treatments-xml/data/03/B6/87/03B687D12B5E5310FF1BF98C684A9EBD.xml

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<mods:title>(Ochnaceae) du Paraguay, de Bolivie et d’Équateur. Considérations taxonomiques, nomenclaturales et biogéographiques sur les espèces affines d’O. superba Engl.</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sastre, Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Offroy, Bérangère</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Adansonia</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:title>3</mods:title>
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<mods:number>2009-06-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName authority="Sastre &amp; Offroy" authorityName="Sastre &amp; Offroy" authorityYear="2009" box="[140,526,1546,1573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pastazana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,347,1546,1573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Ouratea pastazana</emphasis>
Sastre &amp; Offroy
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, 
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[140,620,1546,1605]" box="[340,420,1578,1605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
(
<figureCitation box="[348,412,1578,1605]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1680,1697]" captionTargetBox="[191,1142,215,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[164,1159,202,1600]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Ouratea pastazana Sastre &amp; Offroy: A, rameau florifère; B, feuille, face supérieure; C, bouton; D, fruit. Échelles: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5190677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5190677/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis box="[113,140,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Ab</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[144,223,1649,1673]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ouratea</taxonomicName>
paraguayensi 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">foliorum laminis membranaceis vel chartaceis, margine serrulata (vs serrata). Ab</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[542,647,1675,1699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">O. superba</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
floribus, sepalis, 7,5-8 × c. 
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(vs (10-)12-15 × 
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), petalis 9 × 
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(vs 12-16 × (6-) 
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), staminis 
<quantity box="[678,775,268,292]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="7.75" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.5">7,5-8 mm</quantity>
longis (vs 
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), stylo 
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longo (vs 
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), differt. Ab
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O. marahuacensi 
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foliorum laminis membranaceis vel coriaceis margine dentibus non vicinis; inflorescentiis laxis, floribus, sepalis, 
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longis (vs 
<quantity box="[677,774,373,397]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="6.75" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="6.0">6-7,5 mm</quantity>
), petalis 
<quantity box="[854,909,374,398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
longis (vs 
<quantity box="[1001,1099,373,397]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="6.75" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="6.0">6-7,5 mm</quantity>
), differt. Ab
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O. apurensi, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">foliorum laminis ovatis vel ellipticis margine serratula (vs crenulata), nerviis lateralibus tantum principalibus prominulis (vs omnibus), differt.</emphasis>
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.
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, 
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, 
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from 
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to 
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on the
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side of the 
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, 
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, 
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, alt. 
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, flooded forest, 
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, 
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. 
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&amp; 
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. 
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C. 31644
</emphasis>
(holo-, AAU!).
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. — 
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.
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, 
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, a 2 horas en deslizador agues arriba, 
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, margin of the river, 
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31. 
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, 
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. 
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, 
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. 
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&amp; 
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.
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31588
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(
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!). — 
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<emphasis box="[1039,1078,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Ibid</emphasis>
.
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, about 
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upriver 
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, 
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30. 
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, 
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. 
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&amp; 
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. 
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. 31262
</emphasis>
(AAU!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[674,1211,818,1573]" box="[677,821,818,844]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[674,1211,818,1573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
Arbre à arbuste, 3-5(-35) m de hauteur, à rameaux glabres. Feuilles à pétiole long de 
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; limbe membraneux, ovale, 10-20 × 
<quantity box="[976,1092,913,940]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="2.5">2,5-6,5 cm</quantity>
, apex obtus à aigu, acuminé, marge denticulée, base atténuée, nervure principale peu saillante, nervures secondaires inégales, les plus grosses, camptodromes, arquées, rejoignant tangentiellement la marge, les plus fines, peu visibles, peu arquées, subparallèles, ne rejoignant jamais la nervure marginale, nervures tertiaires très peu visibles, droites, subparallèles et perpendiculaires avec la nervure médiane. Inflorescences axillaires ou situées au sommet de courts rameaux, panicules de 
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de longueur. Fleurs à pédoncule de 
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jusqu’à 
<quantity box="[899,982,1261,1288]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
à l’anthèse; sépales, 5, libres persistant après l’anthèse, coriaces, ovés, 7-8 × 
<emphasis box="[738,755,1325,1350]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">c.</emphasis>
<quantity box="[759,826,1325,1352]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
, sommet aigu à mucroné; pétales, 5, libres, membraneux, 
<emphasis box="[899,916,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">c.</emphasis>
10 × 
<quantity box="[973,1039,1356,1383]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
, sommet obtus; étamines, 10, libres, 9-10 × 
<emphasis box="[978,994,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">c.</emphasis>
<quantity box="[1001,1066,1388,1415]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
; carpelles, 5, soudés à la base, 
<quantity box="[847,910,1420,1447]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
de hauteur, style, 
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de longueur. Fruits du 
<typeStatus box="[888,934,1451,1478]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
« glandularium », sépales caduques parfois persistants, torus conique, 6-8 × 
<quantity box="[677,745,1515,1542]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
, parfois arqué, carpide 1, fusiforme à sphérique, 5-8 × 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[677,1211,1610,1700]" box="[677,807,1610,1636]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">REMARQUES</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[677,1211,1610,1700]" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicName box="[677,877,1642,1668]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pastazana">
<emphasis box="[677,877,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Ouratea pastazana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diffère d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[986,1165,1642,1668]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
<emphasis box="[986,1165,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">O. paraguayensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
par ses feuilles membraneuses à marges serrulées et
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5190677" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5190677" box="[132,1193,1680,1697]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5190677/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" startId="8.[132,143,1680,1697]" targetBox="[191,1142,215,1590]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[132,1193,1680,1697]" box="[132,1193,1680,1697]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
FIG. 4. — 
<taxonomicName authority="Sastre &amp; Offroy" authorityName="Sastre &amp; Offroy" box="[212,498,1680,1697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pastazana">
<emphasis box="[212,366,1680,1697]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Ouratea pastazana</emphasis>
Sastre &amp; Offroy
</taxonomicName>
: 
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, rameau florifère; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[676,689,1680,1697]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">B</emphasis>
, feuille, face supérieure; 
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, bouton; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[996,1010,1680,1697]" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">D</emphasis>
, fruit. Échelles: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="9.[111,648,216,718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
non serretées, d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[300,420,216,242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">
<emphasis box="[300,420,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">O. superba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
essentiellement par ses fleurs plus petites avec ses sépales de 7,5-8 × 
<emphasis box="[115,132,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">c.</emphasis>
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(
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(10-)12-15 × 
<quantity box="[393,483,279,306]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3-4 mm</quantity>
), ses pétales de 9 × 
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(
<emphasis box="[244,263,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">vs</emphasis>
12-16 × (6-) 
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), ses étamines de 
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de longueur (
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<quantity box="[490,610,343,370]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10-11 mm</quantity>
) et son style de 
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de longueur (
<emphasis box="[498,517,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">vs</emphasis>
<quantity box="[526,635,374,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9-10 mm</quantity>
). Il diffère aussi d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[296,481,406,432]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marahuacensis">
<emphasis box="[296,481,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">O. marahuacensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
par ses feuilles membraneuses à marges foliaires à petites dents non serrées, par ses fleurs légèrement plus grandes avec des sépales de 
<quantity box="[258,364,501,528]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="7.75" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.5">7,5-8 mm</quantity>
de longueur (
<emphasis box="[508,527,502,527]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">vs</emphasis>
<quantity box="[532,639,501,528]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="6.75" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="6.0">6-7,5 mm</quantity>
) et ses pétales de 
<quantity box="[282,346,533,560]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
de longueur (
<emphasis box="[497,516,533,558]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">vs</emphasis>
<quantity box="[522,634,533,560]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="6.75" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="6.0">6-7,5 mm</quantity>
). Il diffère d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[238,369,565,591]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[238,369,565,591]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">O. apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, par ses feuilles ovales et non elliptiques à marges serrulées et non crénelées et ses nervures latérales où seules les principales sont saillantes, alors qu’elles sont toutes nettement saillantes chez 
<taxonomicName box="[271,399,691,717]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[271,399,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">O. apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation box="[413,520,691,718]" captionStart="TABLEAU" captionStartId="5.[113,124,220,237]" captionText="TABLEAU 1. — Tableau comparatif des principaux caractères distinctifs des espèces d’Ouratea du Paraguay, de Bolivie et d’Équateur. Abréviations: E, étamines; L, longueur; P, pétales; S, sépales." pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Tableau 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[114,404,786,845]" box="[114,404,786,845]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">CONSIDÉRATIONS BIOGÉOGRAPHIQUES</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[111,648,881,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
Contrairement à de nombreuses espèces d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[555,639,882,908]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[555,639,882,908]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Ouratea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[113,219,913,939]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">
<emphasis box="[113,219,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">O. superba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
décrite du 
<collectingCountry box="[329,410,913,940]" name="Guyana" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Guyana</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="ENGLER A." box="[421,552,913,940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="296 - 366" refId="ref6629" refString="ENGLER A. 1876. - Ochnaceae, in MARTIUS K. F. P., Flora Brasiliensis 12 (2). Monachii: 296 - 366." type="book chapter" year="1876">Engler 1876</bibRefCitation>
), possède une aire assez vaste incluant d’une part, le 
<collectingCountry box="[537,640,944,971]" name="Suriname" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Suriname</collectingCountry>
, la Guyane vénézuélienne et le cours supérieur de l’Orénoque, et d’autre part, le cours de l’Amazone (sous tous ses noms) avec des affluents majeurs, le Río Negro jusqu’au canal Casiquiare faisant la jonction avec l’Orénoque, le Río 
<collectingRegion box="[478,589,1103,1130]" country="Colombia" name="Putumayo" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Putumayo</collectingRegion>
de la 
<collectingCountry box="[114,219,1135,1162]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Colombie</collectingCountry>
jusqu’en Équateur et le Río 
<collectingRegion box="[507,595,1135,1162]" country="Colombia" name="Caqueta" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Caquetá</collectingRegion>
dans sa partie colombienne. Sur une aire aussi vaste, elle a été baptisée et décrite de nombreuses fois d’où la relative importance de sa synonymie. Il semble logique que cette espèce fondamentalement ripicole, y compris en bordure de lagunes puisse avoir une aire aussi importante, les graines étant facilement transportées par les eaux.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[111,648,881,1700]" lastBlockId="9.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
Par contre, les quatre espèces affines à petites fleurs, également ripicoles, possèdent des aires nettement plus restreintes qui se situent en périphérie de celle d’ 
<emphasis box="[134,256,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
<taxonomicName box="[134,251,1483,1509]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">O. superba</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(Fig. 5). Ainsi 
<taxonomicName box="[423,607,1483,1509]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marahuacensis">
<emphasis box="[423,607,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">O. marahuacensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
n’a été récoltée qu’au 
<collectingCountry box="[320,431,1515,1542]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
dans l’état d’Amazonas, au Cerro Marahuaca, à 
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d’altitude (
<bibRefCitation author="MAGUIRE B. &amp; STEYERMARK J." box="[121,436,1578,1605]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="56 - 102" refId="ref6905" refString="MAGUIRE B. &amp; STEYERMARK J. 1989. - Ouratea (Ochnaceae) in Guayana and adjacent Amazonian hylea. Botany of Guayana Highland. XIII. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 51: 56 - 102." type="journal article" year="1989">Maguire &amp; Steyermark 1989</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[454,639,1578,1604]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[454,639,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Ouratea apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, aussi du 
<collectingCountry box="[212,321,1610,1637]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[337,480,1610,1637]" country="Venezuela" name="Apure" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">état d’Apure</collectingRegion>
), dans les « llanos » vénézuéliens situés près de la frontière avec la 
<collectingCountry box="[112,221,1673,1700]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Colombie</collectingCountry>
, n’est connue que de la «Reserva Forestal San Camilo», à 
<quantity box="[837,955,216,243]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="m" value="265.0" valueMax="280.0" valueMin="250.0">250-280 m</quantity>
d’altitude (
<bibRefCitation author="SASTRE C." box="[1070,1196,216,243]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref7323" refString="SASTRE C. 1995. - Novelties in the neotropical genus Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae). Novon 5: 193 - 200." type="journal article" year="1995">Sastre 1995</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[675,869,248,274]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pastazana">
<emphasis box="[675,869,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Ouratea pastazana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
n’est connue que de l’Équateur, de la province de Pastaza, aussi à basse altitude (
<quantity box="[686,763,311,338]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
). Enfin 
<taxonomicName box="[850,1024,311,337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
<emphasis box="[850,1024,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">O. paraguayensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possède une aire située d’une part, au 
<collectingCountry box="[898,995,343,370]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, le long du cours du Río 
<collectingCountry box="[724,821,374,401]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
et de quelques affluents venant des montagnes qui marquent la frontière avec le 
<collectingCountry box="[1143,1206,406,433]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Brésil</collectingCountry>
, et d’autre part en 
<collectingCountry box="[875,954,438,465]" name="Bolivia" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Bolivie</collectingCountry>
, le long d’affluents qui vont vers l’Amazone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
Ces quatre espèces se distinguent nettement d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[697,810,533,559]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">
<emphasis box="[697,810,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">O. superba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
par la taille des fleurs. Par contre, les caractères pour bien les différencier entre elles sont plus subtils (
<tableCitation box="[797,895,596,623]" captionStart="TABLEAU" captionStartId="5.[113,124,220,237]" captionText="TABLEAU 1. — Tableau comparatif des principaux caractères distinctifs des espèces d’Ouratea du Paraguay, de Bolivie et d’Équateur. Abréviations: E, étamines; L, longueur; P, pétales; S, sépales." pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Tableau 1</tableCitation>
). Ces espèces sont globalement situées dans une aire péri-amazonienne proche de celle du 
<typeStatus box="[766,812,659,686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">type</typeStatus>
I décrit par de 
<bibRefCitation author="GRANVILLE J. - J. DE" box="[976,1159,659,686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref6700" refString="GRANVILLE J. - J. DE 1992. - Un cas de distribution particulier, les especes forestieres peri-amazoniennes. Compte-Rendu des seances de la Societe de Biogeographie 68: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1992">Granville (1992)</bibRefCitation>
. Ces remarques pourraient suggérer une origine commune suivie d’une fragmentation d’aires.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
Aujourd’hui, après les recherches de 
<bibRefCitation author="TURNER J. R. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="267" refId="ref7645" refString="TURNER J. R. G. 1965. - Evolution of complex polymorphism and mimicry in distasteful S. American butterflies. Proceeding of the 12 th International Congress of Entomology London 1964: 267." type="journal article" year="1965">Turner (1965)</bibRefCitation>
sur les papillons amazoniens, de 
<bibRefCitation author="HAFFER J." pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref6735" refString="HAFFER J. 1967. - Speciation in Columbian forest birds west of the Andes. American Museum Novitates 2294: 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1967">Haffer (1967)</bibRefCitation>
sur les oiseaux, de Vanzolini &amp; Williams (1970) sur les reptiles et de 
<bibRefCitation author="PRANCE G. T." box="[1005,1167,849,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="5 - 28" refId="ref6979" refString="PRANCE G. T. 1973. - Phytogeographic support for the theory of Pleistocene forest refuges in the Amazon basin based on evidence from distribution patterns in Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Lecythidaceae. Acta Amazonica 3 (3): 5 - 28." type="journal article" year="1973">Prance (1973)</bibRefCitation>
sur diverses familles botaniques, on admet la possibilité de changements climatiques en Amérique intertropicale, avec alternances de périodes sèches et de périodes humides. Ceci était en contradiction avec les concepts de 
<bibRefCitation author="DARLINGTON P. J." box="[887,1086,1008,1035]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" refId="ref6605" refString="DARLINGTON P. J. 1957. - Zoogeography, the Geographical Distribution of Animals. Wiley, New York, 675 p." type="book" year="1957">Darlington (1957)</bibRefCitation>
qui pensait qu’un climat stable avait régné durant le Pléistocène sur les tropiques américains, contrairement à ce qui avait été suggéré pour l’Afrique depuis 
<bibRefCitation author="CHRIST H." box="[679,834,1135,1162]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6573" refString="CHRIST H. 1892. - La flore dite &quot; ancienne africaine &quot;. Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles de Geneve 3 e periode, 28: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1892">Christ (1892)</bibRefCitation>
. Ce dernier a été relayé dans cette pensée par divers auteurs dont 
<bibRefCitation author="CHEVALIER A." box="[1016,1204,1166,1193]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="3 - 5" refId="ref6513" refString="CHEVALIER A. 1928. - La vegetation montagnarde de l'ouest africain et sa genese. Compte-Rendu sommaire des Seances de la Societe de Biogeographie 34: 3 - 5." type="journal article" year="1928">Chevalier (1928)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="AUBREVILLE A." box="[677,858,1198,1225]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="1 - 201" refId="ref6439" refString="AUBREVILLE A. 1938. - La foret coloniale. Annales de l'Academie des Sciences coloniales 9: 1 - 201." type="journal article" year="1938">Aubréville (1938</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="AUBREVILLE A." box="[867,926,1198,1225]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="16 - 84" refId="ref6461" refString="AUBREVILLE A. 1962. - Savanisation tropicale et glaciation quaternaire. Adansonia 2: 16 - 84." type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation author="SCHNELL R." box="[943,1094,1198,1225]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" refId="ref7483" refString="SCHNELL R. 1976. - Introduction a la phytogeographie des pays tropicaux 3; la flore et la vegetation de l'Afrique tropicale. Vol. 1. Gauthier, Paris, 459 p." type="book" year="1976">Schnell (1976</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="SCHNELL R." box="[1103,1162,1198,1225]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" refId="ref7518" refString="SCHNELL R. 1987. - La flore et la vegetation de l'Amerique tropicale. Vol. 1. Masson, Paris, 412 p." type="book" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
). En Amérique tropicale, les observations ont surtout concerné les milieux forestiers. En 1976, Sastre a émis l’hypothèse que des lieux non forestiers comme les inselbergs de 
<collectingCountry box="[860,948,1325,1352]" name="French Guiana" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Guyane</collectingCountry>
, seraient des refuges de végétation xérophile, suivant en cela les observations d’Aubréville (1962) en Afrique. Cette idée a été élargie à la faune par 
<bibRefCitation author="BROWN R. S. &amp; BENSON W. W." box="[940,1209,1420,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="95 - 117" refId="ref6480" refString="BROWN R. S. &amp; BENSON W. W. 1977. - Evolution in modern Amazonian non-forest islands Heliconius humathena. Biotropica 9 (2): 95 - 117." type="journal article" year="1977">Brown &amp; Benson (1977)</bibRefCitation>
et 
<bibRefCitation author="LOURENCO W. R." box="[704,894,1451,1478]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="75 - 88" refId="ref6865" refString="LOURENCO W. R. 1987. - Les modeles evolutifs des scorpions neotropicaux et la theorie des refuges forestiers du Pleistocene. Compte-Rendu des Seances de la Societe de Biogeographie 63 (3): 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="1987">Lourenço (1987)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
Durant le Pléistocène, il s’est donc établi des îles écologiques (et même des archipels, 
<bibRefCitation author="SASTRE C." box="[1064,1201,1515,1542]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="195 - 210" refId="ref7347" refString="SASTRE C. 2001 a. - Iles geographiques antillaises, iles ecologiques guyanaises: endemisme et speciation, in HONDT J. - L. D' &amp; LORENZ J. (eds), L'exploration naturaliste des Antilles et de la Guyane. C. T. H. S., Paris: 195 - 210." type="book chapter" year="2001">Sastre 2001a</bibRefCitation>
) qui ont varié selon les changements climatiques: îlots forestiers en périodes sèches, îlots savanicoles en périodes humides (
<bibRefCitation author="SASTRE C." box="[912,1056,1610,1637]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" pagination="3 - 10" refId="ref7260" refString="SASTRE C. 1994 a. - Paleoclimats, speciation et taxo- nomie. Quelques exemples chez les Ochnacees neotropicales. Memoires de la Societe de Biogeographie, ser. 3, 4: 3 - 10." type="journal article" year="1994">Sastre 1994a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Les fleuves (par l’apport des affluents) et les sommets montagneux (grâce à la nébulosité) auraient</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[235,1166,217,234]" box="[235,1166,217,234]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<geoCoordinate box="[235,291,217,234]" degrees="110" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" precision="55555" value="-110.0">110°W</geoCoordinate>
100° 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40°
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[116,158,290,307]" box="[116,158,290,307]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<geoCoordinate box="[116,158,290,307]" degrees="30" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" precision="55555" value="30.0">30°N</geoCoordinate>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[130,158,422,439]" box="[130,158,422,439]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">20°</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[130,158,559,576]" box="[130,158,559,576]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">10°</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,158,690,707]" box="[140,158,690,707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">0°</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[130,158,826,843]" box="[130,158,826,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">10°</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[116,157,970,987]" box="[116,157,970,987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
<geoCoordinate box="[116,157,970,987]" degrees="20" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" precision="55555" value="-20.0">20°S</geoCoordinate>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[113,1210,1174,1239]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
FIG. 5. — Distribution géographique d’ 
<taxonomicName authority="f. paraguayensis" authorityName="Hassl. ex Sastre &amp; Offroy f. paraguayensis" authorityYear="2009" box="[434,766,1176,1194]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" form="paraguayensis" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="paraguayensis">
<emphasis box="[434,625,1176,1193]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Ouratea paraguayensis</emphasis>
f. 
<emphasis box="[647,766,1176,1193]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">paraguayensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(▲), d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[824,1076,1176,1194]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" form="boliviensis" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="paraguayensis">
<emphasis box="[824,968,1176,1193]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">O. paraguayensis</emphasis>
f. 
<emphasis box="[990,1076,1176,1193]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">boliviensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(☆), des spécimens intermédiaires entre les deux formes (★), d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[518,626,1199,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pastazana">
<emphasis box="[518,626,1199,1216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">O. pastazana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(●), d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[683,787,1199,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[683,787,1199,1216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">O. apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(□), d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[846,995,1199,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marahuacensis">
<emphasis box="[846,995,1199,1216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">O. marahuacensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(■) et d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[1068,1159,1199,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">
<emphasis box="[1068,1159,1199,1216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">O. superba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(zone entourée).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[111,648,1293,1700]" lastBlockId="11.[112,647,216,686]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
toujours gardé une certaine humidité et auraient donc été des refuges de flores forestières et ripicoles. Ceci pourrait expliquer le maintien d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[531,647,1356,1383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">
<emphasis box="[531,647,1356,1383]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">O. superba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sur une aire aussi vaste. Par contre, les espèces à petites fleurs, en zone péri-amazonienne ont dû se trouver isolées. D’après Hernandez-Camacho (1992) et 
<bibRefCitation author="TRICART J." box="[220,374,1483,1510]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="51 - 72" refId="ref7572" refString="TRICART J. 1993. - Paleoclimat et paleomilieux ecologiques de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique equatorial (Afrique occidentale, Nord-Est de l'Amerique du Sud). Biogeographica 69 (2): 51 - 72." type="journal article" year="1993">Tricart (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, il semblerait que les «llanos » colombiens et vénézuéliens aient connu des périodes de désertification durant le Quaternaire, y compris il y a 18 000 ans lors du dernier âge glaciaire. Des pôles humides ont pu se maintenir dans les hauteurs du 
<collectingCountry box="[282,389,1641,1668]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
dans l’état d’Amazonas comme au Cerro Marahuaca, et dans les marécages situés le long de certains affluents de l’Orénoque, expliquant ainsi la différenciation d’ 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marahuacensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">O. marahuacensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
et d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[785,913,1357,1383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[785,913,1357,1383]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">O. apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, devenues espèces endémovicariantes au sens de 
<bibRefCitation author="GAUSSEN H. &amp; LEREDDE C." box="[910,1205,1388,1415]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="57 - 83" refId="ref6659" refString="GAUSSEN H. &amp; LEREDDE C. 1949. - Les endemiques pyreneo-cantabriques dans la region centrale des Pyrenees. Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France num. spec. 76 e session extraordinaire 1948: 57 - 83." type="journal article" year="1949">Gaussen &amp; Leredde (1949)</bibRefCitation>
, ceci s’ajoutant à d’autres cas de vicariance chez les Ochnacées guyanaises (
<bibRefCitation author="SASTRE C." box="[975,1110,1451,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="35 - 45" refId="ref7230" refString="SASTRE C. 1992. - Vicariance et distribution geographique de quelques Ochnacees des Guyanes. Compte-Rendu des Seances de la Societe de Biogeographie 68: 35 - 45." type="journal article" year="1992">Sastre 1992</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="SASTRE C." box="[1124,1199,1451,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" pagination="105 - 118" refId="ref7406" refString="SASTRE C. 2001 b. - New Ouratea species (Ochnaceae) from Venezuela and adjacent countries. Novon 11: 105 - 118." type="journal article" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
). L’Orénoque qui matérialise la frontière entre la 
<collectingCountry box="[679,787,1515,1542]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Colombie</collectingCountry>
et le 
<collectingCountry box="[843,953,1515,1542]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, partage deux territoires dont la géomorphologie est différente de part et d’autre. Du côté vénézuélien, dans l’arrière-pays montagneux, des sommets culminent à plus de 
<quantity box="[679,764,1641,1668]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
avec le Cerro Duida. Par contre, du côté colombien, s’étend la vaste plaine des « llanos ». De ce fait, l’Orénoque constitue une vraie frontière phytogéographique (
<bibRefCitation author="SASTRE C." box="[334,480,248,275]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="93 - 94" refId="ref7298" refString="SASTRE C. 1994 b. - Le moyen Rio Orinoco, frontiere phytogeographique? Biogeographica 70 (2): 93 - 94." type="journal article" year="1994">Sastre 1994b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[112,647,216,686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName box="[136,333,280,306]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pastazana">
<emphasis box="[136,333,280,306]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Ouratea pastazana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
situé dans le piémont andin équatorien dans un refuge forestier reconnu par 
<bibRefCitation author="PRANCE G. T." box="[115,270,343,370]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="137 - 158" refId="ref7026" refString="PRANCE G. T. 1982. - Forest refuge: evidence from woody angiosperms, in PRANCE G. T. (ed.), Biological Diversification in the Tropics. Colombia University Press, New York: 137 - 158." type="book chapter" year="1982">Prance (1982)</bibRefCitation>
a pu profiter de conditions climatiques similaires le long de rivières s’écoulant vers l’Amazonie.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[112,647,216,686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
L’aire d’ 
<taxonomicName box="[226,409,438,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
<emphasis box="[226,409,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">O. paraguayensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, non loin de refuges définis par 
<bibRefCitation author="HAFFER J." box="[234,385,469,496]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref6735" refString="HAFFER J. 1967. - Speciation in Columbian forest birds west of the Andes. American Museum Novitates 2294: 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1967">Haffer (1967)</bibRefCitation>
puis par 
<bibRefCitation author="PRANCE G. T." box="[486,642,469,496]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="137 - 158" refId="ref7026" refString="PRANCE G. T. 1982. - Forest refuge: evidence from woody angiosperms, in PRANCE G. T. (ed.), Biological Diversification in the Tropics. Colombia University Press, New York: 137 - 158." type="book chapter" year="1982">Prance (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, suggère une autre hypothèse. Le passage progressif en 
<collectingCountry box="[147,222,533,560]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Bolivie</collectingCountry>
de la forme « 
<taxonomicName box="[375,514,533,558]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ochnaceae" genus="Ouratea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paraguayensis">
<emphasis box="[375,514,533,558]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">paraguayensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
» à la forme 
<emphasis box="[113,218,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">boliviensis</emphasis>
est typique d’un cline tel que défini par 
<bibRefCitation author="HUXLEY J. S." box="[113,273,596,623]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="219" refId="ref6845" refString="HUXLEY J. S. 1938. - Clines: an auxiliary taxonomic principle. Nature 42: 219." type="journal article" year="1938">Huxley (1938)</bibRefCitation>
, zoologiste. Ce concept, réactualisé par 
<bibRefCitation author="SALOMON M." box="[155,325,628,655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="13 - 27" refId="ref7102" refString="SALOMON M. 2001. - Evolutionary biogeography and speciation: essay on a synthesis. Journal of Biogeography 28: 13 - 27." type="journal article" year="2001">Salomon (2001</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="SALOMON M." box="[337,397,628,655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" pagination="509 - 517" refId="ref7127" refString="SALOMON M. 2002. - A revised cline theory that can be used for quantified evolutionary interpretations without parapatric speciation. Journal of Biogeography 29: 509 - 517." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
), est maintenant admis par divers botanistes dont 
<bibRefCitation author="RAVEN P. H. &amp; EVERT R. F. &amp; EICHHORN S. E." box="[397,607,659,686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" refId="ref7070" refString="RAVEN P. H., EVERT R. F. &amp; EICHHORN S. E. 2000. - Biologie vegetale. De Boeck Universite, Paris, 944 p." type="book" year="2000">
Raven 
<emphasis box="[471,515,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
. (2000)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>