190,1388,1681,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scrobiculatus">H. scrobiculatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FA09F968652B4FC0" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mindanaensis">H. mindanaensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
), it can be separated by the presence of strong pronotal spines. From
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FBD3F94C61394FC0" box="[1115,1315,1718,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FBD3F94C61394FC0" box="[1115,1315,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hirrius montanus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FA09F94D651E4FFF" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FA09F94D651E4FFF" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">H. montanus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FE9DF92065D34FFF" box="[277,457,1754,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sarasinorum">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FE9DF92065D34FFF" box="[277,457,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">H. sarasinorum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FE52F92066364FFF" box="[474,556,1754,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hirrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FE52F92066364FFF" box="[474,556,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hirrius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp.) it can be separated by the absence of wings, non-granulated body and femora, and the presence of concave internal lateral carina of pronotum. Among non-Discotettiginae genera, the genus is morphologically similar to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FDA6F8DB679A4E34" authority="Willemse, 1928" authorityName="Willemse" authorityYear="1928" box="[558,896,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Tondanotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FDA6F8DB66DD4E34" box="[558,711,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Tondanotettix</emphasis>
|
|
Willemse, 1928
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(OSF currently places this in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FB5CF8DB61764E34" box="[1236,1388,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladonotinae">Cladonotinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but is likely a member of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FE04F8BF663D4E50" box="[396,551,1861,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scelimeninae">Scelimeninae</taxonomicName>
|
|
), from which it can be separated primarily in the presence of widened antennal segments, narrower interscapular area, and the presence of strong spines on pronotal discus.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="FFDB65308B3CFFE1FF4FF877617E48DE" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="B77E36BB8B3CFFE1FF4FF877617E48DE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1213,2030]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FF4FF877606F4EA8" bold="true" box="[199,1141,1933,1958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
|
Genera with appearance similar to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FDF4F87760054EA8" authority="Malagassy and Oriental" authorityName="Malagassy and Oriental" box="[636,1055,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FDF4F87766F24EA8" bold="true" box="[636,744,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Arulenus</emphasis>
|
|
: Malagassy and Oriental
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
fauna.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
One cannot overlook the obvious similarity of pronotal morphology of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FD14F84866E84EC7" box="[668,754,1970,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miae" status="sp. nov.">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FD14F84866E84EC7" box="[668,754,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">A. miae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9E8657D28B3CFFE0FD71F84B67494EC4" box="[761,851,1969,1994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" rank="species">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FD71F84B67494EC4" bold="true" box="[761,851,1969,1994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
and specimens from Malagassy genera
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FA9DF84B65104EE0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FA9DF84B618D4EC4" box="[1301,1431,1969,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Eurybiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eurybiades</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FF1FF82D65104EE0" box="[151,266,2007,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Notocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notocerus</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FEC8F82F65A14EE0" box="[320,443,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FEC8F82F65AD4EE0" box="[320,439,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Holocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holocerus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
as well as Borneo genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3CFFE0FD5EF82D67594EE0" box="[726,835,2007,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hexocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="385" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3CFFE0FD5EF82D67594EE0" box="[726,835,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="385">Hexocera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This is a very good example of convergent evolution of a few evolutionary independent genera. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FD14FF6D671B49BE" box="[668,769,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FD14FF6D671B49BE" box="[668,769,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Arulenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FC9BFF6267F449BE" authority="Stal" authorityName="Stal" box="[787,1006,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="validispinus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FC9BFF6267A049BE" box="[787,954,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">A. validispinus</emphasis>
|
|
Stål
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FBAEFF62606649BE" box="[1062,1148,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miae" status="sp. nov.">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FBAEFF62606649BE" box="[1062,1148,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">A. miae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9E8657D28B3DFFE1FB0DFF6D60C749BE" box="[1157,1245,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" rank="species">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FB0DFF6D60C249BE" bold="true" box="[1157,1240,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
) pronotal spines are only excrescence of the interhumeral carinae (situated between
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FC19FF47605B49DB" box="[913,1089,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">carina medialis</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FBF1FF47613D49DB" box="[1145,1319,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">carina lateralis</emphasis>
|
|
), while in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FF1FFF1B651049F6" box="[151,266,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Notocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FF1FFF1B651049F6" box="[151,266,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Notocerus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FEB7FF2565AE49F6" box="[319,436,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Holocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FEB7FF2565AE49F6" box="[319,436,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Holocerus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
these acuminate processes are actually elevations of humeral carinae. These genera are in fact members of separate subfamilies—
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FDEBFEFE66D24813" box="[611,712,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FDEBFEFE66D24813" box="[611,712,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Arulenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
of hitherto valid Discotettiginae,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FBDCFEFF60DD4812" box="[1108,1223,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Notocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FBDCFEFF60DD4812" box="[1108,1223,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Notocerus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FA8DFEFE61604813" box="[1285,1402,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Holocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FA8DFEFE61604813" box="[1285,1402,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Holocerus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FF1FFEDD6528484E" box="[151,306,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Metrodorinae">Metrodorinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FECEFED365A9484E" box="[326,435,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hexocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FECEFED365A9484E" box="[326,435,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Hexocera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FE61FEDD669E484E" box="[489,644,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scelimeninae">Scelimeninae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It has been pointed, however, that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FBC2FEDD60F9484E" box="[1098,1251,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Metrodorinae">Metrodorinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
may not be a monophyletic group (Pavón-Gonzalo
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FDCBFEB76667486B" box="[579,637,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2012) and this subfamily is in need of a comprehensive revision. The monotypic genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FED7FE8B65D64886" box="[351,460,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Hexocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FED7FE8B65D64886" box="[351,460,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Hexocera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Borneo, is related to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FD75FE95676A4886" box="[765,880,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FD75FE95676A4886" box="[765,880,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Scelimena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FC61FE95609A4886" box="[1001,1152,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scelimeninae">Scelimeninae</taxonomicName>
|
|
genera with the widened basitarsal segment of the hind legs. All these genera developed similar morphological traits, probably as an adaptation to deter predators. Two genera with similar general appearance to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70C14D388B3DFFE1FC7FFE4D604648DE" box="[1015,1116,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Arulenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="85B5EAA98B3DFFE1FC7FFE4D604648DE" box="[1015,1116,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Arulenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are shown on
|
|
<figureCitation id="2FFA2A3E8B3DFFE1FB77FE4D617A48DE" box="[1279,1376,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1471,1493]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,519,1446]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,519,1446]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genera with general appearance similar to Arulenus: Holocerus taurus from Madagascar (A nymph, B adult), and Hexocera hexodon from Borneo (C). (A—photo: Frank Vassen, B, C—photo Paul Bertner, reproduced with permission)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270623/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="386">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |