treatments-xml/data/BD/5D/87/BD5D87BADF6F1E2FFF69FE2D40DDCF8A.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0031314" ID-GBIF-Dataset="898ecee8-1c5a-4969-b340-03a52d6bb1bd" ID-PMC="PMC3279364" ID-PubMed="22348069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="894041" checkinTime="1505721659688" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Frank Glaw, Jörn Köhler, Ted M. Townsend &amp; Miguel Vences" docDate="2012" docId="BD5D87BADF6F1E2FFF69FE2D40DDCF8A" docLanguage="en" docName="journal.pone.0031314.PDF" docOrigin="PLoS ONE 7 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Brookesia confidens Frank Glaw &amp; Jörn Köhler &amp; Ted M. Townsend &amp; Miguel Vences 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="4164FFC2DF611E20FFDAFFD84227CD5A" masterDocTitle="Rivaling the World’s Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" originalUpdateDomain="Boston" originalUpdateTime="1545148754592" originalUpdateUser="gglab" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1668134633730" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Rivaling the World’s Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Frank Glaw</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jörn Köhler</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ted M. Townsend</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Miguel Vences</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PLoS ONE</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2012-02-14</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>7</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>24</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1371/journal.pone.0031314</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">898ecee8-1c5a-4969-b340-03a52d6bb1bd</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC3279364</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="PubMed">22348069</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">894041</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6180813" ID-GBIF-Taxon="134310856" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6180813" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CB2A9146-0161-42B7-A145-6DED579F1F21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD5D87BADF6F1E2FFF69FE2D40DDCF8A" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="14.[155,794,164,1956]" box="[179,489,501,523]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[179,489,501,523]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName authority="Frank Glaw &amp; Jörn Köhler &amp; Ted M. Townsend &amp; Miguel Vences, 2012" authorityName="Frank Glaw &amp; Jörn Köhler &amp; Ted M. Townsend &amp; Miguel Vences" authorityYear="2012" box="[179,409,501,523]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="confidens" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[179,409,501,523]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brookesia confidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[421,489,502,523]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
ZooBank 
<collectionCode box="[601,658,502,524]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">LSID</collectionCode>
: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CB2A9146-0161-42B7-A145-6DED579F1F21
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="14.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis box="[179,242,558,580]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remark</emphasis>
.—This species has been considered before as conspecific with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frank Glaw &amp; Jörn Köhler &amp; Ted M. Townsend &amp; Miguel Vences" authorityYear="2012" box="[205,283,586,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[205,283,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brookesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. ‘‘Montagne des Francais’’ [
<bibRefCitation author="Glaw F &amp; Vences M" box="[592,607,587,609]" journalOrPublisher="Koln: Vences &amp; Glaw" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="7. Glaw F, Vences M (2007) A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. Koln: Vences &amp; Glaw." title="A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar" type="book" year="2007">7</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="14.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638540752" collectingDate="2007-03-01" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="P. Bora &amp; H. Enting &amp; F. Glaw &amp; A. Knoll &amp; J. Köhler" country="Madagascar" elevation="90" latitude="-12.956944" location="trail to the ‘‘Petit Tsingy and Grotte des Chauves-Souries&quot; Ankarana National Park" longitude="49.118333" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="ZSM 2150/2007" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis box="[179,252,615,637]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<typeStatus box="[179,252,615,637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.— 
<specimenCode box="[291,459,616,638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[291,341,616,638]" collectionName="Germany, Muenchen [= Munich], Zoologische Staatssammlung" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM</collectionCode>
2150/2007
</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCode box="[475,597,616,638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[475,538,616,638]" collectionName="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FGZC</collectionCode>
1196
</specimenCode>
), 
<specimenCount box="[617,666,616,638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[675,722,616,638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="male">male</specimenCount>
(hemipenes incompletely everted), collected on 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD5D87BADF6F1E2FFF69FE2D40DDCF8A:302B6077DF6F1E2EFDF6FD5C43C4CFEC" country="Madagascar" latitude="-12.956944" name="trail to the ‘‘ Petit Tsingy and Grotte des Chauves-Souries’ ’" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">trail to the ‘‘Petit Tsingy and Grotte des Chauves-Souries’’</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[493,604,671,694]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="15" value="-12.956944">12°57'25&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[616,730,671,694]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="49.118333">49°0 7'0 6&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity box="[741,792,672,694]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="90.0">
<elevation box="[741,792,672,694]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="90.0">90 m</elevation>
</quantity>
a.s.l., 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD5D87BADF6F1E2FFF69FE2D40DDCF8A:302B6077DF6F1E2EFF0DFD6443E8CF88" box="[215,463,700,722]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-12.956944" name="Ankarana National Park" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">Ankarana National Park</location>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[477,693,700,722]" country="Madagascar" name="Antsiranana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antsiranana Province</collectingRegion>
, northern 
<collectingCountry box="[155,275,728,750]" name="Madagascar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, on 
<date box="[316,453,728,750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2007-03-01">
<collectingDate box="[316,453,728,750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2007-03-01">1 March 2007</collectingDate>
</date>
by 
<collectorName box="[489,563,728,750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. Bora</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[573,671,728,750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. Enting</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[681,761,728,750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F. Glaw</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. Knoll</collectorName>
, and 
<collectorName box="[268,361,756,778]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">J. Köhler</collectorName>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1948726192" collectingDate="2007-03-01" collectionCode="UADBA" collectorName="P. Bora &amp; H. Enting &amp; F. Glaw &amp; A. Knoll &amp; J. Köhler" country="Madagascar" elevation="90" latitude="-12.956944" location="trail to the ‘‘Petit Tsingy and Grotte des Chauves-Souries&quot; Ankarana National Park" longitude="49.118333" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">
<emphasis box="[179,258,784,806]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<typeStatus box="[179,258,784,806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.— UADBA uncatalogued (
<collectionCode box="[547,610,785,807]" collectionName="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FGZC</collectionCode>
<date box="[624,734,785,807]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1194" valueMax="1195">1194–1195</date>
), two specimens;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1948726193" box="[267,734,813,835]" collectingDate="2008-02-12" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="P. Bora &amp; H. Enting &amp; F. Glaw &amp; A. Knoll &amp; J. Köhler" country="Madagascar" elevation="90" latitude="-12.956944" location="trail to the ‘‘Petit Tsingy and Grotte des Chauves-Souries&quot; Ankarana National Park" longitude="49.118333" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="ZSM 2151/2007" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">
<collectionCode box="[267,317,813,835]" collectionName="Germany, Muenchen [= Munich], Zoologische Staatssammlung" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM</collectionCode>
2151/2007 (
<collectionCode box="[448,511,813,835]" collectionName="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FGZC</collectionCode>
1197), probably male,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1948726196" collectingDate="2007-03-01" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="P. Bora &amp; H. Enting &amp; F. Glaw &amp; A. Knoll &amp; J. Köhler" country="Madagascar" elevation="90" latitude="-12.956944" location="trail to the ‘‘Petit Tsingy and Grotte des Chauves-Souries&quot; Ankarana National Park" longitude="49.118333" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="ZSM 2152/2007" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">
<collectionCode box="[742,792,813,835]" collectionName="Germany, Muenchen [= Munich], Zoologische Staatssammlung" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM</collectionCode>
2152/2007 (
<collectionCode box="[277,340,841,863]" collectionName="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FGZC</collectionCode>
1198), adult female,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1949138307" collectingDate="2007-03-01" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="P. Bora &amp; H. Enting &amp; F. Glaw &amp; A. Knoll &amp; J. Köhler" country="Madagascar" elevation="90" latitude="-12.956944" location="trail to the ‘‘Petit Tsingy and Grotte des Chauves-Souries&quot; Ankarana National Park" longitude="49.118333" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="ZSM 2153/2007" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">
<specimenCode box="[549,715,841,863]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM 2153/2007</specimenCode>
(FGZC 1199), 
<specimenCount box="[227,276,869,891]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[288,354,869,891]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, all with same data as holotype;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1949138278" collectingDate="2008-02-12" collectionCode="UADBA" collectorName="N. D'Cruze &amp; M. Franzen &amp; F. Glaw &amp; Kohler" country="Madagascar" location="Petit Tsingy, Ankarana National Park" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">
UADBA uncatalogued (
<collectionCode box="[297,360,897,919]" collectionName="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FGZC</collectionCode>
1608),
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1948726254" box="[432,793,897,919]" collectingDate="2008-02-12" collectionCode="UADBA" collectorName="N. D'Cruze &amp; M. Franzen &amp; F. Glaw &amp; Kohler" country="Madagascar" location="Petit Tsingy, Ankarana National Park" municipality="Ankarana National Park" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">
UADBA uncatalogued (
<collectionCode box="[663,726,897,919]" collectionName="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FGZC</collectionCode>
1610),
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1948726188" box="[155,614,925,947]" collectingDate="2008-02-12" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="N. D'Cruze &amp; M. Franzen &amp; F. Glaw &amp; Kohler" country="Madagascar" location="Petit Tsingy, Ankarana National Park" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="ZSM 1511/2008" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">
<collectionCode box="[155,205,925,947]" collectionName="Germany, Muenchen [= Munich], Zoologische Staatssammlung" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM</collectionCode>
1511/2008 (
<collectionCode box="[341,404,925,947]" collectionName="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FGZC</collectionCode>
1607), adult female,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638540754" collectingDate="2008-02-12" collectionCode="ZSM" collectorName="N. D'Cruze &amp; M. Franzen &amp; F. Glaw &amp; Kohler" country="Madagascar" location="Petit Tsingy, Ankarana National Park" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="ZSM 1512/2008" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">
<specimenCode box="[624,733,925,947]" collectionCode="ZSM" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[624,674,925,947]" collectionName="Germany, Muenchen [= Munich], Zoologische Staatssammlung" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM</collectionCode>
1512
</specimenCode>
/2008 (
<specimenCode box="[161,291,953,975]" collectionCode="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[161,224,953,975]" collectionName="FGZC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FGZC</collectionCode>
1609
</specimenCode>
), adult male, all collected at ‘‘ 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD5D87BADF6F1E2FFF69FE2D40DDCF8A:302B6077DF6F1E2EFD5EFC614136CE95" box="[644,785,953,975]" country="Madagascar" municipality="Ankarana National Park" name="Petit Tsingy'" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="Antsiranana Province">Petit Tsingy’</location>
’, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[155,398,981,1003]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ankarana National Park</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[409,622,981,1003]" country="Madagascar" name="Antsiranana" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antsiranana Province</collectingRegion>
, northern 
<collectingCountry name="Madagascar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, on 
<date box="[258,430,1009,1031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2008-02-12">
<collectingDate box="[258,430,1009,1031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2008-02-12">12 February 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
by N. D’Cruze, M. Franzen, 
<collectorName box="[716,793,1009,1031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F. Glaw</collectorName>
and J. 
<collectorName box="[222,297,1037,1059]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Köhler.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="14.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis box="[179,259,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.— A member of the 
<taxonomicName box="[480,629,1066,1088]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis box="[480,629,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brookesia minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group based on small body size (
<collectionCode box="[346,390,1094,1116]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">SVL</collectionCode>
&lt;
<quantity box="[410,480,1094,1116]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
) and molecular phylogenetic relationships. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frank Glaw &amp; Jörn Köhler &amp; Ted M. Townsend &amp; Miguel Vences" authorityYear="2012" box="[302,474,1121,1143]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="confidens">
<emphasis box="[302,474,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brookesia confidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from other members of the group as follows: from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1900" box="[569,660,1149,1171]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dentata">
<emphasis box="[569,660,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. dentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by probably smaller adult body size (no measurements of male 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1900" box="[700,793,1178,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dentata">
<emphasis box="[700,793,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. dentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
available), and absence of a supranasal cone (vs. presence); from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schimmenti &amp; Jesu" authorityYear="1996" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exarmata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. exarmata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the absence of a supranasal cone (vs. presence); from 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karchei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. karchei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a smaller adult body size (female 
<collectionCode box="[568,613,1262,1284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">SVL</collectionCode>
<quantity box="[619,761,1262,1284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" metricValueMax="2.26" metricValueMin="2.06" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="21.6" valueMax="22.6" valueMin="20.6">20.6–22.6 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity box="[155,246,1290,1312]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.07" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="30.7">30.7 mm</quantity>
; no measurements of clearly identified males available for 
<taxonomicName box="[188,270,1318,1340]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karchei">
<emphasis box="[188,270,1318,1340]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. karchei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and absence of a supranasal cone (vs. presence); from 
<taxonomicName box="[155,246,1345,1367]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis box="[155,246,1345,1367]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a very narrow hemipenis (vs. balloon-like); from 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peyrierasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. peyrierasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by generally smaller adult body size(male 
<collectionCode box="[681,726,1374,1396]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">SVL</collectionCode>
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" metricValueMax="2.01" metricValueMin="1.83" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="19.2" valueMax="20.1" valueMin="18.3">18.3– 20.1 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity box="[281,424,1402,1424]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1049999999999995" metricValueMax="2.2399999999999998" metricValueMin="1.97" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="21.049999999999997" valueMax="22.4" valueMin="19.7">19.7–22.4 mm</quantity>
), the absence of a supranasal cone (vs. presence), absence of a supraocular cone (vs. presence), and very narrow ornamentless hemipenis (vs. massive, bilobed hemipenis with four spines per lobe); from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brygoo &amp; Domergue" authorityYear="1975" box="[471,609,1486,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ramanantsoai">
<emphasis box="[471,609,1486,1507]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. ramanantsoai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a smaller adult body size (male 
<collectionCode box="[318,363,1514,1536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">SVL</collectionCode>
<quantity box="[373,514,1514,1536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" metricValueMax="2.01" metricValueMin="1.83" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="19.2" valueMax="20.1" valueMin="18.3">18.3–20.1 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity box="[559,648,1514,1536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="21.7">21.7 mm</quantity>
), absence of a supranasal cone (vs. presence), absence of a supraocular cone (vs. presence in some specimens), and hemipenis very narrow (vs. balloon-like); from 
<taxonomicName box="[347,467,1597,1619]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
<emphasis box="[347,467,1597,1619]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. tuberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the absence of a supranasal cone (vs. presence), absence of a supraocular cone (vs. presence), and hemipenis very narrow with pustules on apex (vs. wider, with crown-like apical structure). The new species is most similar to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frank Glaw &amp; Jörn Köhler &amp; Ted M. Townsend &amp; Miguel Vences" authorityYear="2012" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tristis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. tristis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differs from this species by indistinct and short parasagittal crests (vs. distinct) and by 13 dorsolateral pointed tubercles (vs. 11), and ornamentless apical region of hemipenis (vs. spine-like papillae on apex). For a distinction from 
<taxonomicName box="[648,749,1794,1815]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desperata">
<emphasis box="[648,749,1794,1815]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. desperata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[155,234,1822,1843]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="micra">
<emphasis box="[155,234,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. micra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described below, see the diagnoses of these species. Referencing a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Frank Glaw &amp; Jörn Köhler &amp; Ted M. Townsend &amp; Miguel Vences" authorityYear="2012" box="[627,728,1850,1871]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="confidens">
<emphasis box="[627,728,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. confidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows an uncorrected pairwise divergence of 6.7% to its sister species 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. tuberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and divergences&gt;9% to all other species of the 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="14.[840,1479,164,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis box="[864,1052,164,186]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Description of 
<typeStatus box="[987,1052,164,186]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.— Adult male in good state of preservation (
<figureCitation box="[847,910,192,214]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[155,220,1324,1343]" captionTargetBox="[161,1473,169,1286]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[155,1479,162,1291]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of preserved male holotypes of newly described species. Scale bar equals 5 mm. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0031314. g 007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/894053/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
; Supporting Information 
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1). Both hemipenes everted. Measurements in 
<tableCitation box="[1008,1082,220,242]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[171,235,1084,1105]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric measurements (in mm) of examined type specimens of Brookesia tristis and B. confidens." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Head with lateral crest starting at median level at the posterior edge of eye; prominent orbital crests with distinctly enlarged pointed tubercle at posterior level slightly below lateral crest, and a crest at the posterior edge of the head, that form a weakly developed dorsal helmet; a pair of very short straight parasagittal crests that transform posteriorly into a broad area of elevated scales which almost cover the entire posterior head surface; three pointed tubercles on each side of posterior helmet crest, a prominent one at termination point of lateral crest, an even larger one at the imaginary termination point of parasagittal crest, and a weakly developed one between parasagittal and lateral crests; one pointed tubercle on lateral surface of head, below lateral crest in temporal region; orbital crest denticulated; no supraocular cone recognizable; supranasal cone not clearly recognizable; head longer (
<quantity box="[847,921,613,635]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3 mm</quantity>
) than wide; chin and throat without longitudinal rows of slightly enlarged tubercles. Dorsal surface of body without a vertebral ridge or keel; 13 dorsolateral pointed tubercles form a complete longitudinal line on the body; most posterior (13th) pointed dorsolateral tubercle being largest, above insertion point of hindlimb; pointed dorsolateral tubercles almost equally spaced, pointing out almost perpendicularly from body; slightly enlarged, pointed tubercles form curved transversal crests on either side of the vertebral line between 2nd and 10th dorsolateral pointed tubercles; slightly enlarged tubercles on dorsal surface of tail, without any reconizable pattern; no well-defined dorsal pelvic shield in sacral area; few irregularly scattered enlarged rounded ubercles on the lateral surface of body; venter without enlarged tubercles; scattered, soft-pointed tubercles on limbs; no pointed tubercles around cloaca; longitudinal row of slightly enlarged pointed tubercles lateral on tail, forming a longitudinal row from tail base to two-thirds of tail length; no enlarged tubercles on ventral surfaces of tail. After almost four years in ethanol, all surfaces pale grey to beige, with most pointed tubercles being brown; upper surface of head pale brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[840,1479,164,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis box="[864,941,1175,1197]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Variation</emphasis>
.— For morphological measurements and proportions see 
<tableCitation box="[877,952,1203,1225]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[171,235,1084,1105]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric measurements (in mm) of examined type specimens of Brookesia tristis and B. confidens." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 1</tableCitation>
and Supporting Information S1. In 
<collectionCode box="[1307,1357,1203,1225]" collectionName="Germany, Muenchen [= Munich], Zoologische Staatssammlung" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM</collectionCode>
2153/2007, the ground colour is dark brown with a whitish vertebral stripe that starts at posterior half of body and extends onto the tail which is entirely beige with scattered brownish spots. The posterior dorsal surface of head is grey. The body of 
<collectionCode box="[1195,1245,1316,1338]" collectionName="Germany, Muenchen [= Munich], Zoologische Staatssammlung" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM</collectionCode>
1512/2008 is light grey whereas the head is brown with a greyish transverse line between the nostrils. The tail base of the females is less thickened than in the males. In life, all individuals with dorsal colouration of head, dorsum and tail light grey or pale beige, lateral parts of the body brown, with indistinct greyish marbling lateroventrally and with few small dark brown spots around the flank tubercles; limbs almost uniformly dark brown. This pattern is likely a stress colouration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[840,1479,164,1956]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis box="[864,1028,1541,1562]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Genital morphology</emphasis>
.— For this species, everted hemipenes are available only for the 
<typeStatus box="[1054,1137,1569,1591]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode box="[1151,1201,1569,1591]" collectionName="Germany, Muenchen [= Munich], Zoologische Staatssammlung" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ZSM</collectionCode>
2150/2007). On both sides, the organs are single tube-like structures of low diameter which decreases from the apex to the distal part of the truncus. The left hemipenis is not fully everted whereas the one on the right side (length 
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; width at the pedicel 
<quantity box="[1212,1291,1681,1703]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
, width at the apex 
<quantity box="[840,916,1710,1732]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
) might be fully everted, but this cannot be verified without examination of further material. There are no ornaments on the pedicel and truncus. The sulcus spermaticus is not recognizable on most of the truncus but becomes more distinct in the apical region. The apical region is characterized by a slight increase in diameter but not bilobed, and is covered by relatively large but poorly defined pustular papillae (
<figureCitation box="[1094,1151,1878,1900]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[155,220,1255,1274]" captionTargetBox="[160,1002,168,1216]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[155,1007,162,1221]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Hemipenes of species in the Brookesia minima group. The photos show for each species, a general view of the organs and a close-up. For B. desperata, the inset picture shows a non-turgid everted hemipenis where the two apex projections are very prominent. Note that also several other of the shown preparations are not fully turgid, especially in B. ramanantsoai and B. micra. In two other species (B. confidens and B. tristis) the shown hemipenes might not be fully everted. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0031314. g 006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/894051/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The hemipenis is devoid of any further prominent structures such as the spiny apical papillae of 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peyrierasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B. peyrierasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which are visible also in incompletely everted organs).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="15.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis box="[179,264,164,186]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Etymology</emphasis>
.— The species epithet is an adjective derived from the Latin ‘‘confidens’’ meaning ‘‘confident’’, ‘‘trusting’’. The known range of the species is supposedly a well protected nature reserve with apparently limited habitat destruction. Furthermore, this area might benefit from natural protection by the tsingy limestone formations which are difficult to access, thus giving hope for the species’ survival.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="15.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis box="[179,277,360,382]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution</emphasis>
.— Only known from a single locality within Ankarana National Park.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="15.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis box="[179,311,417,439]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Natural History</emphasis>
.— Most individuals were found roosting at night on thin branches about 
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above the leaf litter in deciduous dry forest close to a small forest trail within a small area, surrounded by tsingy outcrops. At this locality, the species was relatively abundant, whereas it was not found at similar localities nearby, suggesting a patchy distribution and a preference for certain microhabitats. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that earlier herpetological surveys in Ankarana [38,39], did not record any species of the 
<taxonomicName box="[406,554,641,663]" class="Reptilia" family="Chamaeleonidae" genus="Brookesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis box="[406,554,641,663]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brookesia minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[155,794,164,1956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">When stressed, individuals can quickly change colour and display a broad pale vertebral stripe contrasting with the darker flanks.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>