528 lines
45 KiB
XML
528 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58b3b015-a919-456b-9175-f96878341e31" ID-PMC="PMC3497256" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-239-1" ID-PubMed="23226711" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-239-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 239" ModsDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres ( Cyamon and Trikentrion)" checkinTime="1451248578713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Soest, Rob van, Carballo, Jose Luis & Hooper, John" docDate="2012" docId="BC567478DDCF8D89901FFABF61D0491D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 239: 1-70" docOrigin="ZooKeys 239" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" docTitle="Cyamon vickersii Bowerbank 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="3639FF9B0F54FFEACF6A573ADC3CDF3D" masterDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668154678110" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Soest, Rob van</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carballo, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hooper, John</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>239</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>70</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-239-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037775" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC567478DDCF8D89901FFABF61D0491D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC567478DDCF8D89901FFABF61D0491D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Cyamon_vickersii" authority="Bowerbank, 1864" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1864" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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, 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Unnamed spicule;
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<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="747 - 829" title="On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae, Part II." volume="152" year="1862">Bowerbank 1862</bibRefCitation>
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: 831, pl. 36 fig. 15 (West Indies?).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Dictyocylindrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dictyocylindrus vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Dictyocylindrus vickersii</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bowerbank 1864</bibRefCitation>
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: 267, figure 234 (West Indies?);
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 292, pl. 27 figs 5-8 (West Indies);
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 6: 35 - 61, 129 - 156." url="10.1080/00222938009458893" year="1880">Carter 1880</bibRefCitation>
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b: 42.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="492 - 558" title="Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera." volume="1867" year="1867">Gray 1867</bibRefCitation>
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: 546 (West Indies);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendy 1922</bibRefCitation>
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: 108, pl. 4 fig. 4, pl. 16 fig. 5 (Seychelles).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersi">Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee royal de l'Afrique central, Sciences zoologiques" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 96" title="Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean)." volume="203" year="1973">Thomas 1973</bibRefCitation>
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: 26, pl. 1 fig. 14 (Seychelles);
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<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, National Museum of Natural History, Leiden" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" title="Chapter 6.1. Sponges of the Seychelles. Pp 65 - 74, In: Van der Land J (Ed) Oceanic Reefs of the Seychelles." year="1994 a">Van Soest 1994a</bibRefCitation>
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: 71 (Seychelles);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 498, Fig. 17.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon dendyi" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dendyi">Cyamon dendyi</taxonomicName>
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de
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 80.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Not (Trikentrion) wickersi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="wickersi" subGenus="Trikentrion">Not: Trikentrion wickersi</taxonomicName>
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(sic);
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="30 - 52" title="Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre." volume="2" year="1889">Topsent 1889</bibRefCitation>
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: 4, figure 2A (Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico);
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="27 - 36" title="Application de la taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment." volume="7" year="1894">Topsent 1894</bibRefCitation>
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: 35 (corrected to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion vickersi" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersi">Trikentrion vickersi</taxonomicName>
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) =
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Cyamon) vickersi var. toxifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="variety" species="vickersi" subGenus="Cyamon" variety="toxifera">Nec: Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Arndt, W" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="133 - 158" title="Kalk- und Kieselschwaemme von Curacao." volume="25" year="1927">Arndt 1927</bibRefCitation>
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: 149, pl. 2 fig. 9, text figure 10 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
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) = mixture of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clathria (Microciona) ferrea" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ferrea" subGenus="Microciona">Clathria (Microciona) ferrea</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Cyamon) vickersii" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="vickersii" subGenus="Cyamon">Nec: Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="299 - 358" title="Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum, Part I." volume="34" year="1932">Burton and Rao 1932</bibRefCitation>
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: 355 (S India) =
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon hamatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hamatum">Cyamon hamatum</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Cyamon) toxifera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="toxifera" subGenus="Cyamon">Nec: Cyamon toxifera</taxonomicName>
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; de
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 80 =
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Cyamon) vickersi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="vickersi" subGenus="Cyamon">Nec: Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
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; De
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 80 (Florida);
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<bibRefCitation author="Little, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Tulane Studies in Zoology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="31 - 71" title="The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf coast." volume="11" year="1963">Little 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 48 (Gulf of Mexico);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 498, Fig. 17 =
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName genus="Nec" lsidName="Nec (Cyamon) vickersi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="vickersi" subGenus="Cyamon">Nec: Cyamon vickersi</taxonomicName>
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; De
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<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW De" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 154" title="The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00227.x" volume="27" year="1950">Laubenfels 1950</bibRefCitation>
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(Bermuda) =
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timea" order="Tethyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Timea</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">HolotypeBMNH 1877.5.21.1887, dry condition, labeled from Mr Vickers, Dublin, West Indies?</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The holotype was extensively described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter (1879)</bibRefCitation>
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(his illustrations are reproduced in Fig. 1B), and redescribed by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hooper (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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. The specimen is now (2012,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">see</pageBreakToken>
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Fig. 1A) a dry, macerated, wedge-shaped sponge, glued to a label containing the text Bk. 1887, Dictyocylindrus vickersii, lodged in a round box. There are five microscopic slides: three thick sections (one is reproduced in Fig. 1C), and two spicule mounts. A photo was made (Fig. 1D) of the contents of one of the spicule slides
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">showing</pageBreakToken>
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characteristic polyactines and one centrotylote strongylostyle. All microscopic slides are labeled with texts in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbank’s">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Carter’s">Carter's</normalizedToken>
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handwritings.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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The specimen consists of a barely coherent mass of columns, fragile, crumbly. Size approx. 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.6 cm. Colour now dark red-brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Skeleton: a branched columnar structure built by bundles of short thick styles supported at the base and along the column by masses of polyactines. The remaining spicules are not readily visible in the sections, so their positions are derived from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Carter’s">Carter's</normalizedToken>
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drawings (Fig. 1B): the columns are echinated by long and short styles and wavy strongylostyles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spicules (Fig. 2): long thin styles, short thin (strongylo-)styles, short thick styles, polyactines.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Long thin styles (Fig. 2A, A1) curved, usually broken, rounded end faintly constricted subterminally, 1785-2200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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14-22
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Short, thin, crooked or wavy, centrotylote styles (Fig. 2B, B1), sometimes strongylote, with the pointed end often swollen or mucronate, and faintly to markedly spined, 355
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–408.8–">-408.8-</normalizedToken>
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490
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–4.4–">-4.4-</normalizedToken>
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6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Short thick styles (Fig. 2C, C1), smooth, curved subterminally at the rounded end, 470
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–537.7–">-537.7-</normalizedToken>
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662
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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||
15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–22.3–">-22.3-</normalizedToken>
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32
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Polyactines (2D), robust, mostly equiangular, predominantly four-claded, three-claded forms also rather common, five-claded spicules rare and much smaller than the other; juvenile spicules almost entirely smooth, mature spicules with all cladi spined at the ends, which are also lightly swollen; only sparingly spined near the centre; all cladi approximately equal in length, basal cladi barely distinct from lateral cladi: basal cladi 55
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–62.5–">-62.5-</normalizedToken>
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69
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–12.6–">-12.6-</normalizedToken>
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16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, lateral cladi 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–65.6–">-65.6-</normalizedToken>
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78
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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||
9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–12.4–">-12.4-</normalizedToken>
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15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
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(Bowerbank, 1864), holotype material, A holotype specimen BMNH 1877.5.21.188 (scale 1 cm) B illustrations from redescription of holotype by
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter (1879</bibRefCitation>
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: plate 27 figs 5-6, 8) C photo of one of the original Bowerbank type slides containing thick sections D microphoto of spicules from one of the original Bowerbank type slides containing dissociated spicules.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bowerbank, 1864), SEM images of spicules of the holotype BMNH 1877.5.21.188, A long thin style A1 details of apices of long thin style B short thin (strongylo-)style B1details of apices of short thin (strongylo-)style C short thick style C1 details of apices of short thick style D four-claded (left) and three-claded (right) polyactines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Contrary to most other authors referring to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we have become convinced that this species does not occur in the Western Atlantic. The evidence for this is two-fold.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
(1) There is considerable uncertainty about the origin of the type specimen.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="747 - 829" title="On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae, Part II." volume="152" year="1862">Bowerbank (1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 831), when he first drew attention to the polyactine spicule, described it as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spiculated inequi-angulated triradiate, with cylindrical entirely spined radii (Plate XXXVI. fig. 15). - From a fragment of a sponge presented to me by Mr. Vickers of Dublin, who thinks it probably came from the West Indies. This spiculum is an external defensive one. The triradiate rays are imbedded immediately beneath the dermal membrane, and the spicular ray is projected through it at right angles to its plane; they are very numerous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The part of the sentence we placed in roman lettering contains the only factual information on the origin of the specimen, which was subsequently named
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Dictyocylindrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dictyocylindrus vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Dictyocylindrus vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bowerbank (1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 267) with the same sentence and figure repeated.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbank’s">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||
slides of the type material in BMNH marked as Bk 1887 were labeled prudently "West Indies?" (see Fig. 1C), but first
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="492 - 558" title="Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera." volume="1867" year="1867">Gray (1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 546) and later
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter (1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 292) omitted the question mark. Carter did an extensive redescription of the Bowerbank material (see Fig. 1B), which properly established the characters of the species. Shortly before that (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 226 - 240, 307 - 324, 388 - 410, 458 - 479." url="10.1080/00222937608682035" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 391) he alluded to a
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">specimen</pageBreakToken>
|
||
with quadriradiate spicules obtained from Thomas Higgin from Grenada (Caribbean Sea), which he thought to belong to the same species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Higgin, T" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the steam-yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 19: 291 - 299." url="10.1080/00222937708682143" year="1877">Higgin (1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Pl. 14 Fig. 9) figured the spicule. However, both authors mentioned only long styles in addition to the polyactines, which is, as we know now, insufficient to characterize
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. As we described above, and was also clearly pictured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter himself (1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Pl. 27 Fig. 6c, see also our Fig. 1B),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
should possess undulated
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">or</pageBreakToken>
|
||
crooked centrotylote thin styles or strongylostyles. We will demonstrate below that none of the Western Atlantic specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
|
||
we examined possess such spicules, in stead of which they have straight thin styles without centrotylote swelling or undulations. Nevertheless, from the time of Carter onwards it was assumed, that
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbank’s">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||
type came from the West Indies. Subsequent reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Western Atlantic localities all employed the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and ignored the peculiar shape of the short thin styles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
(2)
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendy (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, PA" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee royal de l'Afrique central, Sciences zoologiques" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 96" title="Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean)." volume="203" year="1973">Thomas (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Seychelles. Their descriptions exactly match the properties of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbank’s">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||
type specimen, including the undulating short thin centrotylote styles. They especially mention the spination on the pointed ends of many of the undulating styles, precisely as we found in the type (see Fig. 2B, B1).
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="10">De Laubenfels (1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 80) also was of the opinion that the Seychelles material differed specifically from the Western Atlantic material. Because he believed that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
was West Indian, he proposed the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon dendyi" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dendyi">Cyamon dendyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the Seychelles material. Below, we describe and illustrate (Fig. 3) material obtained from the Seychelles, in which we demonstrate beyond doubt that it belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
To conclude: specimens identical or similar to the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported from the Seychelles. Specimens recorded from the Western Atlantic are dissimilar to the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a.o. by lacking the characteristic undulating spicules. For the Atlantic representatives, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Boury-Esnault, 1973) is available (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bowerbank, 1864), ZMA material (Por. 10660) from the Seychelles A
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘strawberry’">'strawberry'</normalizedToken>
|
||
shape (scale 1 cm) B long thin style C short thick styles D short thin (strongylo-)styles D1 details of apices of short thin (strongylo-)style E polyactines F overview of spicules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Description of ZMA material of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Figs 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="material examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Three samples, ZMA Por. 11729, preserved in alcohol, Seychelles, Amirante Islands, N of Poivre Island,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-5.7333">5.7333°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="53.3333">53.3333°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, Leg E, stat. 776/05, rectangular dredge, depth 43-48 m, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, 29
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–12–">-12-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1992.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
ZMA Por. 10660, preserved in alcohol, Seychelles, Amirante Islands, NE of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arros">D'Arros</normalizedToken>
|
||
Island,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5555" value="-5.4">5.4S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="53.3167">53.3167E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, Leg E, stat. 750/09, rectangular dredge, depth 48-53 m, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, 26
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–12–">-12-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1992.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
ZMA Por. 12558, preserved in alcohol, Seychelles, N of Aride Island,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-4.1833">4.1833S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="55.6667">55.6667E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, Leg E, stat. 716/09, rectangular dredge, depth 40 m, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, 19
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–12–">-12-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1992.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
N.B.:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dendy’s">Dendy's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1922) specimen labeled and described as Cyamon vickersii, BMNH 1931.1.1.19, Amirante, Sea Lark Expedition, 60 m, was examined and photographed by J.H. (Hooper, 2002: Fig. 17) but could not be found in the collection of the Natural History Museum in 2011 (Ms Emma Sherlock, in litteris).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Strawberry-shaped sponge (Fig. 3A), forming a single semiglobular mass with microlobate surface. Color red or orange-red (alive), dark brown-red in alcohol. Consistency firm, barely compressible. Specimens now looking clathrate due to loss of thin surface membrane, still present in places. Size of largest specimen 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Skeleton: condition described as columnar, consisting of hillock-like masses of polyactines, variable in thickness up to 2 mm, supporting thick plumose bundles of
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">thick</pageBreakToken>
|
||
styles, which in turn are peripherally surrounded by short thin strongylostyles. Rare long thin styles are not present in all slides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Spicules (Figs 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–F">B-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
): long thin styles, short thick styles, strongylostyles, polyactines, overview presented in Fig. 3F.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Long thin styles (Fig. 3B), very rare, invariably broken in small pieces, largest piece found in our slides 300
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
; according to Dendy they can reach 1700
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
14
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. We reconstructed a long style from several pieces found on the SEM stub (Fig. 3B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Strongylostyles (Figs 3D, D1), angulated, often faintly centrotylote, with unequal endings, smoothly rounded at one end, spined-mucronate at the other, 294
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–347.1–">-347.1-</normalizedToken>
|
||
402
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–5.6–">-5.6-</normalizedToken>
|
||
7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Short</pageBreakToken>
|
||
thick styles (Fig. 3C), characteristically curved in the upper half and provided with a faint tyle, shape of spicule fusiform, smooth, occasionally strongylote, 361
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–538.9–">-538.9-</normalizedToken>
|
||
678
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
16
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–24.1–">-24.1-</normalizedToken>
|
||
31
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Polyactines (Fig. 3E), three- or four-claded in approximately equal proportions, a single five-claded form was observed in the slides (Dendy shows a reduced two-claded form). Basal cladi bluntly pointed, heavily spined apically, lightly spined along the shaft, lateral cladi ending rounded, equally heavily spined apically, less so along the shaft. In the center of the spicule there are usually no spines. Young growth stages are frequently entirely smooth. Basal cladi usually longer, 54
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–77.5–">-77.5-</normalizedToken>
|
||
102
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–14.4–">-14.4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
18
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, than the lateral cladi, 39
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–58.9–">-58.9-</normalizedToken>
|
||
78
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–13.1–">-13.1-</normalizedToken>
|
||
16
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, regardless of the number of cladi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
So far known with certainty from several localities throughout the Seychelles (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mahé">Mahe</normalizedToken>
|
||
and the Amirante Islands).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sandy bottoms at 30-50 m surrounding reefs and atolls.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The ectosomal strongylostyles in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reminiscent of those found in the type species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Axinellidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Axinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Reniochalina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Reniochalina" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Reniochalina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Reniochalina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Reniochalina stalagmitis" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stalagmitis">Reniochalina stalagmitis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lendenfeld, 1888), which
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarez, B" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="17 - 42" title="Taxonomic revision of the order Halichondrida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from northern Australia. Family Axinellidae." volume="25" year="2009">Alvarez and Hooper (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested were indicative of a possible close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Reniochalina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Reniochalina" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Reniochalina</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Raspailiidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Raspailiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This close relationship was further confirmed from molecular evidence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erpenbeck, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1571 - 1576" title="The systematics of Raspailiidae (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Microcionina) re-analysed with a ribosomal marker." url="10.1017/S0025315407058201" volume="87" year="2007 b">Erpenbeck et al. 2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) showing affinities of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Reniochalina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Reniochalina stalagmitis" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stalagmitis">Reniochalina stalagmitis</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the raspaillid species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Axechina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Axechina raspailioides" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raspailioides">Axechina raspailioides</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hentschel, E" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="293 - 448" title="Kiesel- und Hornschwaemme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln." volume="34" year="1912">Hentschel (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, indicating the strong morphological apomorphy of these ectosomal spicules for the Raspailiidae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="299 - 358" title="Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum, Part I." volume="34" year="1932">Burton and Rao (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
from South India (21 miles WSW from Mangalore), stating their specimen answered to
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dendy’s">Dendy's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1922)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
material. We were able to examine a slide made by Burton (BMNH 1931.1.1.19a, the specimen is presumably in the collections of the Indian Museum), and found it to be close but nevertheless distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
proper. See below for a description and illustration, as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon hamatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hamatum">Cyamon hamatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="492 - 558" title="Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera." volume="1867" year="1867">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gray’s">Gray's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1867
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 546) suggestion that the unnamed spicule without locality pictured in Bowerbank, 1864: figure 88 also belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
is debatable as the spicule with its single cladus spined conforms more likely to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |