455 lines
56 KiB
XML
455 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-12-e117072" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C4757FAB55B559E7A109334397D82D89" ModsDocID="1314-2828-12-e117072" checkinTime="1708421162632" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barrion-Dupo, Aimee Lynn A., Lit, Jr., Ireneo L., Duran, Camille Faith D., Cammayo, Ma. Francia Kyla M., Alviola, Marnelli S., Mercado, Sheila Mae Q., Osio, Cecille Ann L., Eusebio, Orlando L., Lucanas, Cristian C. & Barrion, Alberto T." docDate="2024" docId="546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 12: e117072" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 12" docPubDate="2024-02-19" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072" docTitle="Loxosceles rufescens" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="C4757FAB55B559E7A109334397D82D89" lastPageNumber="117072" masterDocId="C4757FAB55B559E7A109334397D82D89" masterDocTitle="Integrative taxonomy reveals first record of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Araneae, Sicariidae) in the Philippines" masterLastPageNumber="117072" masterPageNumber="117072" pageNumber="117072" updateTime="1708421467390" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C8D02577ABB0448FA86C925970793724">Integrative taxonomy reveals first record of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Araneae, Sicariidae) in the Philippines</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="1D9205A1059B175CB9B2CEFB93D225AA">Entomology Section, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines & Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F5390D495DFBD517185D5A32A96AA445">Lit, Jr., Ireneo L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4BB6CD47BF95CD316F672165742E0FF6">Entomology Section, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines & Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="1C851B8CA6DBF057A019DA94EAFBDE8E">Entomology Section, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4D1636758BC142AA2528C33199AF9661">Alviola, Marnelli S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F491C03E33C545257FE2AE42B9E1FED9">Entomology Section, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines & Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9F3F104DD8A12F91A9E81F34694334B7">Mercado, Sheila Mae Q.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F31C4B81280342D92C652932DE994B99">Osio, Cecille Ann L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F8CD1391831F3EC810F87F7FA0001F1F">Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="544DDE0C6037DCC04C0A6ED62F94952B">Eusebio, Orlando L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="295ECDDE0034F4120F5A73A924E2F1B4">Entomology Section, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3BA0E175575184229B2AB2644C0677CB">Lucanas, Cristian C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="60A06D598F15054C3ABA298DDC4520CC">Entomology Section, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2C290AD91A5B6A986E93CE1105E98177">Barrion, Alberto T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4D91FF4071DF9CE9C7F504FDDEEDCD2C">Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Taft, Manila, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="71B37B520B87D5F3E5444462FFC6D7BE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BD0B864B657D271227578677F82E4ED9">
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<mods:title id="03143A7081B1854FC7B24D6705F1BA05">Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="85CBD890B0056A493A6456BF0458EC0C">
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<mods:date id="A8A8EEA46A95E9166F4EA97CC18F6944">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6C7048EDAFCAF2E2FC1246F6BF967937">2024-02-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="93260BBEF0807C91110CBC4FB3DD8D52">12</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C734E542A624AE0C68097973C913DA9E">117072</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="628D2ADF564B9B131166D5C751859E7B">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="B4F4280CB0D053D2F55930550D2D54AF">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AA4D961D344CDF71E25794DE0ABC016C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A7BA2A86F3090B740FFD04AF5B173FCE" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-12-e117072</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF" lastPageNumber="117072" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
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<subSubSection id="E16C44E3CBF4A384B54984F2FC5AD441" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CDE858CE214ED37A79181F9A337C2A8E" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
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<taxonomicName id="D2224ECE86F76DA53B96BD7211D1EBBC" ID-CoL="72NJQ" LSID="546FABA6-6D99-5D3D-9F54-EF113A2A68BF" authority="(Dufour, 1820)" baseAuthorityName="Dufour" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles rufescens" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D914486937735D60F574C46389874059" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="AA3CBB01972EFA0BC4375D93B9D5C608" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
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<taxonomicName id="FD8CF507C47B844008EA0CFAF8886B10" baseAuthorityName="Dufour" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles rufescens" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">Loxosceles rufescens</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4EC7D84A73D00E642F99AB40654BC4C8" authorityName="Dufour" authorityYear="1820" class="Arachnida" family="Scytodidae" genus="Scytodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytodes rufescens" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
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<emphasis id="12AD785FDE50E1E90FCE65F33C94C837" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Scytodes rufescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Dufour, 1820 -
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<bibRefCitation id="146DE497D6431A09EA0D5CFD6E35FEC7" author="Dufour, L." journalOrPublisher="Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="198 - 209" refId="B10910641" refString="Dufour, L., 1820. Descriptions de cinq arachnides nouvelles. Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques 5: 198 - 209" title="Descriptions de cinq arachnides nouvelles" volume="5" year="1820">Dufour (1820)</bibRefCitation>
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: 203; For full synonymy, see World Spider Catalogue.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="98A24911AF6763ED79B502D2E5A674A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Materials</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="993F1AAA6E738B4212167F250FE45E26" collectingDate="2022-09-11" collectionCode="ARA" country="PHILIPPINES" determinerName="NICER P 3" location="Occurrence" municipality="PhysicalObject" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" specimenCode="ARA- 00526, 527; 528 - 530" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Batangas" typeStatus="Other material">
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<emphasis id="B15F3F79278253E35FB7D2C25979A377" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Type status:</emphasis>
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.
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:
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</emphasis>
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catalogNumber:
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<specimenCode id="C84B6B1D0FDBA44122BCC00B6DC54056" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">ARA-00526, 527; 528-530</specimenCode>
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; sex:
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,
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType id="A8D66957C9C2B425384824E3C6017BA4" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">adult</specimenType>
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; preparations: in EtOH; occurrenceID:
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;
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:
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</emphasis>
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country: Philippines; stateProvince:
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<collectingRegion id="5B23BC18C6AE29A2A99B09927DBF135A" country="Philippines" name="Batangas">Batangas</collectingRegion>
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; municipality:
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<location id="959BC3BA87FCB01886AD733ACB03B26D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:959BC3BA87FCB01886AD733ACB03B26D" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Lobo" stateProvince="Batangas">Lobo</location>
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; locality:
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Brgy. Biga,
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<location id="6F31F79919267719294ED03DF77738EE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:6F31F79919267719294ED03DF77738EE" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Kamantigue Cave" stateProvince="Batangas">Kamantigue Cave</location>
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</location>
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; verbatimLocality:
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<collectingCountry id="AFEFA76B2F1E9581C8CFDC03CF7A0C51" name="Philippines">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
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:
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,
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<collectingRegion id="097ADA379D1DF20219D5FE993AB511FF" country="Philippines" name="Batangas">Batangas</collectingRegion>
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,
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,
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<location id="0BCE423B1E69E104971F747C3CB84D7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:0BCE423B1E69E104971F747C3CB84D7D" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Biga" stateProvince="Batangas">Biga</location>
|
|
:
|
|
<location id="5F6D6B0861F274E0D3861EF1D55DFB41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:5F6D6B0861F274E0D3861EF1D55DFB41" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Kamantigue Cave" stateProvince="Batangas">Kamantigue Cave</location>
|
|
;
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<emphasis id="FC562CCC5961110596968AD40463BD3A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
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<location id="1C2D1034DE12397FFF885A206DEEFBA9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:1C2D1034DE12397FFF885A206DEEFBA9" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Identification" stateProvince="Batangas">Identification</location>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
identificationID:
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<location id="E3749EC53E25983AD22A27E9121A4C4B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:E3749EC53E25983AD22A27E9121A4C4B" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Loxosceles" stateProvince="Batangas">Loxosceles</location>
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rufescens; identifiedBy:
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<determinerName id="49393DF9E47DB303270F2D6ED4C53C64" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">NICER P3</determinerName>
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;
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<location id="F9D2DF3D7E0A298FBDB7A80E470A0E0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:F9D2DF3D7E0A298FBDB7A80E470A0E0F" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Event" stateProvince="Batangas">Event</location>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
eventDate:
|
|
<collectingDate id="5DF5270FE8393C983386B06F537D12EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" value="2022-09-11">11-09-2022</collectingDate>
|
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; year: 2022; month: 09; day: 11; habitat:
|
|
<location id="AC24D19B8730E4201E021DDD25D17095" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:AC24D19B8730E4201E021DDD25D17095" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Kamantigue Cave" stateProvince="Batangas">Kamantigue Cave</location>
|
|
;
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<emphasis id="0CABD95838057377B932CEA4C4D501BF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
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<location id="C9C47C29BE93F6B78A1B94CBBD27026B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:C9C47C29BE93F6B78A1B94CBBD27026B" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" municipality="PhysicalObject" name="Record Level" stateProvince="Batangas">Record Level</location>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
type:
|
|
<collectingMunicipality id="26AB8A269CEC5A4939938799E5C9EADE">PhysicalObject</collectingMunicipality>
|
|
; institutionID: UPLB MNH; institutionCode: UPLBMNH
|
|
<materialsCitation id="19A4B255C7341F30C0CBAB92AAAAE9CD" collectingDate="2022-11-19" collectionCode="ARA" country="PHILIPPINES" county="Type" determinerName="NICER P 3" location="Occurrence" municipality="Record Level" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" specimenCode="ARA- 00531, 532, 533, 534" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-adult="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-juvenile="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Batangas" typeStatus="Other material">
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<emphasis id="DB4AF6F83391045847C7D6A4599F2897" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
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<collectingCounty id="C4C96E8F908EF2679D98F906FF2BAF50">Type</collectingCounty>
|
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status:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
<materialsCitation id="47272727F269D66883D9EBC660CD86BD" collectingDate="2022-11-19" collectionCode="ARA" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" determinerName="NICER P 3" location="Occurrence" municipality="Record Level" specimenCode="ARA- 00531, 532, 533, 534" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-adult="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-juvenile="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Batangas" typeStatus="Other material">
|
|
<typeStatus id="8E7479F03A4E5AF17F9DBC48D5FAD60C" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Other material</typeStatus>
|
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.
|
|
<emphasis id="C6EF5DEFEDBF3930652ACBE79327ED07" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
<location id="80C4DB0DB785088AF1015D5D1C8E76BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:80C4DB0DB785088AF1015D5D1C8E76BA" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Occurrence" stateProvince="Batangas">Occurrence</location>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
catalogNumber:
|
|
<specimenCode id="ACFE9543F062A88E3FF8E008AC418253" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">ARA-00531, 532, 533, 534</specimenCode>
|
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; individualCount:
|
|
<specimenCount id="69B60586567F71386A78A101E96B4983" count="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" type="generic">4</specimenCount>
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; sex:
|
|
<specimenCount id="B565A56D8F8B9A58CDA6CB7329552C74" count="1" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
|
,
|
|
<specimenCount id="9459D67B90FD127780A115C57762ECA5" count="2" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
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,
|
|
<specimenCount id="97206DD5036D8EB1BBA6BAE2B80B3AE5" count="1" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
|
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; lifeStage:
|
|
<specimenCount id="CE700F5E616D42787E51F92F0D66A87B" count="3" type="adult">3 adults</specimenCount>
|
|
,
|
|
<specimenCount id="E6822AB4E895541328702D8AA5593D52" count="1" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
|
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; preparations: in EtOH; occurrenceID:
|
|
<uuid id="25F52C014552EA7BAA5322A475820AC8">31CBAEC6-CBA0-5A85-B4C4-BC53671C4089</uuid>
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;
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<emphasis id="7DC7877FBC7B1E4ABD618AD878E7C66C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
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<location id="3D290154EE138E9779095F2EB92DE445" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:3D290154EE138E9779095F2EB92DE445" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Location" stateProvince="Batangas">Location</location>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
country: Philippines; stateProvince:
|
|
<collectingRegion id="FFFE0EBC3070F31128D18F0366798CB0" country="Philippines" name="Batangas">Batangas</collectingRegion>
|
|
; municipality:
|
|
<location id="E130141B200BA4AAA5574BE877CBB2FC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:E130141B200BA4AAA5574BE877CBB2FC" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Lobo" stateProvince="Batangas">Lobo</location>
|
|
; locality:
|
|
<location id="2E397848E1F62164CC16CCDD66C7E5DD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:2E397848E1F62164CC16CCDD66C7E5DD" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Brgy. Biga, Kamantigue Cave" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" stateProvince="Batangas">
|
|
Brgy. Biga,
|
|
<location id="F9FFD5BB18F05C857815A4DA749A2A18" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:F9FFD5BB18F05C857815A4DA749A2A18" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Kamantigue Cave" stateProvince="Batangas">Kamantigue Cave</location>
|
|
</location>
|
|
; verbatimLocality:
|
|
<collectingCountry id="5D82A23CC1A6A0E0598A05B1C84A10FA" name="Philippines">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
|
|
:
|
|
<location id="110F47EAE4E8DA7F30C971923CB0F161" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:110F47EAE4E8DA7F30C971923CB0F161" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Luzon" stateProvince="Batangas">Luzon</location>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingRegion id="93E519BFC748BCCA867113347C4B55B1" country="Philippines" name="Batangas">Batangas</collectingRegion>
|
|
,
|
|
<location id="4154E49A3F9C73D2DF8F6650FA672C63" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:4154E49A3F9C73D2DF8F6650FA672C63" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Lobo" stateProvince="Batangas">Lobo</location>
|
|
,
|
|
<location id="26942BB5E17AFD2D8B6B23EC44E38C42" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:26942BB5E17AFD2D8B6B23EC44E38C42" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Biga" stateProvince="Batangas">Biga</location>
|
|
:
|
|
<location id="96E49BB30981B79B28D5BDD453334DE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:96E49BB30981B79B28D5BDD453334DE3" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Kamantigue Cave" stateProvince="Batangas">Kamantigue Cave</location>
|
|
;
|
|
<emphasis id="2BBA6E631685157DB2CBA78E08D19BF7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
<location id="E27222656832330F6DCADE1B3D9E576E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:E27222656832330F6DCADE1B3D9E576E" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Identification" stateProvince="Batangas">Identification</location>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
identificationID:
|
|
<location id="EA1EB269DE594F4A28EE32B3EA074D61" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:EA1EB269DE594F4A28EE32B3EA074D61" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Loxosceles" stateProvince="Batangas">Loxosceles</location>
|
|
rufescens; identifiedBy:
|
|
<determinerName id="C8CF349C6DE3A701ACB544953F892107" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">NICER P3</determinerName>
|
|
;
|
|
<emphasis id="0709B0FAB0E622B6A20B163078BFC998" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
<location id="3983F12658B83CD421A14A443A8D84A4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:3983F12658B83CD421A14A443A8D84A4" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Event" stateProvince="Batangas">Event</location>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
eventDate:
|
|
<collectingDate id="27E0277DC04332695FD55DF049F3C300" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" value="2022-11-19">19-11-2022</collectingDate>
|
|
; year: 2022; month: 11; day: 19; habitat:
|
|
<location id="756FE04D6FCD013FAF04AA4917BE2C65" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:546FABA66D995D3D9F54EF113A2A68BF:756FE04D6FCD013FAF04AA4917BE2C65" country="PHILIPPINES" county="PhysicalObject" municipality="Record Level" name="Kamantigue Cave" stateProvince="Batangas">Kamantigue Cave</location>
|
|
;
|
|
<emphasis id="BAF600C2E003F2EE35DABB6801582896" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
<collectingMunicipality id="DBF5FD2C59418AFA2451B361FA0EE7AD">Record Level</collectingMunicipality>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
type:
|
|
<collectingCounty id="47918F6026B6D256E915DBF1A85E53EC">PhysicalObject</collectingCounty>
|
|
; institutionID: UPLB MNH; institutionCode: UPLBMNH
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="A3BAFDF7B346FBC99ABCEB5420DA2122" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="0AB4303B0516C341956A4CF0A21F411A" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Description</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6ABA8698334165AC3F86570AE1D929D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
Male (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="61BBF59FF862C7DFB9B670AEAF588ED6" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F10905038" captionText="Figure 2. Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820), male (A-D) and female (E-F); Habitus, dorsal view (A, E); palp: prolateral (B), retrolateral (C), apical (D); spermatheca (F). Abbreviations: f - femur, p - patella, Ti - tibia, c - cymbium, b - bulb, e - embolus." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/944639" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">2</figureCitation>
|
|
A). Total length 8.05 + 0.92. Carapace: length 4.30 + 0.14, width 3.40 + 0.57, height 1.75 + 0.21. Abdomen: length 3.75 + 1.06, width 2.18 + 0.46, height 2.08 + 0.18. Pedipalp length 3.75; femur 1.40 long; patella 0.45; tibia 1.00 long, 0.60 wide; cymbium 0.50 long, 0.40 wide; bulb 0.40 long. 0.45 wide and embolus 0.50 long.; palpal tibia length/width ratio 1.67. Embolus (1.19 + 0.01) as long as width of globular bulb (1.16 + 0.01).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="56FD57D8F98D911C8DA2749CDE879226" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
Carapace pale orange-brown marked with dorsal dark orange-brown violin-shaped marking. Eyes six in three dyads in a recurved transverse row. Sternum pale yellowish to cream. Chelicerae, labium and maxillae reddish-brown. Legs orange-brown. Abdomen ground colour cream brown to greyish-brown, with short, grey setae. Leg formula 2-1-4-3 (Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="3EED20BC87C84AA142F1C3871BF7DECE" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T10905045" captionText="Table 2. Leg measurements of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) from the Philippines." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C5FBADF5578C6DC1C033A13A7A035E64" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" tableUuid="C5FBADF5578C6DC1C033A13A7A035E64">2</tableCitation>
|
|
). Male palp. Cymbium noticeably shorter than tibia length (0.40:1.00), slightly longer than palp bulb. Embolus possessing a thin cylindrical shaft towards apex (Figs. 2B-2D). Female. Habitus as in (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="E62427BDAEC3F1716E0B2E8DE8612387" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F10905038" captionText="Figure 2. Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820), male (A-D) and female (E-F); Habitus, dorsal view (A, E); palp: prolateral (B), retrolateral (C), apical (D); spermatheca (F). Abbreviations: f - femur, p - patella, Ti - tibia, c - cymbium, b - bulb, e - embolus." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/944639" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">2</figureCitation>
|
|
E) Total length 8.10 + 1.63. Carapace: length 3.38 + 0.62, width 2.83 + 0.42, height 1.86 + 0.15. Abdomen: length 4.73 + 1.17, width 2.85 + 0.66, height 3.05 + 0.90. Colouration and eye arrangement same as male. Leg formula as in male (Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="BEB8D06CF1F0AF65B0950577AF249A2D" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T10905045" captionText="Table 2. Leg measurements of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) from the Philippines." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C5FBADF5578C6DC1C033A13A7A035E64" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" tableUuid="C5FBADF5578C6DC1C033A13A7A035E64">2</tableCitation>
|
|
). Spermatheca (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="D6EAABF83F9B39E154199FC1353F65FF" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F10905038" captionText="Figure 2. Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820), male (A-D) and female (E-F); Habitus, dorsal view (A, E); palp: prolateral (B), retrolateral (C), apical (D); spermatheca (F). Abbreviations: f - femur, p - patella, Ti - tibia, c - cymbium, b - bulb, e - embolus." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/944639" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">2</figureCitation>
|
|
F) short and rounded distally, its anterior end rounded and directed towards each other (converging) and basal area relatively wide.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="94C02FA54FAF05D61F54EA8BF0C117ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="0E2442EFDA3219D3C708E0DA32C99560" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Distribution</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="59893779CFBFC853E36456DA7071F33D" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Southern Europe, northern Africa to Afghanistan, Iran. Introduced to the USA, Mexico, Peru, Macronesia, South Africa, India, Yemen, China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Australia, Hawaii and Philippines (new record).</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="FF4733FB04720595A34A2C086153941C" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" type="notes">
|
|
<paragraph id="C8193AD08C175DA48F13CB6E1C81FDF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Notes</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8172BBDB5C9AC85A8C96DC56D716689D" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
This represents a new record of the family
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F4A510D7A9EBBA88FE94292B69BCFC15" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1880" class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sicariidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
Keyserling, 1880 and species in the Philippines. It can be distinguished from other spider families in the Philippines by the six eyes arranged in three dyads in a recurved row, relatively flat carapace, rounded abdomen and tarsal claws two (compared to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C544F319B54CC01A421E2EA24D19957D" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Scytodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scytodidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
: humped carapace, tarsal claws 2-3; and 6-eyed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="359F645C696E34007F4855D748532A84" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pholcidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
: eyes arranged in two distinct triads, abdomen usually elongate and narrow, tarsal claws 2-3).The Philippine specimens exhibit the typical spermatheca and male palp features of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="506BDD8663F6D34FA9869CD55FA3BD6B" baseAuthorityName="Dufour" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles rufescens" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="2EA8B52356956F7422A5F7060A6978CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">Loxosceles rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
-species group (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A3728F24013CC5EE14E57A5297783F2F" author="Binford, Greta J." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="538 - 553" refId="B10910828" refString="Binford, Greta J., Callahan, Melissa S., Bodner, Melissa R., Rynerson, Melody R., Nunez, Pablo Berea, Ellison, Christopher E., Duncan, Rebecca P., 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of Loxosceles and Sicarius spiders are consistent with Western Gondwanan vicariance. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49 (2): 538 - 553" title="Phylogenetic relationships of Loxosceles and Sicarius spiders are consistent with Western Gondwanan vicariance" volume="49" year="2008">Binford et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B3ECDAA9BA41BD765F10EC04024282D6" author="Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="67 - 94" refId="B10911081" refString="Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, de Andrade, Rute Maria Goncalves, Bertani, Rogerio, 2017. Two new Brazilian species of Loxosceles Heinecken & Lowe, 1832 with remarks on Loxosceles amazonica and Loxosceles rufescens groups (Araneae, Sicariidae). ZooKeys 667: 67 - 94" title="Two new Brazilian species of Loxosceles Heinecken & Lowe, 1832 with remarks on Loxosceles amazonica and Loxosceles rufescens groups (Araneae, Sicariidae)" volume="667" year="2017">Fukushima et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B53B6AC590BAA041764A05E331777500" author="Brignoli, P. M." journalOrPublisher="Fragmenta Entomologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="121 - 166" refId="B10910544" refString="Brignoli, P. M., 1969. Note sugli Scytodidae d'Italia e Malta (Araneae). Fragmenta Entomologica 6: 121 - 166" title="Note sugli Scytodidae d'Italia e Malta (Araneae)" volume="6" year="1969">Brignoli (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FC5FB42DFBC466983FCF9C20B13F8D4C" author="Zamani, Alireza" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Medical Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="666 - 675" refId="B10911021" refString="Zamani, Alireza, Mirshamsi, Omid, Marusik, Yuri M, 2020. 'Burning Violin': The medically important spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, with two new species. Journal of Medical Entomology 58 (2): 666 - 675" title="' Burning Violin': The medically important spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, with two new species" volume="58" year="2020">Zamani et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
noted several variations on the epigyne of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="294D9564F5B42869FE9C2D0F1B474FCB" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="474CF3B2E88C6EA00802567D0C8F2991" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Mediterranean, Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan species, but refrained from describing them as distinct species without additional specimens.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0B0B9987A6D4135AD7D344282A5F93E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
The spermatheca of Philippine specimens are short and rounded distally with reduced or absent spermathecal bilobation, similar to those from the Balkan Peninsula (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3E59A3AC032655F3E7A838B83258DA41" author="Naumova, Maria" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="63 - 76" refId="B10911117" refString="Naumova, Maria, Deltshev, Christo, 2021. New faunistic and taxonomic notes on the Haplogyne and Cribellate spiders (Araneae: Dictynidae, Dysderidae, Eresidae, Filistatidae, Sicariidae) from three Balkan countries. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 67 (1): 63 - 76" title="New faunistic and taxonomic notes on the Haplogyne and Cribellate spiders (Araneae: Dictynidae, Dysderidae, Eresidae, Filistatidae, Sicariidae) from three Balkan countries" volume="67" year="2021">Naumova and Deltshev 2021</bibRefCitation>
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|
), Mexico (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="A7BA76B4C705276E3EF445F57F906655" author="Valdez-Mondragon, Alejandro" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="39 - 66" refId="B10910986" refString="Valdez-Mondragon, Alejandro, Cortez-Roldan, Mayra R., Juarez-Sanchez, Alma R., Solis-Catalan, Karen P., 2018. A new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae), with updated distribution records and biogeographical comments for the species from Mexico, including a new record of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour). ZooKeys 802: 39 - 66" title="A new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae), with updated distribution records and biogeographical comments for the species from Mexico, including a new record of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour)" volume="802" year="2018">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="38A659408051E12D60D7B001D6D9B87C" originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 2018
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and from Hormozgan in Iran (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="440A705FD3C4905F544E4B43A94B316D" author="Zamani, Alireza" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Medical Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="666 - 675" refId="B10911021" refString="Zamani, Alireza, Mirshamsi, Omid, Marusik, Yuri M, 2020. 'Burning Violin': The medically important spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, with two new species. Journal of Medical Entomology 58 (2): 666 - 675" title="' Burning Violin': The medically important spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, with two new species" volume="58" year="2020">Zamani et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), but slightly differs in the size of the inner receptacle lobe. It also closely resembles the Australian specimen recovered in the Iberian Clade by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="36630852AB6CFF7C7FB666096620AB9E" author="Duncan, Rebecca P." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="234 - 248" refId="B10911063" refString="Duncan, Rebecca P., Rynerson, Melody R., Ribera, Carles, Binford, Greta J., 2010. Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (1): 234 - 248" title="Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage" volume="55" year="2010">Duncan et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="634D459EB15E8B71F992743BA6939D1A" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
Similarly, the male palp of Philippine specimens conforms with the report of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B06EA699A5A39339D1B2E3F8DAE27F8C" author="Lotz, L. N." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="475 - 494" refId="B10910766" refString="Lotz, L. N., 2017. An update on the spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in the Afrotropical region, with description of seven new species. Zootaxa 4341 (4): 475 - 494" title="An update on the spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in the Afrotropical region, with description of seven new species" volume="4341" year="2017">Lotz (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B299527CD1B237D21E639558AEB5EB3A" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="97DDFF5F2A74E3610EB70F2B69934187" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
: (a) the short cymbium; (b) cymbium slightly longer than palp bulb; (c) ratio of palp tibia length/height is 1.67; (d) palp cymbium noticeably shorter than the tibia [0.40:1.00]; and (d) embolus possessing a thin cylindrical shaft towards the apex (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="C644149FD5A9C135F2A56AD52CB1D74A" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F10905038" captionText="Figure 2. Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820), male (A-D) and female (E-F); Habitus, dorsal view (A, E); palp: prolateral (B), retrolateral (C), apical (D); spermatheca (F). Abbreviations: f - femur, p - patella, Ti - tibia, c - cymbium, b - bulb, e - embolus." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/944639" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">2</figureCitation>
|
|
B-D).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="96357BF3A10E87694ABC2B306AD0DAA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
Overall, the examined morphological characters of the Philippine species conform with the present description of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1FCF7C12AF719098C8020FB720FE0938" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="84D25B1A9D6BA1248E5A0905DDAB997D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as presented in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D9A05418AECAC8C65109290F9394D0F4" author="Lotz, L. N." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="475 - 494" refId="B10910766" refString="Lotz, L. N., 2017. An update on the spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in the Afrotropical region, with description of seven new species. Zootaxa 4341 (4): 475 - 494" title="An update on the spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in the Afrotropical region, with description of seven new species" volume="4341" year="2017">Lotz (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="38E39A55F60D2C3F8106632FF10E8818" author="Valdez-Mondragon, Alejandro" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="39 - 66" refId="B10910986" refString="Valdez-Mondragon, Alejandro, Cortez-Roldan, Mayra R., Juarez-Sanchez, Alma R., Solis-Catalan, Karen P., 2018. A new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae), with updated distribution records and biogeographical comments for the species from Mexico, including a new record of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour). ZooKeys 802: 39 - 66" title="A new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae), with updated distribution records and biogeographical comments for the species from Mexico, including a new record of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour)" volume="802" year="2018">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="30B00794673D5058C129450EC9BC2CFC" originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. (2018)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C5B606B3CA8780ACFFEC0109694C865B" author="Zamani, Alireza" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Medical Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="666 - 675" refId="B10911021" refString="Zamani, Alireza, Mirshamsi, Omid, Marusik, Yuri M, 2020. 'Burning Violin': The medically important spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, with two new species. Journal of Medical Entomology 58 (2): 666 - 675" title="' Burning Violin': The medically important spider genus Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, with two new species" volume="58" year="2020">Zamani et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DD3A57D7D3EF780F34C191FEB31F9202" author="Naumova, Maria" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="63 - 76" refId="B10911117" refString="Naumova, Maria, Deltshev, Christo, 2021. New faunistic and taxonomic notes on the Haplogyne and Cribellate spiders (Araneae: Dictynidae, Dysderidae, Eresidae, Filistatidae, Sicariidae) from three Balkan countries. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 67 (1): 63 - 76" title="New faunistic and taxonomic notes on the Haplogyne and Cribellate spiders (Araneae: Dictynidae, Dysderidae, Eresidae, Filistatidae, Sicariidae) from three Balkan countries" volume="67" year="2021">Naumova and Deltshev (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="31B83EBE5F83626CC95EF6CB5884171D" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
Furthermore, the results of the molecular analysis corroborate those obtained using classical morphological techniques. The BLASTn results of the
|
|
<emphasis id="8E7B957CFD76C8CF97B270CD871060DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">COI</emphasis>
|
|
sequences generated from four Philippine spider specimens (412-433 bp long) reveals significantly high similarity (percent identity = 98-100%) with those of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C742DCD6208B683DE26B7F7670E6377C" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="E47BAB31F2AC5CCFE68BA5F35D4E6688" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Meanwhile, the pairwise distance between the Philippine samples and those from Mediterranean samples ranges from zero to nearly 0.1 (Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="FF2D3F54FED1F2F7F1619EB53FF8838F" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T10905046" captionText="Table 3. Pairwise Distance Matrix of COI sequences of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) from the Philippines and other localities: AU - Adelaide, Australia; CS - Cabo de Gata, Spain; CH - Guangxi, China; GC - Subida San Felipe, Gran Canaria; ID - Maharastra, India; KT - Kepez, Turkey; PH - Batangas, Philippines; PT - Porto Santo, Portugal; SI - Sardinia, Italy; SS - Sagunt, Spain; US - New York, USA; VS - Vilamarxant, Spain." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FEBA8575EC1B5197611DD53494585076" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" tableUuid="FEBA8575EC1B5197611DD53494585076">3</tableCitation>
|
|
). Although the taxonomy of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="598F86B0B4BBCFA9A1C1C2DE27276D68" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="04546EDB0772DA9FDE610A4E9098ABDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is not yet fully resolved (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9FB27643475EB96423ABEF687EE47097" author="Duncan, Rebecca P." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="234 - 248" refId="B10911063" refString="Duncan, Rebecca P., Rynerson, Melody R., Ribera, Carles, Binford, Greta J., 2010. Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (1): 234 - 248" title="Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage" volume="55" year="2010">Duncan et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), the Philippine specimens closely match those presently considered as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="33B03D6144CB8418EFCFE3605471F26C" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="80F8025F14890135198D1C42ECFF2DEA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A5DD679229D5E3E70B9EB1C5CDED6051" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
Interestingly, distances between Philippine specimens and those from India (Maharashtra), Portugal (Porto Santo) and Spain (Sagunt) were recovered to be zero. Historically around the 18th century, there is an existing trade route between India - Philippines (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="41C9D41567FA9AB722BCB8D39D4FF714" author="Seshan, Radhika" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Indian History Congress" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="834 - 838" refId="B11158997" refString="Seshan, Radhika, 2006. The development of trade contact between the Coromandel Coast and the Philippines: 17th and early 18th centuries. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 67: 834 - 838" title="The development of trade contact between the Coromandel Coast and the Philippines: 17 th and early 18 th centuries" volume="67" year="2006">Seshan 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1551036946989876D6282F5682430D89" author="Eang, Cheong Weng" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Southeast Asian Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="1 - 19" refId="B11159006" refString="Eang, Cheong Weng, 2011. Changing the rules of the game (The India-Manila Trade: 1785-1809). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1 (2): 1 - 19" title="Changing the rules of the game (The India-Manila Trade: 1785 - 1809)" volume="1" year="2011">Eang 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), countries which were occupied by Portugal and Spain, respectively. Given this, it is possible that the Philippine populations have been introduced via this trade route. This hypothesis can be tested if other specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E71480B7C966FEB54D7D51B3408CD483" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="5B4060D1D9A4027D849E4F3B871BB335" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
could be observed in areas following this trade route; unfortunately, molecular information from specimens in Perak, Malaysia is lacking. However, the distance between the eyes of females from Philippines resemble those from Malaysia (eye dyads separated by ~ 2-2.5 median eye diameter), but with slightly more recurved eyes (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="07EA0124FBEC13769911F15467E4259D" author="Duncan, Rebecca P." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="234 - 248" refId="B10911063" refString="Duncan, Rebecca P., Rynerson, Melody R., Ribera, Carles, Binford, Greta J., 2010. Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (1): 234 - 248" title="Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage" volume="55" year="2010">Duncan et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="285965CA1384C8284A494C7681C44792" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
Additionaly, distances between Philippine specimens and those from Australia (Adelaide) and USA (New York) were also recovered to be zero.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="77507C61E3AB0B20057B51D219B7C346" author="Duncan, Rebecca P." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="234 - 248" refId="B10911063" refString="Duncan, Rebecca P., Rynerson, Melody R., Ribera, Carles, Binford, Greta J., 2010. Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (1): 234 - 248" title="Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage" volume="55" year="2010">Duncan et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
recovered both specimens to belong to the Iberian clade of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="14365BCD5019BCCB73119C3EEA466765" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="831A1A15B6775569F2965D6C4EAE9A07" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, this may suggest an alternative route of introduction for the Philippine population.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0B13DDEFD483368314DECAC84774C373" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
On the other hand, Philippine specimens were recovered to be distant from those from Guangxi, China suggesting that they may have followed different routes of introduction.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="BA882555926B570EB04BD9F5383EAD78" author="Luo, Yufa" journalOrPublisher="Ecography" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" pagination="1080 - 1089" refId="B11159074" refString="Luo, Yufa, Li, Shuqiang, 2015. Global invasion history of the Mediterranean recluse spider: a concordance with human expansion. Ecography 38 (11): 1080 - 1089" title="Global invasion history of the Mediterranean recluse spider: a concordance with human expansion" volume="38" year="2015">Luo and Li (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
suggested that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3A67E15622755A5104E59EC7970E5723" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="493246BAC6A7469C828C259EA46975E7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was introduced to China around 42,710-46,008 years ago which coincides with the movement of modern humans to East and South-East Asia.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6E443ABAE01E2379BBDB1F56A89A7ED1" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">
|
|
Phylogenetic analysis shows three major clusters consisting of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3A37AE5C071FAC77FD604B3E57FD6572" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="C318A02C6CA2F17B5BFDDF4AC0F8CBB5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimens (100% bootstrap support), Canarian species (74% bootstrap) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="843AD5F20850FACBC884DCB6A2F9AFE7" lsidName="L. persica" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="persica">
|
|
<emphasis id="7C78D94613598C85C26D637B25B46D29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. persica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(57% bootstrap) (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="3171AC87B982396656D5369489AC2B71" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F10910450" captionText="Figure 3. UPGMA tree generated using the COI sequences of the four Philippine Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1892) specimens and 20 other Loxosceles species. Evolutionary distances were calculated using the Tamura-Nei parameter model with 1,000 bootstrap iterations. AU - Adelaide, Australia; CH - Guangxi, China; CS - Cabo de Gata, Spain; FI - Fars, Iran; GC - Subida San Felipe, Gran Canaria; ID - Maharashra, India; KT - Kepez, Turkey; PH - Batangas, Philippines; PT - Porto Santo, Portugal; SI - Sardinia, Italy; SS - Sagunt, Spain; US - New York, USA; VS - Vilamarxant, Spain; YI - Yazd, Iran." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.12.e117072.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/983639" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">3</figureCitation>
|
|
). In the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ED0DD9AC97992F0BA316A455179A991E" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="1E4208AEEAAEC97295658EB270CCB5DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
cluster, the specimens from Kamantigue Cave, Lobo, Batangas (PH1-PH4) are grouped together with specimens from Australia (AU), Gran Canaria (GC), India (ID), Portugal (PT), Spain (SS) and America (US). This group is sister to a clade of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E0571D5F2801AA9F131D0778AD0F292F" lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072" rank="species" species="rufescens">
|
|
<emphasis id="C9A687BA766FE43CA22324C94539190B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117072">L. rufescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimens from China (GH), Turkey (KT), Italy (SI) and Spain (CS, VS).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |