185 lines
18 KiB
XML
185 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7392eb62-5d84-4f6a-8c8a-9f4e351a84a7" ID-PMC="PMC5953965" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-755-1" ID-PubMed="29769836" ID-ZBK="AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-755-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 755" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" checkinTime="1525801749154" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Onuferko, Thomas M." docDate="2018" docId="14F7ECB08AA2C5E71299AEE1C5B08540" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 755: 1-185" docOrigin="ZooKeys 755" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" docTitle="Epeolus axillaris Onuferko, 2018, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="DB3AE149-9E6B-4B37-B329-F264F23DA34B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="D91DD51C1718C109FF8EFFA6FFF3FF9F" masterDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1668165766199" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Onuferko, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>755</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>185</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-755-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="143842381" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DB3AE149-9E6B-4B37-B329-F264F23DA34B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/14F7ECB08AA2C5E71299AEE1C5B08540" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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8.
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/DB3AE149-9E6B-4B37-B329-F264F23DA34B" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus axillaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="axillaris">Epeolus axillaris</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="27" pageNumber="28">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 18, 19, 94A
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus scopulus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scopulus">Epeolus scopulus</taxonomicName>
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Brumley, 1965. M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan 66 (♀) [nomen nudum].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus axillaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="axillaris">Epeolus axillaris</taxonomicName>
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can be differentiated from all other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
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species in North America by the distinct posteromedial depression of the metanotum; in all other species the metanotum is flat, strongly convex, or weakly convex.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus axillaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="axillaris">Epeolus axillaris</taxonomicName>
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closely resembles
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. banksi" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species" species="banksi">E. banksi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. minimus" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species" species="minimus">E. minimus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. olympiellus" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species" species="olympiellus">E. olympiellus</taxonomicName>
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in that the axilla (except sometimes the tip) and mesoscutellum are black; T1 has a quadrangular discal patch, in dorsal view the longitudinal band is at least half as wide as the breadth of the apical fascia; and the T2 fascia has lobe-like anterolateral extensions of tomentum. However, in all three species the metanotum is flat and the axilla does not extent much beyond the midlength of the mesoscutellum, whereas in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. axillaris" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species" species="axillaris">E. axillaris</taxonomicName>
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the axilla is more elongate, extending well beyond the midlength of the mesoscutellum but not as far back as its posterior margin.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FEMALE: Length 10.0 mm; head length 2.1 mm; head width 2.9 mm; fore wing length 6.9 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Integument coloration. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: partially to entirely ferruginous on mandible, antenna, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, legs, T5, and pygidial plate. Mandible with apex darker than all but extreme base; preapical tooth slightly lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in holotype because mandible closed; described from paratypes). Flagellum brown and (except F1) slightly lighter than partially dark brown (otherwise orange) scape, pedicel, and F1, primarily due to extensive pilosity on flagellum. Axilla only with tip orange. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane subhyaline, apically dusky. Legs, except reddish-orange mesotibia, metatibia, and tarsi, with brown or black more extensive than reddish orange.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">Pubescence</pageBreakToken>
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. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of off-white to pale yellow short appressed setae. Mesoscutum with paramedian band wider and joined posteriorly. Mesopleuron densely hairy, except for two sparsely hairy circular patches (one behind pronotal lobe, a larger one occupying much of ventrolateral half of mesopleuron). Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted except for median bare patch in posterior half, uniformly off white. T1 with median quadrangular black discal patch enclosed by pale tomentum, except for medial separation at apex. T2-T4 with fasciae interrupted medially and narrowed before becoming somewhat broader laterally, T2 with fascia with anterolateral extensions of equally dense tomentum. T5 with two patches of pale tomentum bordering and separate from pseudopygidial area. T5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~2/5 MOD.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Surface sculpture. Punctures dense. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (i=1-2d) than clypeus (i<1d). Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and axilla coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula very densely punctate mesally (i<1d), less so laterally (i=1-2d). Mesopleuron largely obscured by tomentum, but ventrolateral half densely punctate (i<1d) to rugose where exposed; mesopleuron with punctures more or less equally dense throughout where exposed. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i≈1d), evenly distributed on disc.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Structure. Labrum with pair of small subapical denticles, each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel not strongly raised. Scape with greatest length 1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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greatest width. F2 noticeably longer than wide (L/W ratio = 1.4). Preoccipital ridge not joining hypostomal carina, from which it is separated by about 1.5-2 MOD at its terminal. Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous. Axilla large, its lateral margin (L) half as long as mesoscutellar width (W) (L/W ratio = 0.5) and tip extending well beyond midlength of mesoscutellum but not as far back as its posterior margin; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, and axilla with free portion 2/5 its medial length; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and without carina. Metanotum with posteromedial depression beneath overhanging anterior portion. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MALE: Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F2 shorter, not noticeably longer than wide (L/W ratio = 1.1); S4 and S5 with much longer coppery to silvery subapical hairs; pygidial plate apically rounded, with large deep punctures more or less evenly spaced throughout, with the interspaces shining.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Figure 18.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus axillaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="axillaris">Epeolus axillaris</taxonomicName>
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A female paratype, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm) B female holotype, dorsal habitus (scale bar 3 mm) C male allotype, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm), and D female paratype axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm; blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the mesoscutellum; red lines indicate the extent of the free portion of the axilla relative to its entire medial length).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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The name is in reference to the axillae of this species, which are distinctly longer than those of the similar
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. minimus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="minimus">E. minimus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. olympiellus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="olympiellus">E. olympiellus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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California and western Nevada. According to
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<bibRefCitation pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Brumley (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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, this species also ranges into Oregon, but its presence in that state could not be verified in the present study (Fig. 19).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Figure 19. Approximate geographic range of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. axillaris" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="axillaris">E. axillaris</taxonomicName>
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(orange) based on occurrence records known to the author (yellow circles).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">Ecology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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HOST RECORDS: The host species of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. axillaris" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="axillaris">E. axillaris</taxonomicName>
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is/are presently unknown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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FLORAL RECORDS: Labels of examined voucher specimens indicate floral associations with
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chrysothamnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chrysothamnus" order="Asterales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chrysothamnus</taxonomicName>
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Nutt. (
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<taxonomicName family="Compositae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
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) (possibly in reference to plants that now are in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ericameria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ericameria" order="Asterales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ericameria</taxonomicName>
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Nutt. (
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<taxonomicName family="Compositae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
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)),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ericameria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ericameria nauseosa var. nauseosa" order="Asterales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nauseosa" variety="nauseosa">Ericameria nauseosa var. nauseosa</taxonomicName>
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(Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird,
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<taxonomicName infraspecific-rank="var." lsidName="E. nauseosa var. oreophila" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="variety" species="nauseosa" variety="oreophila">E. nauseosa var. oreophila</taxonomicName>
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(A. Nelson) G.L. Nesom & Baird, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. parryi" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="parryi">E. parryi</taxonomicName>
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(A. Gray) G.L. Nesom & Baird.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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This species is most similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. minimus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="minimus">E. minimus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. olympiellus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="olympiellus">E. olympiellus</taxonomicName>
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, and there is overlap in the ranges of all three species.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brumley (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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recognized
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. axillaris" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="axillaris">E. axillaris</taxonomicName>
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as a separate species in which the axilla is more elongate and the metanotum is uniquely depressed posteromedially. The morphological distinction is supported by molecular data, as sequenced specimens exhibiting these attributes were assigned a separate BIN from either of the other two species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Material studied.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Type material. Primary: USA: Nevada: Cottonwood Creek (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="38.6013">38.6013°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-118.828">118.8280°W</geoCoordinate>
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) (Mineral County), 14.viii.1998, F.D. Parker (holotype ♀ [CCDB-28237 D01], BBSL).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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Secondary: USA: California: Antioch (Contra Costa County), x.1938, J.A. Downes (paratype ♂, CNC), 10.ix.1947, P.D. Hurd (paratype ♂, BBSL), 10.ix.1947, U.N. Lanham (paratype ♀, CUM); Bodie (Mono County), 21.ix.1958, A.S. Menke and L.A. Stange (paratype ♀, LACM); Hot Creek (Mono County), 29.viii.1969, E.E. Grissell (paratypes 3♀, UCBME), 29.viii.1969, R.M. Bohart (paratype ♂, UCBME);
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<pageBreakToken pageId="30" pageNumber="31" start="start">Parker</pageBreakToken>
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Creek at Walker Lake Road (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="37.8768">37.8768°N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-119.1203">119.1203°W</geoCoordinate>
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) (Mono County), 02.ix.2009, G.R. Ballmer (allotype ♂ [CCDB-28313 H10], UCR), 02.ix.2009, G.R. Ballmer (paratypes 2♂ (1 barcoded [CCDB-28313 H08]), UCR); Upper Santa Ana River (San Bernardino County), 22.ix.1946, G.H. and J.L. Sperry (paratype ♂, KUNHM); Nevada: 17 mi N Sparks (Washoe County), 02.ix.1957, E.G. Linsley (paratype ♀, BBSL), 02.ix.1957, E.G. Linsley (paratype ♀, USNM); 3 mi N Minden (Douglas County), 10.ix.1957, R.C. Bechtel (paratype ♀, AMNH); Reno, 09.ix.1961, F.D. Parker (paratype ♂, UCBME).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Available. BOLD:ACZ2412. See Type material for specimens examined and sequenced (indicated by unique CCDB-plate and well number).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |